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Surface Function Enhancement Film and Coating Technology

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A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 September 2022) | Viewed by 24518

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Lijing Yang

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Guest Editor

Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
Interests: corrosion and protection of metal materials; medical degradable metal materials

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The purpose of this Special Issue is to promote the research of metal material surface technology, improve the performance (corrosion resistance, friction resistance, magnetic properties, and surface compatibility) of metal materials, and expand the application of metal materials in marine, chemical, medical, aerospace, and other fields.

This Special Issue will serve as a forum for papers in the following concepts:

Vacuum technology, laser cladding technology, nanotechnology, thermal spraying technology, and cold spray technology,
Coating surface engineering technology,
Micro-arc oxidation technology, electroplating technology, and electroless plating technology,
Tribological surface engineering,
Biology material surface engineering,
Material surface strengthening and modification technology,
Surface engineering foundation and application technology,
Other surface functional coatings, surface engineering equipment technology, etc.

Dr. Lijing Yang
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

vacuum
laser cladding
spraying
micro-arc oxidation
electroplating
electroless plating

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 5798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corrosion Mechanisms of a Biodegradable Zn-0.4Li Alloy in Simulated Gastrointestinal Environment

by Manli Wang, Lingbo Yang, Xinglong Zhu, Lijing Yang, Jianwei Shen, Ting Lu, Huinan Liu and Zhenlun Song

Coatings 2023, 13(3), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030529 - 28 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1299

Abstract

Zn-Li alloys have been demonstrated to be potential biodegradable materials because of their favorable biocompatibility and exceptional strength. The corrosion behaviors of Zn–0.4Li in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) were investigated. Compared with samples in SIF, those in SGF were severely corroded locally. Pepsin and pancreatin participated in the formation of degradation products. After immersion in SGF and SIF, the corrosion process presented two interfaces. Lithium (Li) preferentially reacted in the near-surface region to form a Li-rich region. Simultaneously, there were two Li-poor regions around the Li-rich region. Then Zn-rich products gradually became dominant with time. Li⁺ releasement dominated over Zn²⁺ releasement throughout the immersion process in SGF and SIF. These results can guide the development of biodegradable gastrointestinal anastomotic nails in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Function Enhancement Film and Coating Technology)

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11 pages, 4186 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Femtosecond Laser Texturization on Coated Steel

by Tomás Baldi-Boleda, Carles Colominas and Andrés García-Granada

Coatings 2022, 12(10), 1602; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101602 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1487

Abstract

Surface textures such as laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are of great interest to obtain industrial nanopatterns. In this work, plain uncoated 1.2344 steel with and without Chromium Nitride (CrN) and CrN plus diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings were used in experiments. The laser texturing variables studied were the laser speed (3000–4000 mm/s) and the distance between laser lines (1–10 microns). These structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to obtain an overview of the roughness and to analyze the heights of the obtained structures. A two-dimension fast Fourier transform (2D-FFT) of the SEM images and its characteristic frequencies was used to assess the periodicity of the textured surfaces and thus quantify the far-range order. The speed of laser depth ablation is related to the laser energy density for each coating and textures are qualified using the FFT approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Function Enhancement Film and Coating Technology)

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11 pages, 4290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Pre-Tinning Process on Coating Morphology and Interface Structure of Low Carbon Steel Dipped in Molten 6061 Al Alloy

by Naglaa Fathy, Khaled Saad Abdel Halim, K. M. Hafez, Mohamed Ramadan, Badreddine Ayadi, Abdulaziz S. Alghamdi and Khaled M. Ibrahim

Coatings 2022, 12(10), 1499; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101499 - 8 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1139

