Diseases

12 pages, 248 KB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Associated with Hepatitis B Vaccination Status Among U.S. Adults with Diabetes

by Douwné L. Müller, Jessica Yingst, William A. Calo, Heather Stuckey, Thomas Godfrey and Li Wang

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100324 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Adults aged 19–59 with diabetes are recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) to receive vaccination against Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection because of their increased risk of contracting HBV. This study aimed to examine hepatitis B (HepB) vaccination rates [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Adults aged 19–59 with diabetes are recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) to receive vaccination against Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection because of their increased risk of contracting HBV. This study aimed to examine hepatitis B (HepB) vaccination rates among U.S. adults aged 19–59 years with diabetes and explore sociodemographic factors associated with HepB vaccination. Methods: Data from the 2015–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed to compare HepB vaccination between adults with and without diabetes. Weighted Chi-square analysis was used to test the associations between HepB vaccination status and various categorical variables. Weighted logistic regression was employed to identify factors associated with being fully vaccinated. Results: A total of 5988 adults aged 19–59 were included in the study, of whom 504 (8.4%) had diabetes. The HepB vaccination rate was 32.3% for those with diabetes vs. 43.6% for those without diabetes (p = 0.01). However, after adjusting for other covariates, having diabetes was not associated with being fully vaccinated against HBV (p = 0.583). Adults aged 45–59 years were less likely to be vaccinated against HBV compared to those aged 19–29 (OR: 0.12, p < 0.0001). Having health insurance, being female, and having a higher educational level were all associated with HepB vaccination status (all p < 0.01). Overall, the HBV infection rate was 1.1%. Having HepB vaccination was associated with a lower risk of HBV infection among both groups with and without diabetes. Conclusions: HepB vaccination among U.S. adults with diabetes was suboptimal and lower than among those without diabetes. Age and education were associated with being fully vaccinated against HBV. Future research is needed to identify and better understand barriers to receiving HepB vaccines. Full article

25 pages, 4108 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Explorations and Preliminary Experimental Verification of RNA Modification-Related Diagnostic Markers in the Subtype Classification of Peripheral Blood-Derived Mononuclear Cells Derived from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Patients

by Lesheng Wang, Gaomeng Luo, Sha Liu, Zhipeng Xu, Wei Wei and Xiang Li

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100323 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: The precise role of RNA modification in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains incompletely understood. This study aims to elucidate the effects of five common RNA modifications in PTSD, specifically m⁶A, m⁵C, m¹A, m⁷G, and [...] Read more.

Background: The precise role of RNA modification in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains incompletely understood. This study aims to elucidate the effects of five common RNA modifications in PTSD, specifically m⁶A, m⁵C, m¹A, m⁷G, and ψ. Methods: We extracted data from the GEO repository to conduct a series of bioinformatics analyses. These included differential analysis to identify key regulators of five common RNA modifications, model construction using random forest (RF), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and nomogram techniques, as well as consensus clustering of RNA modification subtypes. Furthermore, GO enrichment analysis was performed on DEGs associated with various RNA modification patterns. Immune cell infiltration was assessed using PCA and ssGSEA. RT-qPCR was performed to validate RNA modification-related genes (RMGs). Results: Twenty-one differentially expressed RMGs were identified. LASSO and RF intersection yielded eight signature genes (YTHDC1, IGFBP1, IGF2BP1, ALKBH5, NSUN4, TET2, TET3, WDR4) that robustly diagnosed PTSD (AUC = 0.804). Furthermore, these feature genes were validated using RT-qPCR, which was basically consistent with the results of bioinformatics analysis. Consensus clustering analysis may reveal two distinguishable subtypes: clusterA marked by high immunoinflammation, and clusterB characterized by high-neuroendocrine dysregulation. Conclusions: RMGs may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PTSD. Analyzing RNA modification patterns could offer potential diagnostic markers and help to guide immunotherapeutic approaches or neurotransmitter system interventions for PTSD in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuro-psychiatric Disorders)

12 pages, 3187 KB

Open AccessReview

Psoriasis in the Context of Dermatologic Disorders: A Comprehensive Overview

by Julia Nowowiejska-Purpurowicz, Patrycja Lemiesz and Iwona Flisiak

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100322 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated dermatosis that affects approximately 125 million people worldwide. Traditionally considered a dermatologic condition, it is now perceived as a systemic disease with numerous comorbidities. While its associations with psoriatic arthritis, metabolic syndrome, and psychiatric disorders are well established, [...] Read more.

