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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F1: Electrical Power System".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 June 2026 | Viewed by 7796

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Dr. Md. Abdus Salam

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Guest Editor

School of Engineering, University of Bridgeport, 126 Park Avenue, Bridgeport, CT 06604, USA
Interests: power system stability analysis and control; transmission line insulator modelling; renewable energy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Modern power systems are becoming more complex, making it increasingly challenging to maintain system control and stability due to the rising integration of electric vehicles, distributed generation, and renewable energy sources.

The stochastic character of renewable resources and the decreased system inertia brought about by the replacement of traditional synchronous generators have complicated traditional stability notions like rotor angle, frequency, and voltage stability.

Key challenges include dynamic voltage fluctuations, reduced frequency response, inter-area oscillations, and the complexity of real-time monitoring and protection. Furthermore, the transition to bidirectional and dispersed power flow necessitates the development of novel coordination and control strategies.

As a result, several creative solutions have surfaced. System observability and responsiveness are being improved by advanced control strategies such as robust adaptive control, model predictive control, and wide-area monitoring systems (WAMS).

Power electronics-based solutions, such as HVDC technologies and FACTS (flexible AC transmission systems), are essential for managing power flow and supporting voltage stability. Furthermore, machine learning and artificial intelligence are being used for real-time decision-making, fault detection, and predictive analysis.

The integration of these technologies marks a paradigm shift toward more resilient and intelligent power systems. However, challenges remain in terms of scalability, interoperability, cybersecurity, and regulatory adaptation. Continued research and cross-disciplinary collaboration are essential to ensure the stable, secure, and sustainable operation of future power systems.

The combination of these technologies signals a paradigm shift toward more intelligent and robust power systems. However, there are still issues with cybersecurity, scalability, interoperability, and regulatory adaptation. Future power systems must operate steadily, safely, and sustainably, which requires ongoing study and interdisciplinary cooperation.

Dr. Md. Abdus Salam
Guest Editor

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Keywords

power system modelling and simulation
power system stability and control
transient stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability
wide-area monitoring systems (WAMS)
renewable energy integration
grid resilience and smart grid technologies
grid modernization and machine learning for grid stability
real-time control and monitoring
power system dynamics
microgrids and distributed generation
inverter-based resources (IBRs)
FACTS and HVDC technologies

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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39 pages, 15382 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Assessment of PSO-Tuned Hybrid Fuzzy Controllers for Load Frequency Control in a Two-Area Hybrid Power System Under Nonlinear and Parametric Uncertainty

by Saleh Almutairi, Fatih Anayi, Michael Packianather and Mokhtar Shouran

Energies 2026, 19(11), 2677; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19112677 - 2 Jun 2026

Viewed by 222

Abstract

Reliable load frequency control (LFC) in interconnected hybrid power systems remains challenging in the presence of nonlinear operating conditions, random demand variations, and parametric uncertainty. This study proposes a PSO-based LFC framework for a two-area hybrid power system and examines its performance through two successive stages. In the first stage, a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-tuned Fuzzy PID controller is developed and benchmarked against reported Fuzzy-PIDF schemes optimized by MPA and COR. In the second stage, three PSO-tuned hybrid fuzzy structures, namely Fuzzy PI-PD + PID, Fuzzy (PI + PD) + PID, and Fuzzy PI + Fuzzy PD + PID, are formulated and comparatively assessed under identical operating conditions. The examined cases include nominal linear operation, Governor Dead Band (GDB) and Generation Rate Constraint (GRC) nonlinearities, random load disturbance, and seven parametric uncertainty scenarios. In the first stage, the PSO-tuned Fuzzy PID controller attains an ITAE of 0.00003433 under linear conditions and 0.00003822 under GDB/GRC nonlinearities, while yielding lower cumulative error than the benchmark controllers. In the second stage, the Fuzzy PI-PD + PID structure records the lowest ITAE and the shortest settling time, with ITAE = 0.000003655 and ST = 0.4234 s under nominal conditions, and ITAE = 0.000004063 and ST = 0.4519 s under nonlinear conditions. Under parametric uncertainty, its ITAE ranges from 2.482 × 10⁻⁶ to 4.833 × 10⁻⁶ with the nominal gains retained. Overall, the results indicate that the proposed PSO-based framework provides improved LFC performance within the examined linear, nonlinear, random-disturbance, and parametric-uncertainty scenarios for the studied two-area hybrid power system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Innovations in Stability and Control of Power Systems)

