Advances in Internet of Drones: Applications, Communication Infrastructures, Architectures, and Protocols for FANETs

A special issue of Drones (ISSN 2504-446X). This special issue belongs to the section "Drone Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 October 2026 | Viewed by 3211

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS)-Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology (HIF), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, 02826 Görlitz, Germany
Interests: drones; uav; swarming; robotic; AI; big data; HPC; smart agriculture and smart cities
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Chemnitzer Straße 40, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
Interests: remote sensing; exploration; UAVs/drones; sensors; machine learning; spectroscopy; hyperspectral imaging; mineral exploration
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
Interests: UAVs/drones; swarm robotics; multi-robot systems; heterogeneous swarm; robotics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have transformed a variety of industries, including surveillance, geology, agriculture, and disaster management. The development of dependable and scalable communication systems, particularly in Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANETs), is a critical enabler of efficient UAV operation. FANETs are dynamic and self-organizing networks that enable unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to interact with one another, base stations, and satellite systems, allowing for coordinated operations. Despite the advancements in UAV FANETs, the field is still in its early stages, notably in terms of communication models, architectural design, and protocol optimization for high mobility, energy economy, low latency, and dependable data sharing.

The Special Issue will feature papers that address the problems and potential of establishing robust, effective, and scalable communication networks for UAV FANETs. It seeks to bring together new research contributions from academia and industry, enabling cooperation and innovation in this rapidly growing sector.

Topics of Interest

The scope of the Special Issue includes, but is not limited to, the following:

  1. Communication Models:
  • Novel communication paradigms and infrastructures designed for UAV FANETs;
  • analytic models for evaluating IoD performance;
  • channel modeling and propagation characteristics in high-mobility UAV networks.
  1. Architectures:
  • Distributed and centralized network architectures for FANETs;
  • hybrid UAV networks integrating FANETs with terrestrial and satellite communication systems;
  • cloud-based and edge-based architectures for UAV swarm management;
  • software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) for FANETs.
  1. Protocols:
  • Optimized FANET protocols for dynamic topology under mobility constraints;
  • cross-layer design for optimizing communication performance in FANETs;
  • secure and privacy-preserving communication protocols;
  • energy-efficient communication protocols for battery-constrained UAVs.
  1. Applications:
  • UAV swarm interoperability and communication infrastructures;
  • FANETs for real-time applications, such as surveillance, search and rescue, and smart cities;
  • communication challenges in autonomous UAV fleets for delivery services;
  • IoT integration and machine-to-machine communication for UAV networks.
  1. Simulation, Emulation, and Testbed Development:
  • Testbeds and experimental setups for FANET/IoD communication research;
  • tools and platforms for simulating IoD/FANETs and UAV-based communication;
  • real-world case studies and field experiments.
  1. Challenges and Future Directions:
  • Scalability and QoS in large UAV swarms;
  • AI and machine learning for network optimization in IoD/FANETs;
  • standardization and regulatory challenges for UAV communication systems.

This Special Issue will welcome manuscripts that promote cutting-edge research in the field of Internet of Drones (IoD) and UAV FANET communication. By focusing on infrastructure designs, innovative models, architectures, and protocols, we hope to accelerate the development of high-performance UAV networks for various applications.

We look forward to receiving your original research articles and reviews.

Dr. Wilfried Yves Hamilton Adoni
Dr. Richard Gloaguen
Dr. Qi Lu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Drones is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Internet of Drones
  • FANET
  • architecture
  • aerial wireless networks
  • drone communication
  • swarm communication