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated dermatosis that affects approximately 125 million people worldwide. Traditionally considered a dermatologic condition, it is now perceived as a systemic disease with numerous comorbidities. While its associations with psoriatic arthritis, metabolic syndrome, and psychiatric disorders are well established, less attention has been given to its coexistence with other dermatoses. This narrative review aims to explore and summarize the existing evidence on the relationships between psoriasis and other skin diseases, highlighting potential overlaps in clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and treatment challenges. Psoriasis may coexist with several inflammatory and autoimmune skin disorders, including atopic dermatitis, lichen simplex chronicus, anti-p200 pemphigoid, pityriasis rubra pilaris, seborrheic dermatitis, inflammatory linear verrucous nevus (ILVEN), Sneddon–Wilkinson disease, and vitiligo. The review highlights the shared genetic pathways (e.g., the Th1/Th17 axis and IL-17 pathway), diagnostic challenges (e.g., sebopsoriasis and psoriasis–eczema overlap), and therapeutic considerations (e.g., paradoxical reactions to biologics and effectiveness of JAK inhibitors in both psoriasis and vitiligo). The coexistence of psoriasis with other dermatoses is more common and clinically significant than previously appreciated. Recognizing these associations is crucial for an accurate diagnosis, avoiding mismanagement, and optimizing individualized treatment strategies. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and improve the multidisciplinary care for patients with complex dermatologic presentations. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 667 KB

Open AccessArticle

Incidence and Prognostic Factors for Colectomy in Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis with Concomitant CMV Infection

by Konstantina Kitsou, Konstantina Chalakatevaki, Georgios Kokkotis, Evgenia Papathanasiou, Vassiliki Kitsou, Spyridon Michopoulos, Evanthia Zampeli and Giorgos Bamias

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100321 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an opportunistic pathogen, complicating acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC), and its role in ASUC prognosis remains a debate. This study aims to report the rates and identify predictors for colectomy at 12 months, following an episode of ASUC with [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an opportunistic pathogen, complicating acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC), and its role in ASUC prognosis remains a debate. This study aims to report the rates and identify predictors for colectomy at 12 months, following an episode of ASUC with concomitant CMV colonic infection. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with ASUC and CMV colonic infection confirmed by PCR or Immunohistochemistry. Baseline clinical, biochemical, endoscopic and disease-related characteristics were recorded. Patients were followed-up for 12 months to calculate the one-year colectomy rate. Predictors of colectomy were identified via multivariate logistic regression. Results: Forty-five cases of CMV colonic infection in 37 patients with ASUC were recorded [66.7% men, mean age: 47.0 years (SD = 18.5)]. At diagnosis, 20% were on monotherapy with advanced treatment and 37.8% on advanced treatment plus corticosteroids and/or immunomodulators. Twenty-three (51.1%) were receiving corticosteroids, while 17.8% did not receive any immunosuppressive agent. Forty (88.9%) patients were treated with ganciclovir and valganciclovir and one (2.2%) with foscarnet for at least 21 days. Eleven patients (24.4%) required colectomy, two (4.4%) during their initial hospitalization and nine (20%) during the follow-up period. The recurrence of CMV was recorded in nine (20.9%) cases, three of which required colectomy. Patients with hemoglobin < 12 g/dL (p = 0.023) and patients on vedolizumab at diagnosis (p = 0.050) had a higher probability of colectomy. Conclusions: We report a 25% one-year colectomy rate in our cohort with ASUC and superimposed CMV colonic infection. At baseline, anemia and vedolizumab treatment were associated with a higher probability of colectomy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastroenterology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 1469 KB

Open AccessReview

Applications of Multiparameter Flow Cytometry in the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Monitoring of Multiple Myeloma Patients

by Dimitrios Leonardos, Leonidas Benetatos, Elisavet Apostolidou, Epameinondas Koumpis, Lefkothea Dova, Eleni Kapsali, Ioannis Kotsianidis and Eleftheria Hatzimichael