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23 pages, 1800 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Benchmark System for Verifying the Harmonic Amplification Mechanism of Wideband Oscillations

by Zheng Xu

Energies 2026, 19(11), 2569; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19112569 - 26 May 2026

Viewed by 118

Abstract

To verify the harmonic amplification mechanism of wideband oscillations, this paper constructs a benchmark system. Firstly, the theoretical framework of the harmonic amplification mechanism for wideband oscillations is elaborated. Subsequently, the structure and parameters of the benchmark system are presented. Based on the s-domain nodal admittance matrix method, the resonant characteristics of the benchmark system, including resonance frequency, damping ratio, and nodal voltage mode shape, are calculated. Using electromagnetic transient simulation, the time-domain waveforms of the current, voltage, and power of the benchmark system under typical operating conditions are obtained, and harmonic decomposition of these waveforms is performed. By comparing and analyzing the harmonic components of current, voltage, and active power with the resonant characteristic quantities, the harmonic amplification mechanism of wideband oscillations is verified. The applicability of analyzing the harmonic amplification effect based on the positive-sequence network model is demonstrated. It is shown that the resonance frequency, damping ratio, nodal voltage mode shape, and resonant peak voltage are four key factors determining the harmonic amplification effect. Finally, the relationship between the frequency of the oscillatory power component and the frequency of the harmonic source is revealed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Innovations in Stability and Control of Power Systems)

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21 pages, 4058 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transient Voltage Stability Assessment Method Based on CWT-ResNet

by Chong Shao, Yongsheng Jin, Bolin Zhang, Xin He, Chen Zhou and Haiying Dong

Energies 2026, 19(7), 1804; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19071804 - 7 Apr 2026

Viewed by 332

Abstract

Accurate and rapid transient voltage stability assessment is crucial for the safe and stable operation of new energy bases in desert and grassland regions. Existing deep learning methods fail to adequately capture the high-dimensional dynamic coupling features of transient voltage signals in large-scale renewable energy bases with UHVDC transmission, and suffer from poor performance under class-imbalanced sample conditions. This paper proposes a transient voltage stability assessment method utilizing continuous wavelet transform (CWT) time–frequency images and a deep residual network (ResNet-50). CWT with the Morlet wavelet basis converts voltage time-series signals into multi-scale time–frequency images to simultaneously capture temporal and frequency-domain transient features. An improved focal loss (FL) function is introduced to dynamically adjust category weights based on actual sample distribution, enhancing model robustness under extreme class imbalance. The proposed method is validated on a modified IEEE 39-bus system incorporating the Qishao UHVDC line and wind/photovoltaic integration in Northwest China, using 1490 simulation samples under diverse fault scenarios. Results demonstrate that the proposed CWT-ResNet achieves 98.88% accuracy, 94.74% precision, 100% recall, and 97.29% F1-score, outperforming SVM, 1D-CNN, and 1D-ResNet baselines. Under 5 dB noise conditions, the method maintains over 90% accuracy, demonstrating strong noise robustness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Innovations in Stability and Control of Power Systems)

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36 pages, 11335 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Intelligent Hybrid PIDF Enhanced by a Fuzzy Fractional-Order Controller for Robust Load Frequency Regulation in a Two-Area Interconnected Power System

by Saleh Almutairi, Fatih Anayi, Michael Packianather, Mohammad Almutairi and Mokhtar Shouran

Energies 2026, 19(6), 1442; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19061442 - 12 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 765