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

42 pages, 8007 KB  
Article
Topology Reconstruction Algorithm Design for Multi-Node Failure Scenarios in FANET
by Jia-Wang Chen, Hua-Min Chen, Shaofu Lin, Shoufeng Wang and Hui Li
Drones 2026, 10(3), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones10030159 - 26 Feb 2026
Viewed by 541
Abstract
With the advancement of UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) technology, flying ad-hoc networks (FANETs), composed of multiple coordinating UAVs, demonstrate tremendous application potential in disaster relief, environmental monitoring and intelligent logistics. However, inherent resource constraints and unpredictable operating environments make UAV failures a frequent [...] Read more.
With the advancement of UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) technology, flying ad-hoc networks (FANETs), composed of multiple coordinating UAVs, demonstrate tremendous application potential in disaster relief, environmental monitoring and intelligent logistics. However, inherent resource constraints and unpredictable operating environments make UAV failures a frequent and critical challenge. Particularly in mission-critical applications, simultaneous or consecutive failures of multiple UAVs can severely disrupt network topology, leading to catastrophic consequences such as network fragmentation and service interruptions. Furthermore, traditional topology reconstruction algorithms suffer from high computational overhead and significant communication delays. Primarily designed for single-node failure recovery, they are ill-equipped to address the challenge of concurrent multi-node failures. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a topology reconstruction algorithm tailored for multi-node failure scenarios in FANETs. The core objective of this algorithm is to minimize communication overhead and secondary damage to the network during the reconstruction process while ensuring basic reconstruction results, thereby improving the system’s energy efficiency and robustness. The proposed framework integrates three key phases: First, overlapping communication coverage areas among neighbors of failed nodes are leveraged to define first and second regions, enabling rapid identification of connection restoration candidate positions and avoiding computationally intensive global calculations. Second, a comprehensive importance evaluation mechanism is constructed based on the topological and functional attributes of node, categorizing nodes into different importance types. For failed nodes of varying importance, differentiated search ranges and retry strategies are employed to ensure the most suitable nodes are selected for reconstruction tasks. Third, the inflexibility of repulsion ranges in traditional artificial potential field (APF) method is addressed by introducing dynamic repulsion influence zones and a composite repulsion model. The improved APF algorithm enhances safety in high-speed scenarios and reduces the probability of UAVs becoming trapped in local minima. Finally, extensive simulations validate that the proposed algorithm accurately identifies critical network nodes and promptly implements effective reconstruction measures to minimize network damage. Full article
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34 pages, 8645 KB  
Article
Performance Analysis of Typical Routing Protocols for Flying Ad Hoc Networks Under Different Mobility Models
by Ming Xu, Yu Xia, Wei Liu and Daqing Huang
Drones 2026, 10(2), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones10020145 - 19 Feb 2026
Viewed by 488
Abstract
Performance of flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) largely depends on the routing protocol used. Applying conventional traditional mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) routing frameworks to FANETs requires a careful assessment of their compatibility. Crucially, these protocols must be robust enough to handle the [...] Read more.
Performance of flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) largely depends on the routing protocol used. Applying conventional traditional mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) routing frameworks to FANETs requires a careful assessment of their compatibility. Crucially, these protocols must be robust enough to handle the volatile link states and rapid topological shifts inherent in high-mobility UAV clusters. Although there have been many works that evaluated and compared the performance of different MANET routing protocols in FANET scenarios through simulation, they ignored the comparative evaluation of various pathfinding schemes across diverse movement patterns. This research addresses this limitation by examining the efficiency of three representative protocols under distinct mobility scenarios using extensive simulations. The findings demonstrate that the selected mobility model influences not only the protocol’s efficiency but also the comparative ranking of different routing protocols. The conclusion of which routing protocol is better or worse obtained under a specific mobility model is usually not universal and only holds for the specific mobility model used. These conclusions will be more helpful for selecting appropriate routing protocols to adapt to the complex and ever-changing UAV network application scenarios. Full article
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42 pages, 9878 KB  
Article
Adaptive Multi-Scale Bidirectional TD3 Algorithm for Layout Optimization of UAV–Base Station Coordination in Mountainous Areas
by Leyi Wang, Jianbo Tan, Hanbo Gong, Shiju E and Changjun Zhou
Drones 2025, 9(11), 805; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9110805 - 18 Nov 2025
Viewed by 844
Abstract
With the rise of 6G communication technology, the issue of communication coverage in mountainous areas has become increasingly prominent. These regions are characterized by complex terrain, sparse user distribution, and small-scale clustering, making it difficult for traditional ground-based base stations, constrained by fixed [...] Read more.
With the rise of 6G communication technology, the issue of communication coverage in mountainous areas has become increasingly prominent. These regions are characterized by complex terrain, sparse user distribution, and small-scale clustering, making it difficult for traditional ground-based base stations, constrained by fixed locations and terrain obstructions, to achieve comprehensive signal coverage in mountainous areas. To address this challenge, this paper conducts an in-depth analysis of mountainous terrain and the differentiated needs of users, utilizing UAV-assisted base station signal coverage and designing an adaptive multi-scale bidirectional twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (AMB-TD3) algorithm to optimize base station layout and plan UAV routes. The algorithm significantly enhances performance by introducing a dynamic weight adaptation mechanism, multi-timescale coupling, and bidirectional information interaction strategies. In experiments, the best signal coverage rate of AMB-TD3 reached 98.094%, verifying its practicality in solving base station signal coverage issues in complex mountainous scenarios. Full article
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