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100320 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Multiple myeloma (MM) is one of the most common hematological malignancies and remains incurable. However, the survival of multiple myeloma patients has significantly increased due to the implementation of novel therapies along with autologous stem cell transplantation, changing the natural history of the [...] Read more.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is one of the most common hematological malignancies and remains incurable. However, the survival of multiple myeloma patients has significantly increased due to the implementation of novel therapies along with autologous stem cell transplantation, changing the natural history of the disease. Consequently, there is an unmet need for more sensitive response assessment techniques capable of quantifying minimal tumor burden to identify patients at higher risk of early relapse. Multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) is an essential tool for diagnosing and monitoring patients with various hematological conditions and has recently gained prominence in identifying, characterizing, and monitoring malignant plasma cells. The implementation of Next-Generation Flow (NGF) by EuroFlow aims to overcome the pitfalls of conventional MFC, including lack of standardization and lower sensitivity, by offering standardized and optimized protocols for evaluating response depth. Both MFC and NGF have wide-ranging applications in MM for diagnosis and measurable residual disease (MRD) monitoring. Plasma cell identification and clonality evaluation through MFC and NGF assist in diagnostic workup and are routinely used to assess therapeutic response through MRD analysis. Additionally, flow cytometry is applied for circulating tumor plasma cell (CTPC) enumeration, which has demonstrated significant prognostic value. Immune composition studies through MFC may provide better understanding of disease biology. Furthermore, MFC provides additional information about other bone marrow cell populations, assessing cellularity, immunophenotypic characteristics of plasma cells, and possible hemodilution. This review explores the applications of MFC and NGF in MM, highlighting their roles in diagnosis, response assessment, and prognosis. Beyond their established use in MRD monitoring, flow cytometry-derived immunophenotypic profiles show strong potential as cost-effective prognostic tools. We advocate for future studies to validate and integrate these markers into risk stratification models, complementing cytogenetic analyses and guiding individualized treatment strategies. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 309 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Psychological Involvement in the Journey of a Patient with Localized Prostate Cancer—From Diagnosis to Treatment

by Daniela Mihalcia Ailene, Gabriela Rahnea-Nita, Alexandru Nechifor, Liliana Florina Andronache, Mihaela Emilia Dumitru, Alexandru-Mihai Rebegea, Cristina Stefanescu, Roxana-Andreea Rahnea-Nita and Laura-Florentina Rebegea

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100319 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Prostate cancer is one of the most common neoplasia in men, and its clinical evolution is highly influenced by psycho-emotional factors, especially in elderly patients. Comorbidities, the perception of one’s identity and its impact on life quality become relevant variables in the [...] Read more.

Introduction: Prostate cancer is one of the most common neoplasia in men, and its clinical evolution is highly influenced by psycho-emotional factors, especially in elderly patients. Comorbidities, the perception of one’s identity and its impact on life quality become relevant variables in the therapeutic decision. Sexual dysfunction after treatment along with decreased libido, erectile dysfunction and ejaculatory dysfunction are significant problems in patients with prostate cancer. Case presentation: The present study presents the oncological evolution of an elderly patient with a dual diagnosis, prostate adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma, who faced a significant amount of medical and psychological challenges. Reluctance to hormone therapy was closely linked to the fear of sexual dysfunction, a very common reaction in elderly men concerned with maintaining autonomy and intimacy. The peculiarity of the case consists in the interaction between the evolution of the disease, the therapeutic decisions and the psychological impact on the patient. Discussion: Androgen deprivation therapy negatively influences multiple aspects of sexual function, significantly impairing the life quality of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer. In this context, therapy through acceptance and commitment is the appropriate one, its main purpose being to change the patient’s relationship with suffering—from struggle and rejection to active acceptance and value of the present. The intervention of the psychologist or the psychotherapist is essential in decision-making counseling, using coping techniques, the clarification of personal values and the involvement of the family in the decision-making process. Oncological psychology helps the patient redefine their life goals and priorities, not just to choose a treatment. Conclusions: Sexuality and psychological health are deeply affected by prostate cancer. Psychological flexibility and emotional support can mitigate this negative impact. The integration of therapy through acceptance and commitment in the rehabilitation after treatment increases effectiveness and patient satisfaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health—Management and Care, Multidisciplinary Approaches and Perspectives)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1056 KB

Open AccessReview

Syphilis and Tuberculosis as Mimickers of Autoimmune Diseases: Diagnostic Overlap and Surveillance Implications in Mexico

by Gustavo Esteban Lugo-Zamudio, Oscar Sosa-Hernández, Briceida López-Martínez, Clemente Cruz-Cruz, Emilio Mariano Durán-Manuel, Miguel Ángel Loyola-Cruz, José Carlos Gasca-Aldama, Paulina Carpinteyro-Espin, Luis Gustavo Zárate-Sánchez, Enzo Vásquez-Jiménez and Juan Manuel Bello-López

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100318 - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

In Mexico, syphilis and tuberculosis are infectious diseases subject to mandatory and immediate epidemiological surveillance, both with special systems that allow nominal follow-up for either variant. Surveillance uses the operational definitions of probable and confirmed cases established in the manual for epidemiological surveillance [...] Read more.