Abstract

Pre-treated low carbon steel specimens with flux or flux + tin mixture were coated by hot-dip aluminizing process. Al alloy (6061) was melted and hold at 750 °C. Fluxed and pre-tinned low carbon steel samples were dipped in a molten bath for time intervals of 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 3.5 min. Applying double coating processes via tinning-aluminizing techniques facilitated the formation of Fe-Al intermetallic interface and increasing the thickness of homogenous coating layer over the substrate material. The presence of Sn facilitates to great extent the formation of a better interlayer-free bond of residual flux and/or oxides. The fluxed–dipped steel substrates have inhomogeneous distribution of Al alloy coating as well as an interface with residual flux and oxides for dipping time up to 2.5 min. A homogenous distribution with good thickness morphology of the Al alloy coating and homogeneous thin intermetallic interface was achieved for tinned steel substrate at all applied dipping times. The comparison between the pre-tinning and pre-fluxing processes on steel substrates showed a significant effect of tinning over fluxing treatment acting on the thickness layer of Al-coating and interface using a short time dipping. For dipping time up to 2.5 min, the hardness of pre-tinning substrates is greater than that of fluxed ones due to the presence of residual flux and void interface in fluxed steel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Function Enhancement Film and Coating Technology)

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13 pages, 3362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Passivation Film on S32750 Super-Duplex Stainless Steel Exposed in a Simulated Marine Atmosphere

by Lijing Yang, Wenwen Du, Minghua Wu, Jin He, Guohong Yu, Shuchang Wang and Zhenlun Song

Coatings 2022, 12(10), 1430; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101430 - 29 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2229

Abstract

The corrosion behavior and passivation mechanism of S32750 super-duplex stainless steel exposed in a simulated marine atmosphere were studied using electrochemical methods, XPS and SEM. Passivation and local corrosion occurred on the metal surface when S32750 SDSS was exposed in the simulated marine atmospheric environment. The passivation film is composed of two chromium-enriched layers. The outer layer is a very thin film at the metal/atmosphere interface of the specimen surface with higher chromium content, whereas the chromium in the inner layer seems a little depleted. The outer and inner layers had similar Fe components, and Fe³⁺ oxide/hydroxide was the primary oxide in the film. The outer layer contains CrO₃, whereas the inner layer has Cr³⁺ as its primary oxide. Pitting occurred when exposure time exceeded 24 d, and the Cr content of the specimen decreased. Therefore, S32750 SDSS exposed for 24 d exhibited the best corrosion resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Function Enhancement Film and Coating Technology)

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14 pages, 5514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Kinetics and Mechanical Characterization of Hard Layers Obtained by Boron Diffusion in 80/20 Nickel–Chromium Alloy

by Alexis Chino-Ulloa, Pablo Alfredo Ruiz-Trabolsi, Itzel Pamela Torres-Avila, Carlos Orozco-Álvarez, Raúl Tadeo-Rosas, Julio César Velázquez and Enrique Hernández-Sánchez

Coatings 2022, 12(10), 1387; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101387 - 22 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1308

Abstract

This study examines the formation of hard layers containing Ni-B and Cr-B on the surface of 80/20 nickel–chromium alloy. The work evaluates the mechanical properties of the boride layers using instrumented nanoindentation. In addition, the growth kinetics of the coatings were assessed by applying a kinetic model that relates the layer thickness with the experimental parameters of temperature and treatment time. First, the boride layers were achieved using the powder-pack boriding process in a conventional furnace. The treatment time was set at 2, 4, and 6 h at temperatures of 900, 950, and 975 °C, respectively. The microstructure of the layers was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The thickness of the layers showed a closed correlation with the experimental parameters of time and temperature, and was established between 38.97 and 156.49 µm for 2 h to 900 °C and for 6 h to 975 °C, respectively. The hardness and Young’s modulus values agree with those presented in the literature for boriding nickel alloys, being in the range of 1.3 GPa on average and 240 to 270 GPa, respectively. The resulting layers exhibited a characteristic diffusion zone where the hardness values decrease gradually without the typical high hardness gradient observed on borided steels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Function Enhancement Film and Coating Technology)

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6 pages, 369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Nanotube Coatings’ Role in Transparency, Mechanical Hardness, and Wetting Angle Increase

by Natalia Kamanina

Coatings 2022, 12(9), 1279; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12091279 - 1 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1055