Abstract

Maintaining frequency regulation in interconnected power systems becomes increasingly difficult in the presence of nonlinear operating conditions. To address this issue, this study develops a hybrid load frequency control scheme in which a fuzzy fractional-order FOPI–FOPD controller is incorporated within a PIDF framework for a two-area LFC system. The controller parameters are optimized using the Dwarf Mongoose Optimization Algorithm (DMOA) and the Catch Fish Optimization Algorithm (CFOA), while the Integral of Time-Weighted Absolute Error (ITAE) is adopted as the performance criterion. The proposed strategy is examined under both linear and nonlinear scenarios, including the effects of Governor Dead Band (GDB) and Generation Rate Constraints (GRC). In the linear case, the DMOA-based design achieves an ITAE of 0.02939 with a tie-line settling time of 13.5478 s, whereas the CFOA-based design produces a bounded and convergent response with an ITAE of 0.03937 and a settling time of 14.4947 s. When GDB nonlinearity is introduced, the DMOA-tuned controller exhibits performance deterioration, yielding an ITAE of 0.1098 and a settling time of 19.0416 s, while the CFOA-tuned design shows more favorable time-domain performance with a lower ITAE of 0.05845 and a bounded settling time of 16.3595 s. These findings indicate that the CFOA-optimized PIDF–Fuzzy FOPI–FOPD controller provides an effective LFC solution under the examined nonlinear operating conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Innovations in Stability and Control of Power Systems)

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23 pages, 13605 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sequence Impedance Modeling and Stability Analysis of dVOC-Based Grid-Forming Inverters with Different Inner-Loop Control Structures

by Jiwei Cui and Guobin Jin

Energies 2026, 19(5), 1216; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19051216 - 28 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 616

Abstract

To elucidate the stability mechanisms of grid-forming (GFM) inverters governed by dispatchable virtual oscillator control (dVOC), this paper develops a comprehensive sequence-impedance modeling and stability analysis framework for dVOC-based GFM inverters with different inner-loop control structures. Three representative configurations are investigated: open-loop dVOC control, dVOC with dual-loop voltage–current control (DLC), and dVOC with virtual admittance control (VAC). For each configuration, unified positive-sequence impedance models are derived and analytically validated. Based on these models, the stability characteristics are first analyzed in a single-inverter grid-connected system under different grid strengths. The analysis is then extended to a mixed inverter system consisting of grid-forming and grid-following (GFL) inverters. Particular attention is paid to the impedance interaction between GFM impedance shaping and the capacitive negative damping introduced by GFL inverters under weak-grid conditions. Quantitative analyses reveal that the dVOC–DLC configuration significantly enhances oscillation damping in mixed systems. Under benchmark scenarios, stable operation can be ensured with approximately a 25% GFM capacity penetration. In contrast, the open-loop and VAC configurations require around 50% and 75% capacities, respectively, to maintain stability. These findings indicate that the DLC-based inner-loop design offers superior stability margins while substantially reducing the required GFM capacity, thereby improving economic efficiency. This study establishes a quantitative impedance-based criterion for inner-loop control selection and provides practical design guidelines for deploying dVOC-based GFM inverters in future converter-dominated power systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Innovations in Stability and Control of Power Systems)

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16 pages, 1515 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Wideband Oscillation Mechanism and Suppression Technology Based on C-Type Damping Filter

by Zheng Xu

Energies 2026, 19(4), 943; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19040943 - 11 Feb 2026

Viewed by 447

Abstract

Based on the dilemma of analyzing the resonance stability of AC power grids using impedance models, it is demonstrated that the “negative resistance” mechanism of wideband oscillation is untenable. A general method for describing power electronic devices using wideband voltage-source converter models and wideband current-source converter models is proposed, thereby representing the nonlinear characteristics of power electronic devices with harmonic voltage sources and harmonic current sources. This allows the renewable energy power system to still be described by a linear system, and interprets the mechanism of wideband oscillation as a “harmonic amplification” phenomenon caused by network resonance, thus establishing a new framework for explaining the mechanism of wideband oscillation in renewable energy power systems. Through the analysis of two basic resonant circuits, the relationship between the damping ratio of resonant modes and the harmonic amplification factor is derived, laying a theoretical foundation for the analysis and suppression of wideband oscillation based on the s-domain nodal admittance matrix method and C-type damping filters. Based on the maximum damping criterion, a design method for C-type damping filters is proposed. The designed C-type damping filters exhibit strong broadband damping effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Innovations in Stability and Control of Power Systems)