In Mexico, syphilis and tuberculosis are infectious diseases subject to mandatory and immediate epidemiological surveillance, both with special systems that allow nominal follow-up for either variant. Surveillance uses the operational definitions of probable and confirmed cases established in the manual for epidemiological surveillance issued by the General Directorate of Epidemiology of the Ministry of Health. However, both diseases, mainly in the chronic state, present challenges because of their ability to mimic autoimmune disorders. This review explores the phenomenon of clinical and immunological mimicry in secondary and tertiary syphilis, as well as in extrapulmonary tuberculosis, and analyzes its implications for the accuracy of case reporting at the national level. Evidence shows that both infections can present systemic inflammatory features, such as elevated acute phase reactants, positive autoantibodies, and alterations in cerebrospinal fluid that resemble autoimmune profiles. These overlaps can lead to misdiagnosis, inappropriate immunosuppressive treatment and misclassification of confirmed cases within the Mexican surveillance system. Surveillance of these conditions is robust; however, current operational definitions have weaknesses, particularly when atypical or autoimmune conditions are present, as they only focus on cases with the highest prevalence or public health impact. This manuscript proposes the integration of differential diagnostic algorithms and expanded laboratory criteria, including autoimmune markers and molecular tests, into surveillance protocols. Although individual efforts exist in health institutions, in our country, the absence of autoimmune diseases in the national register of obligatory notification stands out, contrasting with surveillance models in other countries, where autoimmune diseases are tracked systematically. To improve diagnostic accuracy and reporting, surveillance systems should incorporate a syndromic and etiological approach, recognizing infectious autoimmune mimicry as a factor in the final recording of confirmed cases to avoid epidemiological silence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 251 KB

Open AccessReview

The Effect of Bacteria Modulation with Probiotic Consumption in Neurodegeneration During Aging: A Narrative Review of the Literature

by Nayeli Valdez Gayosso, Arianna Omaña Covarrubias, Ana Teresa Nez Castro, Lydia López Pontigo, María del Refugio Acuña Gurrola and Bertha Maribel Pimentel Pérez

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100317 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

Aging is the result of the accumulation of a great variety of molecular and cellular damage over time. During aging, the brain undergoes changes and diseases such as depression, dementia, anxiety, Alzheimer’s, delirium, behavioral disorders and aggression, and prolonged mourning, among others, appear. [...] Read more.

Aging is the result of the accumulation of a great variety of molecular and cellular damage over time. During aging, the brain undergoes changes and diseases such as depression, dementia, anxiety, Alzheimer’s, delirium, behavioral disorders and aggression, and prolonged mourning, among others, appear. The gut–brain axis suggests that the gut and the brain have a bidirectional communication, so it is important to maintain proper intestinal health to strengthen the neurological changes of this age group. The intestinal microbiota is a dynamic and highly complex ecosystem of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract. The bidirectional and dynamic communication between the homeostatic systems, such as the endocrine and immune systems, as well as the nervous system, allow us to face problems associated with several diseases. Probiotics are defined as non-pathogenic live microorganisms that provide beneficial effects to the organism and participate in the prevention and treatment of diseases, which is the reason why it is important to promote interventions that keep intestinal microbiota in eubiosis (microbiota balance). The concentration and balance of the intestinal microbiota depend on several conditions, such as diet, antibiotic consumption, and lifestyle, to mentioned a few. However, interventions with probiotics have shown improvements in both cognitive function and processes that promote neurodegeneration. It is such that the research has been directed on designing strategies that improve not only oral bioavailability but also intestinal adhesion and retention, to clarify the frequency and dosage that should be consumed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

11 pages, 885 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Efficacy and Safety of Different Treatments for Melasma: Network Meta-Analysis of Updated Data

by John Hang Leung, Henry W. C. Leung, Shyh-Yau Wang, Yeu-Chai Jang and Agnes L. F. Chan

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100316 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: Melasma is a chronic, relapsing pigmented skin disease with challenging and unsatisfactory treatment outcomes. This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of different treatments for melasma. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed and EMBASE databases to [...] Read more.