Abstract

Among the different nanostructures involved in the improvement of material properties, carbon nanotubes occupy a specific place because of their small refractive index, extended surface, and large Young’s module, which can all provoke dramatic change in basic matrix material characteristics. Inorganic crystals, semiconductors, metals, conductive compounds, and some polymer structures whose surfaces are treated with carbon nanotubes demonstrate better features than the ones obtained before carbon nanotubes deposition. Thus, the areas of application for these unique nanostructure materials can be effectively extended, e.g., for optoelectronic use, in biomedicine, and display applications. In the current paper, the advantages of the laser-oriented deposition technique are shown in order to demonstrate how the main material parameters change drastically through the incorporation of carbon nanotubes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Function Enhancement Film and Coating Technology)

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13 pages, 3452 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corrosion and Biocompatibility of Pure Zn with a Micro-Arc-Oxidized Layer Coated with Calcium Phosphate

by Yixuan Shi, Lijing Yang, Lucai Wang, Qingke Zhang, Xinglong Zhu, Wensheng Sun, Jianwei Shen, Ting Lu, Zhenlun Song and Huinan Liu

Coatings 2021, 11(11), 1425; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111425 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2149

Abstract

Recent studies have indicated a great demand to optimize the biocompatibility properties of pure Zn as an implant material. For this purpose, CaZn₂(PO₄)₂·2H₂O (CaZnP) was prepared using hydrothermal treatment (HT) combined with micro-arc oxidation (MAO) on pure Zn substrate to generate biodegradable implants. The polarization test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated that the MAO1−HT coating could modulate the corrosion behavior of MAO1 by filling the crevice between the coating and the substrate. Immersion test evaluation revealed that the osteogenic properties of MAO1−HT coating were better than that of pure Zn substrate, as evidenced by the molar ratio of Ca and P, which increased after soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF) for up to 10 days. In addition, L-929 cells cultured in the 100%, 50%, and 25% extracts of MAO1−HT coated samples exhibited excellent cytocompatibility. Meanwhile, cell adhesion was promoted on the surface with high roughness generated during MAO and HT processes. In summary, the calcified coatings improved biocompatibility and adjusted the degradation rates of pure Zn, broadening the application of Zn alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Function Enhancement Film and Coating Technology)

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Graphical abstract

12 pages, 1434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Direct Optical Ablation and Sequent Thermal Ablation for the Ultrashort Pulsed Laser Photo-Thermal Micromachining

by Chang-Wei Xiong, Ching-Yen Ho and Dong-Kai Qiao

Coatings 2020, 10(12), 1151; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10121151 - 25 Nov 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1785

Abstract

An ultra-fast pulsed laser for materials processing can obtain submicrometer- to nanometer-sized parts or patterns (precision or accuracy) because the heat cannot diffuse in time for an ultra-fast pulsed duration, and this causes a threshold of ablation in multi-photoabsorption. The optical and thermal effects significantly affect the processing quality of an ultrashort pulsed laser for materials. This study utilizes a Laplace transform method to display the optical and thermal effects on the temperature field and the ablated depth of an ultrashort pulsed laser processing of materials. The results reveal that If an ultrafast pulsed laser-induced heat can keep the irradiated region above the evaporated temperature until the thermal diffusion occurs in the lattice of materials, thermal ablation occurs. The optical ablation can get a better processing quality due to less thermal diffusion. This study theoretically elucidates that the depth of optical ablation approximates the product of an optical absorption length and the logarithm of the ratio of laser fluence to laser fluence threshold. It has also been shown that the optical and thermal ablation, respectively, occur in low and high laser fluence because the optical ablation depends directly on the main source of the incident ultrashort pulsed laser. However, the thermal ablation is determined by the residual heat directly from the incident ultrashort pulsed laser after the optical ablation. The increase rate of the ablated depth per pulse with laser fluence is actually lower at high laser fluences than that at low laser fluences because the thermal ablation using the residual heat directly from the incident ultrashort pulsed laser is governed at high laser fluences. This study will provide the closed-form of a solution that elucidate the direct optical ablation and sequent thermal ablation for the ultra-fast pulsed laser photo-thermal processing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Function Enhancement Film and Coating Technology)

