The Ecological, Evolutionary and Biogeographical Histories That Genetic and Phylogenetic Studies of Cacti Reveal

A special issue of Diversity (ISSN 1424-2818). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Diversity".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 October 2026 | Viewed by 2942

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Guest Editor
Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular y Evolución, UBIPRO, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
Interests: phylogenetics; comparative genomics; population genetics; conservation genetics; ecology
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Guest Editor
Morphology and Function Unit (Morphological and Molecular Evolution Lab and Tissue Culture Lab), FES Iztacala, Av. de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
Interests: gene expression; floral evolution; chromosome evolution; phylogenies; morphological evolution; ant-plant interactions

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cacti are the most emblematic plants of the American arid ecosystems. Except for one taxon (Rhipsalis baccifera), the whole Cactaceae family (~1520 taxa) is endemic to the Americas, where they are widely dispersed, occupying terrestrial continental territories and isles. Today, the highest diversity of cacti is found in the southern arid territories of the USA, Mexico, and South America, but cacti also are found in humid environments. Molecular phylogenies estimate a recent origin of nearly 35 million years ago, thus a rapid speciation and successful biogeographic dispersion explain the high cactus diversity richness currently observed. Moreover, local ecological adaptions have driven interesting life-history traits, specialized biotic interactions with plant pollinators, and morphological and physiological adaptions. The long-term conservation of cacti faces the challenges of illegal traffic, loss, and habitat fragmentation. This Special Issue will collate studies on the genetics and phylogenetics of cacti, as well as ecological, biogeographic, and physiological research that is connected to these issues. Additionally, studies purely focused on conservation topics are also welcome.

Dr. Sofia Solórzano
Dr. Sandra Luz Gomez-Acevedo
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • cactus
  • arid ecosystems
  • phylogenomics
  • comparative genomics
  • plant–insect interactions
  • ecology of cactus
  • conservation of cactus
  • gene expression
  • cactus flowers
  • chromosomal evolution

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

36 pages, 36169 KB  
Article
Climatic and Evolutionary Trends in Endemic Cacti of the Chihuahuan Desert Biome: Distribution Models and Track Analyses
by David Brailovsky-Signoret, Héctor M. Hernández and Gabriela Castaño-Meneses
Diversity 2026, 18(7), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/d18070408 - 3 Jul 2026
Viewed by 433
Abstract
The Chihuahuan Desert Biome (CDB), the largest semi-arid region in North America, has undergone repeated climatic fluctuations during the Interglacial–Glacial Oscillation (IGO) of the last eight million years. We investigated biogeographic and evolutionary patterns of endemic cacti within the present-day Interglacial and the [...] Read more.
The Chihuahuan Desert Biome (CDB), the largest semi-arid region in North America, has undergone repeated climatic fluctuations during the Interglacial–Glacial Oscillation (IGO) of the last eight million years. We investigated biogeographic and evolutionary patterns of endemic cacti within the present-day Interglacial and the Last Glacial by examining 119 strict endemics, including 75 suitable for Species Distribution Modeling (SDM) and 44 microareal strict endemics, together representing 36.17% of the 329 species in the biome. Cacti probably originated in South America after substantial separation from Africa, with pollen fossils documenting their presence in Mexico by 51.6 Ma. Climatic reconstructions for each phase were developed using regional numerical and co-kriging methods following Sánchez-Santillán and García, complemented by paleoclimatic evidence from Scotese, Roy-Priyadarsi, Van Devender, and Betancourt. MAXENT SDMs and PANBIOTRACKS’ track-node analyses were applied to 3719 specimens representing 2015 localities to explore the colonization patterns and broad evolutionary trends. Combined suitability layers and panbiogeographic analyses revealed a predominant southeastern-to-northwestern colonization pattern, largely following the western flank of the Sierra Madre Oriental and intermontane valleys. The northern sectors were less diverse, more arid, and apparently colonized more recently, whereas the southern sectors concentrated much of the endemic richness and connectivity. The concordance among climatic suitability patterns, tracks, nodes, and the available phylogenetic evidence supports a major role of climatic oscillations in shaping the spatial and evolutionary history of endemic cacti throughout the CDB. Full article
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26 pages, 5152 KB  
Article
Assessment of the Geographic Distribution and Molecular Variation of Mammillaria candida: Perspectives for Its Conservation
by Sofía Solórzano, Néstor E. López-Ruiz, Jacinto Treviño-Carreón and Sharon A. Rosas-Aguilar
Diversity 2026, 18(5), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/d18050294 - 14 May 2026
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Abstract
Intraspecific genetic structure and niche modeling are auxiliary data for species conservation. The Mexican endemic cactus Mammillaria candida is listed as an at-risk species at both global and national levels; however, formal ecological and genetic assessments are lacking. We integrated fieldwork surveys, ecological [...] Read more.
Intraspecific genetic structure and niche modeling are auxiliary data for species conservation. The Mexican endemic cactus Mammillaria candida is listed as an at-risk species at both global and national levels; however, formal ecological and genetic assessments are lacking. We integrated fieldwork surveys, ecological niche modeling, and molecular variation levels (DNA sequences and microsatellites) to identify conservation issues in this study. The results verified that M. candida is distributed in Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, and Tamaulipas. The climatic + soil model had the best predictive power (pROC = 1.93, AICc = 2639.12), and the highest contributions were from isothermality (23.44%), cation exchange capacity (19.7%), and precipitation seasonality (17.5%). The DNA sequences showed weak variation; however, the populations were divided into two groups: San Luis Potosí and Nuevo León-Tamaulipas. In contrast, microsatellites segregated Nuevo León from Tamaulipas. Genetic diversity was high, and significant inbreeding was estimated for the species, which may be caused by the small number of adults and pollination patterns. Only 1.45% of the projected habitats are included in Natural Protected Areas. This taxon should be maintained in the list of at-risk species, and formal taxonomic treatment is necessary to elucidate taxonomic circumscription. Full article
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