Background: Melasma is a chronic, relapsing pigmented skin disease with challenging and unsatisfactory treatment outcomes. This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of different treatments for melasma. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed and EMBASE databases to identify randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) for melasma treatment modalities between January 2022 and January 2025. Relative efficacy refers to the comparison of the improvement in melasma severity before and after treatment for all modalities of interest at a specific time point. The Melasma Area Severity Index (MASI) (also known as modified MASI (mMASI) or half-MASI score) was defined as the efficacy index. Safety refers to the incidence of the most common adverse events. The quality of the included trials was assessed using the GRADE method. Results: The analysis included 14 clinical trials with 15 treatment modalities involving 738 women who met the inclusion criteria. The mean difference in efficacy index showed that intradermal PRP (platelet-rich plasma) and intradermal PRP + oTXA (oral tranexamic acid) were the best treatment options compared with HQ4%, intradermal TXA, intradermal PRGF (plasma rich in growth factor) + HQ4 (hydroquinone 4%), followed by intradermal TXALaser (intradermal TXA + Q-switched fractional 1064-nmNd:YAG lasers). The efficacy indices of other modalities were comparable. Most treatment-related adverse events were mild, were well tolerated, or resolved with treatment. The quality of evidence was generally high. Conclusions: This NMA showed that intradermal PRP in combination or alone is an effective and safe treatment option for melasma. PRP may be a direction for the development of new melasma treatment options in the future, but well-designed, comprehensive, large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to verify it. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 390 KB

Open AccessReview

Hearing Loss and Chiari Malformation Type I: A Scoping Review

by Andrea Migliorelli, Marianna Manuelli, Chiara Bianchini, Francesco Stomeo, Stefano Pelucchi, Silvia Palma and Andrea Ciorba

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100315 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Chiari malformation (CM) type I is an uncommon condition that can be associated with a variety of neurological and otoneurological symptoms, including sensorineural hearing loss. The aim of this paper is to analyze the association between type I CM and hearing loss. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Chiari malformation (CM) type I is an uncommon condition that can be associated with a variety of neurological and otoneurological symptoms, including sensorineural hearing loss. The aim of this paper is to analyze the association between type I CM and hearing loss. Methods: A review of the literature was performed using PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases, according to PRISMA criteria for scoping review (from 2000 to April 2025). Results: A total of 8 articles and 139 patients with type I CM have been included; the majority of studies focused on women, with a mean age of 38.5 years (range: 10–44 years). In two cases, surgery was necessary for restoring normal hearing thresholds. Conclusions: To date, the pathophysiological mechanisms related to type I CM and hearing loss are not fully understood yet; further studies are necessary to clarify these features and to evaluate the correct management of these patients. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 460 KB

Open AccessArticle

Obesity, High Blood Pressure and Monocytosis in Truck Drivers of the Western Border of a State in Southern Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Carolina Pereira de Oliveira, Laura Smolski dos Santos, Gênifer Erminda Schreiner, Camila Berny Pereira, Silvia Muller de Moura Sarmento, Itamar Luís Gonçalves and Vanusa Manfredini

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100314 - 24 Sep 2025

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological, hematological, and oxidative stress profile of truck drivers. Method: It involved 63 drivers from the western border of a state in southern Brazil who completed a questionnaire, had vital signs and anthropometric evaluations, and provided [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological, hematological, and oxidative stress profile of truck drivers. Method: It involved 63 drivers from the western border of a state in southern Brazil who completed a questionnaire, had vital signs and anthropometric evaluations, and provided blood samples. Hematological parameters, leukocytes, and oxidative damage to proteins and lipids were analyzed. Results: A high prevalence of overweight and obesity was found among the drivers, with an increased risk of cardiovascular issues and hypertension. Obese drivers had higher monocyte counts, while those with normal weight had increased protein carbonylation levels. Conclusions: It is crucial to implement health interventions to prevent chronic diseases in truck drivers, given their high exposure to risk factors. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1366 KB

Open AccessReview

Non-Communicable Disease Burden and Dietary Determinants in Women of Reproductive Age in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review