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17 pages, 4227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Microstructure, Mechanical and Friction-Wear Properties of (TiB_x/TiSi_yC_z)x3 Multilayer Deposited by PLD on Steel

by Agnieszka Twardowska, Agnieszka Kopia and Piotr Malczewski

Coatings 2020, 10(7), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10070621 - 29 Jun 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2105

Abstract

The microstructure, mechanical properties, and friction-wear performance of (TiB_x/TiSi_yC_z)x3 multilayer coatings deposited on the M2 steel by the pulsed laser deposition are investigated in detail in as-deposited state and after annealing at 500 °C for 5 min in air. Scanning and transmission electron microscopies are used to reveal microstructural changes caused by annealing. The influence of post-deposition annealing on hardness and Young modulus is studied in nanoindentation test. A scratch-test is applied to reveal changes in adhesion and the coefficient of friction (CoF) of coated samples with diamond before and after annealing. Friction-wear properties are also analyzed in dry sliding with Al₂O₃ and 100Cr6 steel in ball-on-disc tests. Our analysis shows that the post-deposition annealing leads to partial devitrification of the TiB_x layers, where nanocrystalline TiB₂ phase is identified, while the TiSi_yC_z layers retain amorphous. Annealing significantly increases mechanical properties of coated samples and adhesion of the (TiB_x/TiSi_yC_z)x3 multilayer to steel substrates. Friction-wear properties of coated samples are also notably improved. The values of CoF for coated samples tested with diamond (in the scratch-test), alumina, and 100Cr6 steel (ball-on-disc tests) are in the range of 0.05–0.23, while for M2 steel the CoF values are 0.8, 0.45, and 0.8, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Function Enhancement Film and Coating Technology)

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14 pages, 6847 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Femtosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition of Chromium Diboride-Rich Thin Films

by Angela De Bonis, Agostino Galasso, Alessandro Latini, Julietta V. Rau, Antonio Santagata, Mariangela Curcio and Roberto Teghil

Coatings 2019, 9(12), 777; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9120777 - 21 Nov 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2433

Abstract

Chromium borides are promising candidates for several structural applications including protective coatings for materials exposed to corrosive and abrasive environments. In this paper the pulsed laser deposition of chromium diboride-rich thin films has been carried out in vacuum by using a frequency doubled Nd:glass laser with a pulse duration of 250 fs. The films have been deposited at different substrate temperatures and characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Lastly, the film’s hardness has been studied by Vickers indentation technique. The results indicate that only the films deposited at a substrate temperature of 500 °C are crystalline and formed by chromium diboride, together with a certain amount of boron and chromium, which suggests that, as main mechanism, a process taking place on the surface from atoms and ions from the gas phase. This hypothesis has been confirmed by the study of the plasma produced by the ablation process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Function Enhancement Film and Coating Technology)

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Review

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25 pages, 2157 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ultra-Short Pulsed Laser Deposition of Oxides, Borides and Carbides of Transition Elements

by Angela De Bonis and Roberto Teghil

Coatings 2020, 10(5), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10050501 - 23 May 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6680

Abstract

Oxides, borides and carbides of the transition elements are materials of great interest from a technologic point of view. Many of these materials are used in the form of thin films, so several techniques are commonly used to deposit them. Among these techniques, Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) performed using ultra-short pulse lasers, mainly fs lasers, presents unique characteristics in respect to PLD performed using conventional short pulse lasers. Indeed, the films deposited using fs PLD are often nanostructured, and this technique often allows the target stoichiometry to be transferred to the films. In this work, we will review the use of ultra-short PLD in the production of films obtained from transition metal oxides, borides and carbides, evidencing the advantages offered by this technique, together with the problems arising with some of the studied systems. We conclude that even if ultra-short PLD is surely one of the most important and useful deposition techniques, it also presents limits that cannot be ignored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Function Enhancement Film and Coating Technology)

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