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21 pages, 1144 KB

Open AccessArticle

Measuring Peak Shaving Efficiency of an Energy Storage Device Under Load Uncertainty with Machine Learning-Based Forecasting Techniques

by Lidor Goldshmidt, Tom Dovlekaev and Ram Machlev

Energies 2026, 19(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19010061 - 22 Dec 2025

Viewed by 686

Abstract

Energy storage systems enhance grid efficiency by mitigating peak demand and balancing generation variability. This work addresses the challenge of achieving optimal peak shaving without prior knowledge of the actual load profile. To this end, we introduce the Forecast-Integrated Shortest Path (FISP) framework, which integrates load forecasting with the shortest-path optimization algorithm to determine optimal generation and storage strategies under forecast uncertainty. A penalty-based metric is proposed to quantify the deviation between forecast-driven and ideal operation, providing a unified measure of forecast-to-optimization performance. The proposed approach is validated using real load data from the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) and evaluated with two forecasting techniques—Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks and Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) models. The results show that LSTM-based forecasts yield substantially lower penalties than ARMA, demonstrating that accurate prediction combined with intelligent storage control can significantly enhance operational reliability and peak-shaving performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Innovations in Stability and Control of Power Systems)

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23 pages, 1641 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Transmission Schemes for Enhancing Static Voltage Stability in Power Systems Under Variable Operating Conditions

by Jordan Valdez and Diego Carrión

Energies 2026, 19(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19010003 - 19 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 829

Abstract

Static voltage stability (SVS) is a critical aspect of the safe and efficient operation of electrical power systems (EPS), as it reflects the system’s ability to maintain adequate voltage levels in the face of progressive increases in demand under steady-state conditions. Traditionally, improving SVS has been addressed by compensating reactive power using FACTS devices. However, this research introduces an alternative methodology based on the hybridization of transmission technologies, integrating HVAC and HVDC links in parallel, to increase the stability margin and optimize performance in the event of contingencies. The proposed methodology is based on the resolution of the optimal AC power flow (OPF-AC) and the analysis of P-V curves to evaluate the displacement of the critical collapse point. The validity of the approach was verified through simulations in the Generation-Infinite Busbar and IEEE 9-busbar models, using the DIgSILENT PowerFactory environment. The results obtained show significant improvements in the SVS margin: an increase of 4.6% in the infinite busbar generation system, 9.5% in the critical busbar of the IEEE 9-busbar system, and 7.6% in the critical busbar of the IEEE 30-busbar system. In addition, the hybrid scheme showed a 17.1% reduction in real power losses and a more efficient redistribution of energy flows, which translates into a decrease in line load capacity. It should be noted that, under an N-1 contingency scenario, the hybrid system showed a 13.3% improvement in maximum power transfer before collapse, confirming its effectiveness under critical conditions. These findings position HVAC/HVDC hybridization as a robust and scalable alternative for strengthening voltage stability in modern electrical systems subject to operational variability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Innovations in Stability and Control of Power Systems)

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Review

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21 pages, 2216 KB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Cooling Technology Methods for Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Management Systems

by Mohamed Mohamed, Khaled Elleithy and Wafa Elmannai

Energies 2025, 18(23), 6143; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236143 - 24 Nov 2025

Viewed by 3129

Abstract

The global issues of air pollution and the energy crisis present significant potential for the development of electric vehicles. However, modern power batteries fall short of conventional internal combustion engine vehicles in several categories, including factors such as cycle longevity, suitability for various environments, range of driving, and charging duration. Battery thermal management (BTM) must be performed well to solve these problems. Enhancing efficiency of electric vehicle batteries is one of the biggest challenges in lowering power usage during electric vehicle battery discharging while driving. Additionally, if the range of electric vehicles is extended, more individuals will acquire them. The cooling system for the battery is one of the main performance issues faced by electric vehicles. This literature review focuses on battery modules that use air and liquid cooling and discusses various cooling configuration arrangements. Liquid, straightforward liquid, and air-cooling strategies are also evaluated, as they can advance battery thermal management systems to a new generation. We aim to address and present various issues related to electric vehicle battery cooling systems, enabling researchers to design and improve current cooling systems for enhanced performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Innovations in Stability and Control of Power Systems)

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