by Perpetua Modjadji, Ntevhe Thovhogi, Machoene Derrick Sekgala and Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100313 - 24 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is experiencing a rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), projected to surpass infectious diseases as the leading cause of mortality. This shift reflects a complex public health challenge driven by changing dietary patterns and persistent social and gender inequities. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is experiencing a rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), projected to surpass infectious diseases as the leading cause of mortality. This shift reflects a complex public health challenge driven by changing dietary patterns and persistent social and gender inequities. Women of reproductive age are particularly vulnerable due to biological and sociocultural factors, with diet playing a central role in NCD development and maternal health. This scoping review explores dietary determinants of NCDs in this population and identifies evidence gaps to support context-specific, gender-responsive interventions. Methods: The review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies published between January 2010 and May 2025. After removing duplicates, 577 articles were screened, and 19 met the inclusion criteria. Data were synthesized using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. An adapted conceptual framework informed by the ecological model was developed to illustrate the multilevel pathways linking dietary determinants to NCD outcomes. Results: Frequent consumption of ultra-processed foods, salty snacks, processed meats, and sugar-sweetened beverages was consistently associated with increased NCD risk. Central obesity was prevalent among nearly half of the women studied, and a high intake of sugary drinks was common across diverse populations. Among pregnant women, overweight was observed in approximately one-quarter of participants, despite the inadequate intake of protein and iron. Vitamin A deficiency was moderately prevalent, and urban residence was linked to a twofold increase in the coexistence of obesity and micronutrient deficiencies. These patterns were shaped by poverty, food insecurity, and the cultural norms influencing dietary behaviors and access to nutritious foods. Conclusion: Dietary determinants significantly contribute to the rising NCD burden among women of reproductive age in SSA, yet adolescent women remain underrepresented in research. Addressing these gaps through culturally sensitive, multisectoral interventions and biomarker-informed longitudinal studies is essential for guiding inclusive policies and sustainable health strategies for this vulnerable population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Body Composition, Energy Expenditure and Lifestyle During Obesity Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 1281 KB

Open AccessCommentary

Real-World Technical Hurdles of ctDNA NGS Analysis: Lessons from Clinical Implementation

by Simon Cabello-Aguilar, Julie A. Vendrell and Jérôme Solassol

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100312 - 23 Sep 2025

Abstract

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) represents a minimally invasive alternative to conventional tissue biopsies, providing real-time genomic snapshots of heterogeneous tumors from blood draws. This liquid biopsy approach has demonstrated significant utility for early detection, molecular profiling, and monitoring treatment [...] Read more.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) represents a minimally invasive alternative to conventional tissue biopsies, providing real-time genomic snapshots of heterogeneous tumors from blood draws. This liquid biopsy approach has demonstrated significant utility for early detection, molecular profiling, and monitoring treatment response in cancer patients. However, significant barriers to widespread clinical implementation still remain, such as a lack of standardized methods for ctDNA content quantification and limited variant detection sensitivity at ultra-low frequencies. Herein, we discuss three key improvements: (i) reducing the limit of detection (LoD) from 0.5% to 0.1%, which would increase alteration detection from 50% to approximately 80%; (ii) developing a dynamic LoD approach calibrated to sequencing depth, thereby enhancing result reliability and confidence in clinical interpretation; and (iii) utilizing strategic bioinformatics pipelines with “allowed” and “blocked” lists to enhance accuracy while minimizing false positives. While ctDNA analysis remains approximately 30% less sensitive than tissue-based testing, addressing these limitations through technological advancement and standardization protocols could accelerate integration into routine clinical practice, potentially transforming cancer management while reducing healthcare costs. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 641 KB

Open AccessReview

Chronic Hepatitis B: Current Management and Future Directions

by Hamza Ertugrul, Esra Ekiz, Sibel Islak Mutcali, Veysel Tahan and Ebubekir Daglilar

Diseases 2025, 13(10), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13100311 - 23 Sep 2025

Abstract

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major global health burden, affecting millions and contributing significantly to liver-related morbidity and mortality. While substantial progress has been made in elucidating the virology and natural history of HBV, the management of chronic hepatitis B [...] Read more.

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major global health burden, affecting millions and contributing significantly to liver-related morbidity and mortality. While substantial progress has been made in elucidating the virology and natural history of HBV, the management of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) continues to present clinical challenges. The development of potent nucleos(t)ide analogs and pegylated interferon has improved viral suppression and delayed disease progression, yet a definitive cure remains elusive due to the persistence of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). Recent research has focused on novel antiviral agents, immunomodulatory therapies, and combination strategies aimed at achieving a functional cure. This review summarizes current therapeutic approaches, recent advancements, and emerging directions in CHB management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Hepatitis: Diagnosis, Treatment and Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1178 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Unraveling Dual Cognitive Disorders: A Case Report and Literature Review on Marchiafava–Bignami Disease and Possible Alzheimer’s Disease

by Floris Petru Iliuta, Mirela Manea, Aliss Madalina Mares, Corina Ioana Varlam, Constantin Alexandru Ciobanu, Adela Magdalena Ciobanu, Radu-Mihail Lacau and Mihnea Costin Manea

Diseases 2025, 13(9), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13090310 - 22 Sep 2025

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia, particularly in those aged 65 and older. Dementia can also occur under age 45, known as young-onset dementia (YOD), although this is rarer. Marchiafava–Bignami disease (MBD) is a rare disorder characterized by demyelination [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia, particularly in those aged 65 and older. Dementia can also occur under age 45, known as young-onset dementia (YOD), although this is rarer. Marchiafava–Bignami disease (MBD) is a rare disorder characterized by demyelination and necrosis of the corpus callosum, primarily affecting individuals with chronic alcohol use. We present the case of a 49-year-old woman admitted for psychiatric and neurological evaluation due to a multidomain cognitive disorder with a sudden onset approximately four years prior, which progressed rapidly, resulting in complete dependence on others for daily activities. Her medical history included moderate depression, chronic alcohol consumption, and professional exhaustion. Psychological assessments revealed severe neurocognitive impairment. MRI scans highlighted significant bilateral parietal atrophy, hippocampal atrophy, and demyelinating lesions in the corpus callosum, consistent with MBD. Despite initial inconsistencies in biomarkers, later tests showed elevated tau protein, phosphorylated tau, and amyloid-beta, supporting an AD diagnosis. Clinical presentation, combined with neuroimaging findings and chronic alcohol consumption history, led to a diagnosis of AD with young onset and chronic MBD. This case illustrates the complexities involved in diagnosing overlapping neurodegenerative disorders. The coexistence of MBD and AD complicates the treatment plan, requiring a multifaceted approach addressing both neurodegenerative and nutritional aspects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health—Management and Care, Multidisciplinary Approaches and Perspectives)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 1127 KB

Open AccessReview

Exploring the Interplay of Antioxidants, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Potential, and Clinical Implications

by Sumayyah Yousef Altanam, Nedal Darwish and Ahmed Bakillah

Diseases 2025, 13(9), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13090309 - 22 Sep 2025

Abstract

Oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses, is a major factor in chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, neurodegeneration, diabetes, and cancer. Despite extensive research, current reviews often discuss antioxidants or inflammatory pathways separately, which [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses, is a major factor in chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, neurodegeneration, diabetes, and cancer. Despite extensive research, current reviews often discuss antioxidants or inflammatory pathways separately, which limits their translational impact. The primary objective of this review is to present an integrated analysis of oxidative stress and inflammation, connecting molecular mechanisms with clinical evidence. We focus on the dual roles of natural and synthetic antioxidants in managing redox balance, regulating inflammatory signaling, and targeting new molecular pathways. Unlike previous work, this review emphasizes recent clinical findings, ongoing therapeutic challenges, and innovative strategies, including combination approaches and synthetic derivatives designed to improve effectiveness. By combining biochemical, preclinical, and clinical perspectives, we highlight both established knowledge and critical gaps. Ultimately, this review highlights the clinical significance of redox biology, clarifies the potential of antioxidant-based treatments, and outlines future research directions essential for translating these insights into effective therapies for chronic disease management. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1534 KB

Open AccessArticle

Managing Dentophobia in the Digital Age: The Role of Internet Addiction and Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

by Dorina Stan, Dragoș Voicu, Pușica Zainea, Alexandra Toma and Anamaria Ciubară

Diseases 2025, 13(9), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13090308 - 21 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: Dentophobia, a significant barrier to dental healthcare, may be influenced by an increased dependency on digital technology and internet addiction, particularly among younger populations. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) compared to traditional methods in [...] Read more.

Background: Dentophobia, a significant barrier to dental healthcare, may be influenced by an increased dependency on digital technology and internet addiction, particularly among younger populations. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) compared to traditional methods in managing dentophobia, particularly among individuals exhibiting high levels of internet dependency. Methods: A comparative study involving two groups, each consisting of 50 young adults aged 18–30 years, diagnosed with dentophobia, was conducted. Group A participants, who exhibited high familiarity and borderline addictive behavior towards digital technologies, received VRET using VR-BOX glasses across four specific dental scenarios: dental chair positioning, oral examination, anesthesia administration, and dental drilling procedures. Group B received traditional “tell–show–do” management without VR assistance. Anxiety levels were evaluated using the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) before and after interventions and at follow-up intervals of one week, three months, and six months. Results: Both groups showed significant reductions in anxiety scores across all follow-up periods. Mild to phobic anxiety scores demonstrated no significant differences between VRET and traditional method groups. The average MDAS scores post-intervention were similar, indicating comparable effectiveness between both treatment modalities. Conclusions: Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy effectively reduces dentophobia among young adults, particularly those with significant internet dependency. Although VRET’s effectiveness was similar to conventional methods, it holds considerable promise for improving treatment adherence and comfort among digitally dependent individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health—Management and Care, Multidisciplinary Approaches and Perspectives)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3383 KB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of the Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Treatment Strategies for Retinoblastoma

by Alpana Kumari, Sarav Paul Singh, Pankaj Kumar, Suresh Babu Kondaveeti, Vivek Kumar Garg, Rabdeep Kaur, Harpal Singh Buttar, Katrin Sak, Kiran Yadav and Vikas Yadav

Diseases 2025, 13(9), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13090307 - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

The retinoblastoma gene (RB1), which is located on chromosome 13q14.2, is mutated in retinoblastoma (RB), the most common malignant intraocular tumor in children. About 8000 new cases of retinoblastoma are diagnosed globally each year, accounting for approximately 1 in 17,000 live [...] Read more.

The retinoblastoma gene (RB1), which is located on chromosome 13q14.2, is mutated in retinoblastoma (RB), the most common malignant intraocular tumor in children. About 8000 new cases of retinoblastoma are diagnosed globally each year, accounting for approximately 1 in 17,000 live births. RB is prototypically considered hereditary by nature as thirty to forty percent of cases have autosomal dominant inheritance, and the remaining sixty to seventy percent have non-inherited sporadic inheritance. RB is the most treatable juvenile malignancy, with a high percentage of survival; nevertheless, advanced tumors restrict the amount of globe salvage and are frequently linked to high-risk histological characteristics that indicate spread. Investigating the disease’s molecular causes has also helped to understand its subsequent processes, which has resulted in the identification of biomarkers and relevant targeted treatments. Additionally, advancements in molecular biology techniques facilitated the creation of effective strategies for early disease detection, genetic counseling, and prevention. In the present review, we discuss the risk factors, epidemiology, pathology, and therapeutic approaches for retinoblastoma. We specifically focus on the genetic and molecular characteristics of retinoblastoma, including mutations that cause key signaling pathways involved in the DNA repair, cellular plasticity, and cell proliferation to become dysregulated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 458 KB

Open AccessReview

Guillain–Barré Syndrome in Older People—A Case Report and Literature Review

by Xiaomei Chen, Win Ko, Fiza Waseem, Lidia Cilcic, Nahian Kazi and Ahmed Abdelhafiz

Diseases 2025, 13(9), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13090306 - 18 Sep 2025

Abstract

Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is the most common acute inflammatory motor polyneuropathy. It affects all age groups, but the incidence increases with increasing age. Before manifesting with neurological symptoms, it is usually preceded by a prodromal phase of infection, most commonly respiratory or gastrointestinal. [...] Read more.

Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is the most common acute inflammatory motor polyneuropathy. It affects all age groups, but the incidence increases with increasing age. Before manifesting with neurological symptoms, it is usually preceded by a prodromal phase of infection, most commonly respiratory or gastrointestinal. Pathologically, it is a post-infection immune disorder. The immune response is due to mimicry between the infecting agent and axolemmal surface molecules, which triggers an acute immune injury that leads to blockade of nerve conduction. Age-related decline in immune function plays a role in the increased prevalence and severity of GBS in older people. Typical neurological manifestations are ascending paralysis, areflexia and cranial nerve involvement, but sensory loss is uncommon. In up to 25% of cases, autonomic dysfunction occurs, which includes cardiovascular, sudomotor, gastrointestinal or genitourinary symptoms. The development of autonomic dysfunction in GBS is associated with poor prognosis. We report a case of a 78-year-old man who presented with a predominant autonomic dysfunction that led to a delay in the diagnosis. Because of the multiple morbidities associated with old age, the diagnosis of GBS presentation with autonomic dysfunction, without the typical neurological clinical pattern, may be attributed to the existing comorbidities. Therefore, clinical suspicion and close monitoring with respect to the development of autonomic dysfunction, from the first day of hospital admission, are important. The main diagnostic tests are cerebrospinal fluid analysis looking for protein–cell dissociation and nerve conduction studies to confirm the neuropathy. Treatment involves general supportive care, specific immunological intervention by intravenous immunoglobulins or plasma exchange courses and neurorehabilitation. Severe cases may require intensive care admission and mechanical ventilation. More than 80% of cases will fully recover, but 10% may have residual disability, with mortality estimated at 3–7%. Older age, multiple morbidities, severe weakness, autonomic dysfunction and the need for mechanical ventilation are poor prognostic factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress in Neurodegenerative Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Description

Diseases

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI