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An Exciting Journey of Chemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Ingemar Lundström

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A special issue of Chemosensors (ISSN 2227-9040).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2024) | Viewed by 24003

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Dr. Larisa Lvova

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Department of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
Interests: chemical sensors; multisensor analysis; chemometrics
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Dear Colleagues,

It is a pleasure to invite you to contribute to this Special Theme Issue in honor of Professor Ingemar Lundström. Professor Lundström received his BS in electrical engineering (1967) and PhD in solid-state electronics (1970) from Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. Currently, Professor Lundström is a Professor Emeritus of Applied Physics at the Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) and a member of the Chemical Sensor Systems (CHESS) research group of Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. Since 2018, he has also been a guest professor at Luleå University of Technology (LTU), Luleå, Sweden. Professor Lundström has been a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences since 1982 and a member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Science since 1987. He served on the Nobel Committee for Physics for nine years, between 2001 and 2011, and in 2010 he was its chairman.

The primary research areas of Prof. Lundstrom are in biosensors and chemical sensors development. The efforts of Prof. Lundstrom in the fields of Analytical Chemistry and Nanotechnology have given important inputs to the further progress of bio- and chemical sensors and their applications, including gas sensing based on MOSFET technology and the development of electronic noses and tongues. The demonstration of surface plasmon resonance for biosensing led to new biosensor technology (commercialized under the name Biacore). The work on electronic noses and tongues together with photo-assisted computer-based techniques bridges the gap between many disciplines, including early use of pattern recognition. The pioneering work and seminal ideas of Professor Ingemar Lundstrom have been further extended by numerous research groups over the world.

This Special Issue is dedicated to celebrating the career of Professor Lundstrom in honor of his contributions in the field of chemical sensors, biosensors and artificial sensory systems and will pay a tribute to the Professor Lundstrom impact onto the modern sensoristics. The SI will collect a selection of recent research and review articles dedicated to the latest developments in the field of new chemical and biosensors and artificial sensing system development and their wide-ranging field applications, ranging from biological research, biomedical purposes and health care to environmental monitoring, laboratory tests, and industrial controls. Additionally, this SI aims to provide an overview on original innovations in the current development of sensory systems based on different transduction principles with particular attention to the state-of-the-art techniques in the journal Chemosensors. Potential topics include, but are not limited to:

Electrochemical sensors and biosensors;
Optical sensors;
Liquid and gas multisensor systems, E-tongue and E-nose;
Advanced sensing materials for use in sensing and imaging;
Novel sensor schemes and new quantifying methods, including photo-assisted techniques and involving familiar electronic devices;
Chemometric approaches and multivariate signal processing.

New research and ideas for novel chemical sensors and multisensor systems development and application comprising signal processing details are strongly invited to be a part of this Special Issue.

Dr. Larisa Lvova
Guest Editor

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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12 pages, 4934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resolution of Glycerol, Ethanol and Methanol Employing a Voltammetric Electronic Tongue

by João Pedro Jenson de Oliveira, Marta Bonet-San-Emeterio, Acelino Cardoso de Sá, Xavier Cetó, Leonardo Lataro Paim and Manel del Valle

Chemosensors 2024, 12(9), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12090173 - 1 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1051

Abstract

This paper reports the use of nanoparticles (NPs)-modified voltammetric sensors for the rapid determination of glycerol in the presence of ethanol and methanol, which are used in the transesterification reaction of biodiesel production. Two different modified electrodes have been prepared to form the electronic tongue (ET): copper hexacyanoferrate NPs obtained by chemical synthesis and mixed into graphite/epoxy (GEC) electrode, and nickel hydroxide NPs electrodeposited in reduced graphene oxide onto a GEC electrode. The response characteristics of these electrodes were first evaluated by building the respective calibration against glycerol, ethanol, and methanol. The electrodes demonstrated good stability during their analytical characterization, while principal component analysis confirmed the differentiated response against the different alcohols. Finally, the quantification of mixtures of these substances was achieved by a genetic algorithm-artificial neural networks (GA-ANNs) model, showing satisfactory agreement between expected and obtained values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Exciting Journey of Chemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Ingemar Lundström)

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9 pages, 2754 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Circular Dichroism Reflectance Anisotropy of Chiral Atomically Thin Films

by Ilaria Tomei, Filippo Pierucci, Beatrice Bonanni, Anna Sgarlata, Massimo Fanfoni, Seong-Jun Yang, Cheol-Joo Kim and Claudio Goletti

Chemosensors 2024, 12(9), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12090170 - 24 Aug 2024

Viewed by 987

Abstract

Recently, a technical modification of a Reflectance Anisotropy Spectroscopy (RAS) spectrometer has been proposed to investigate the circular dichroism (CD) of samples instead of the normally studied linear dichroism. CD-RAS measures the anisotropy of the optical properties of a sample under right-handed and left-handed circularly polarized light. Here, we present the application of CD-RAS to measure the circular dichroism of a twisted bilayer of graphene, purposely prepared as a possible substrate for the adsorption of thin molecular layers, in air, in liquid or in a vacuum. This result demonstrates the performance of the apparatus and shows interesting perspectives for the investigation of chiral organic assemblies deposited in solid film. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Exciting Journey of Chemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Ingemar Lundström)

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16 pages, 1353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sensor Selection for an Electronic Tongue for the Rapid Detection of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins: A Case Study

by Mariana Raposo, Maria Teresa S. R. Gomes, Sara T. Costa, Maria João Botelho and Alisa Rudnitskaya

Chemosensors 2024, 12(6), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12060115 - 19 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 908

Abstract

The performance of an electronic tongue can be optimized by varying the number and types of sensors in the array and by employing data-processing methods. Sensor selection is typically performed empirically, with sensors picked up either by analyzing their characteristics or through trial and error, which does not guarantee an optimized sensor array composition. This study focuses on developing a method for sensor selection for an electronic tongue using simulated sensor data and Lasso regularization. Simulated sensor responses were calculated using sensor parameters such as sensitivity and selectivity, which were determined in the individual analyte solutions. Sensor selection was carried out using Lasso regularization, which removes redundant or highly correlated variables without much loss of information. The objective of the optimization of the sensor array was twofold, aiming to minimize both quantification errors and the number of sensors in the array. The quantification of toxins belonging to one of the groups of marine toxins—paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs)—using arrays of potentiometric chemical sensors was used as a case study. Eight PSTs corresponding to the toxin profiles in bivalves due to the two common toxin-producing phytoplankton species, G. catenatum (dcSTX, GTX5, GTX6, and C1+2) and A. minitum (STX, GTX2+3), as well as total sample toxicity, were included in the study. Experimental validation with mixed solutions of two groups of toxins confirmed the suitability of the proposed method of sensor array optimization with better performance obtained for the a priori optimized sensor arrays. The results indicate that the use of simulated sensor responses and Lasso regularization is a rapid and efficient method for the selection of an optimized sensor array. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Exciting Journey of Chemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Ingemar Lundström)

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15 pages, 2750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Flow-Through Biosensor System Based on Pillar[3]Arene[2]Quinone and Ferrocene for Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide and Uric Acid

by Dmitry Stoikov, Insiya Shafigullina, Dmitry Shurpik, Ivan Stoikov and Gennady Evtugyn

Chemosensors 2024, 12(6), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12060098 - 4 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1098

Abstract

Simple and reliable electrochemical sensors are highly demanded in medicine and pharmacy for the fast determination of metabolites and biomarkers of diseases. In this work, a flow-through biosensor system was developed on the base of a screen-printed carbon electrode modified with pillar[3]arene[2]quinone and ferrocene implemented in carbon black. The modification was performed in a single step and resulted in the formation of a stable layer with good operation characteristics. Uricase was immobilized on the inner walls of a replaceable reactor by carbodiimide binding. A flow-through cell was manufactured by 3D printing from poly(lactic acid). The flow-through system was first optimized on the hydrogen peroxide assay and then used for the determination of 1 nM–0.1 mM uric acid (limit of detection 0.3 nM, 20 measurements per hour). Implementation of ferrocene resulted in a synergetic increase in the cathodic current of H₂O₂ reduction measured by flow switching in chronoamperometric mode. The developed system was tested on the determination of uric acid in artificial urine and Ringer–Locke solution and showed a recovery rate of 96–112%. In addition, the possibility of determination of H₂O₂ in commercial disinfectants was shown. Easy assembly, fast and reliable signal and low consumption of the reagents make the system developed attractive for routine clinical analysis of metabolites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Exciting Journey of Chemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Ingemar Lundström)

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14 pages, 2132 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Label-Free Electrochemical Sensing Using Glassy Carbon Electrodes Modified with Multiwalled-Carbon Nanotubes Non-Covalently Functionalized with Human Immunoglobulin G

by Michael López Mujica, Alejandro Tamborelli, Pablo Dalmasso and Gustavo Rivas

Chemosensors 2024, 12(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12010004 - 28 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1931

Abstract

This work reports new analytical applications of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) modified with a nanohybrid obtained by non-covalent functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with human immunoglobulin G (IgG) (GCE/MWCNT-IgG). We report the label-free and non-amplified breast cancer 1 gen (BRCA1) biosensing based on the facilitated adsorption of the DNA probe at the nanohybrid modified GCE and the impedimetric detection of the hybridization event in the presence of the redox marker benzoquinone/hydroquinone. The resulting genosensor made the fast, highly selective, and sensitive quantification of BRCA1 gene possible, with a linear range between 1.0 fM and 10.0 nM, a sensitivity of (3.0 ± 0.1) × 10² Ω M⁻¹ (R² = 0.9990), a detection limit of 0.3 fM, and excellent discrimination of fully non-complementary and mismatch DNA sequences. The detection of BRCA1 in enriched samples of diluted human blood serum showed a recovery percentage of 94.6%. Another interesting analytical application of MWCNT-IgG-modified GCE based on the catalytic activity of the exfoliated MWCNTs is also reported for the simultaneous quantification of dopamine and uric acid in the presence of ascorbic acid, with detection limits at submicromolar levels for both compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Exciting Journey of Chemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Ingemar Lundström)

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15 pages, 2297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Selective Fluorescent Optode for Lead(II) Based on the Dansylamidopropyl Pendant Arm Derivative of 1,4-Dioxa-7,13-dithia-10-azacyclopentadecane ([15]aneNS₂O₂)

by Mojtaba Shamsipur, Moslem Mohammadi, Massimiliano Arca, Alessandra Garau, Vito Lippolis and Ali Barati

Chemosensors 2023, 11(12), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11120571 - 1 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1723

Abstract

In this study, a novel highly sensitive and selective fluorescent optode membrane aimed at the determination of Pb(II) ion is proposed by incorporating N-(3-(1,4-dioxa-7,13-dithia-10-azacyclopentadecan-10-yl)propyl)-5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonamide (L) as fluoroionophore in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containing 2-nitrophenyl octylether (NPOE) as a plasticizer. In addition to high stability and reproducibility, the proposed optosensor showed a unique selectivity toward Pb(II) ion, with a wide linear range of molar concentrations (1.0 × 10⁻⁹–1.0 × 10⁻³ M) and a low detection limit of 7.5 × 10⁻¹⁰ M in solution at pH 5.0. The formation constants of the Pb(II) complexes with the fluoroionophore were evaluated by fitting the fluorescence data with a nonlinear least-squares curve-fitting program, and further information about the structures of the complexes were evaluated based on hybrid-DFT calculations. The optosensor exhibited a fast response time of less than three min, being easily regenerated by exposure to a solution of dithiothreitol. The sensor was applied to the determination of Pb(II) in real samples (canned tuna fish), and it provided satisfactory results comparable to those obtained via atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Exciting Journey of Chemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Ingemar Lundström)

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16 pages, 6425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sensitive and Reversible Ammonia Gas Sensor Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

by Abniel Machín, María Cotto, José Duconge, Carmen Morant, Florian I. Petrescu and Francisco Márquez

Chemosensors 2023, 11(4), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11040247 - 16 Apr 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2404

Abstract

The present study reports on the fabrication and performance of ammonia sensors based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) coated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The AuNPs were incorporated onto the SWCNTs using two different methods: sputtering and chemical deposition. The sensors were exposed to controlled concentrations of ammonia at two temperatures, namely, 25 °C and 140 °C, and their response was monitored through successive cycles of ammonia exposure (0.5 ppm and 1.0 ppm) and nitrogen purging. The results demonstrate that the sputtering-based deposition of the AuNPs on SWCNTs led to the best sensor performance, characterized by a rapid increase in resistance values (t_resp = 12 s) upon exposure to ammonia and an efficient recovery at 140 °C (t_rec = 52 s). By contrast, the sensor with chemically impregnated AuNPs exhibited a slower response time (t_resp = 25 s) and the same recovery time (t_rec = 52 s). Additionally, a novel device was developed that combined MoS₂-AuNPs (sputtering)-SWCNTs. This sensor was obtained by impregnating nanosheets of MoS₂ onto AuNPs (sputtering)-SWCNTs showing improved sensor performance compared to the devices with only AuNPs. In this case, the sensor exhibited a better behavior with a faster recovery of resistance values, even at room temperature. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the fabrication and optimization of SWCNT-based ammonia sensors for various applications, particularly in detecting and quantifying small amounts of ammonia (concentrations below 1 ppm). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Exciting Journey of Chemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Ingemar Lundström)

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10 pages, 2652 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

A Facile Sensor for Detection of Lysozyme in Egg White Based on AuNPs and Ferrocene Dicarboxylic Acid

by Jiazheng Wan and Guocheng Han

Chemosensors 2023, 11(4), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11040209 - 25 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1449

Abstract

Lysozyme (Lyz) is found in animal and human bodily fluids, and is frequently utilized as a biomarker for various diseases. Even trace amounts of Lyz in food can potentially trigger adverse immune system reactions in sensitive individuals. Therefore, it is very important to monitor Lyz concentration in foods for safety. In this study, a simple and convenient electrochemical sensor for Lyz detection was prepared by modifying gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and ferrocene dicarboxylic acid (Fc(COOH)₂) on a glass carbon electrode (GCE), which was characterized fully by various electrochemical methods and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The proposed method utilized Fc(COOH)₂ as a probe and AuNPs as an electron transfer medium to improve the sensor’s current response performance. Under optimal conditions, the sensor was used to detect Lyz with a linear range from 0.10~0.70 mmol·L⁻¹ with a sensitivity of 50.55 μA·mM⁻¹·cm⁻², and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.07 mmol·L⁻¹. In the standard addition experiment of food samples (egg white), a total R.S.D. of less than 6.75% and an average recovery between 95.45% and 102.62% were obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Exciting Journey of Chemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Ingemar Lundström)

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14 pages, 5283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Smartphone-Based Quantitative Analysis of Protein Array Signals for Biomarker Detection in Lupus

by Guang Yang, Yaxi Li, Chenling Tang, Feng Lin, Tianfu Wu and Jiming Bao

Chemosensors 2022, 10(8), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10080330 - 13 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2223

Abstract

Fluorescence-based microarray offers great potential in clinical diagnostics due to its high-throughput capability, multiplex capabilities, and requirement for a minimal volume of precious clinical samples. However, the technique relies on expensive and complex imaging systems for the analysis of signals. In the present study, we developed a smartphone-based application to analyze signals from protein microarrays to quantify disease biomarkers. The application adopted Android Studio open platform for its wide access to smartphones, and Python was used to design a graphical user interface with fast data processing. The application provides multiple user functions such as “Read”, “Analyze”, “Calculate” and “Report”. For rapid and accurate results, we used ImageJ, Otsu thresholding, and local thresholding to quantify the fluorescent intensity of spots on the microarray. To verify the efficacy of the application, three antigens each with over 110 fluorescent spots were tested. Particularly, a positive correlation of over 0.97 was achieved when using this analytical tool compared to a standard test for detecting a potential biomarker in lupus nephritis. Collectively, this smartphone application tool shows promise for cheap, efficient, and portable on-site detection in point-of-care diagnostics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Exciting Journey of Chemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Ingemar Lundström)

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14 pages, 5972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Growth of Defect-Induced Carbon Nanotubes for Low-Temperature Fruit Monitoring Sensor

by Nagih M. Shaalan, Osama Saber, Faheem Ahmed, Abdullah Aljaafari and Shalendra Kumar

Chemosensors 2021, 9(6), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9060131 - 7 Jun 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3552

Abstract

Herein, a carbon nanotubes-based sensor has been grown for the purpose of ethylene detection. The prepared CNTs had a crystalline structure with a smooth surface of 11.0 nm in diameter and 10.0 µm in length. The low-intensity graphite peak (G-band) as compared to the peak of the defect (D-band) characterizes the defects in the CNTs. An MWNTs-gas sensor was fabricated for monitoring the ethylene gas. The highest response was recorded at a low operating temperature of 30 °C. The sensor was also examined at 300 ppb up to 10 ppm and it showed a response of 2% up to 28%. The sensor response and recovery time constants were varied from 60 to 300 s, depending on the gas concentration. The results that were obtained for the synthetic ethylene gas were also compared with the real measurements for banana ripening. The results confirmed that the sensor is appropriate for the monitoring of fruit ripening. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Exciting Journey of Chemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Ingemar Lundström)

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Review

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22 pages, 8722 KiB

Open AccessReview

Field-Effect Sensors Combined with the Scanned Light Pulse Technique: From Artificial Olfactory Images to Chemical Imaging Technologies

by Tatsuo Yoshinobu, Ko-ichiro Miyamoto, Torsten Wagner and Michael J. Schöning

Chemosensors 2024, 12(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12020020 - 28 Jan 2024

Viewed by 2103

Abstract

The artificial olfactory image was proposed by Lundström et al. in 1991 as a new strategy for an electronic nose system which generated a two-dimensional mapping to be interpreted as a fingerprint of the detected gas species. The potential distribution generated by the catalytic metals integrated into a semiconductor field-effect structure was read as a photocurrent signal generated by scanning light pulses. The impact of the proposed technology spread beyond gas sensing, inspiring the development of various imaging modalities based on the light addressing of field-effect structures to obtain spatial maps of pH distribution, ions, molecules, and impedance, and these modalities have been applied in both biological and non-biological systems. These light-addressing technologies have been further developed to realize the position control of a faradaic current on the electrode surface for localized electrochemical reactions and amperometric measurements, as well as the actuation of liquids in microfluidic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Exciting Journey of Chemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Ingemar Lundström)

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27 pages, 13236 KiB

Open AccessReview

Overview of Gas Sensors Focusing on Chemoresistive Ones for Cancer Detection

by Giulia Zonta, Giorgio Rispoli, Cesare Malagù and Michele Astolfi

Chemosensors 2023, 11(10), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11100519 - 2 Oct 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2743

Abstract

The necessity of detecting and recognizing gases is crucial in many research and application fields, boosting, in the last years, their continuously evolving technology. The basic detection principle of gas sensors relies on the conversion of gas concentration changes into a readable signal that can be analyzed to calibrate sensors to detect specific gases or mixtures. The large variety of gas sensor types is here examined in detail, along with an accurate description of their fundamental characteristics and functioning principles, classified based on their working mechanisms (electrochemical, resonant, optical, chemoresistive, capacitive, and catalytic). This review is particularly focused on chemoresistive sensors, whose electrical resistance changes because of chemical reactions between the gas and the sensor surface, and, in particular, we focus on the ones developed by us and their applications in the medical field as an example of the technological transfer of this technology to medicine. Nowadays, chemoresistive sensors are, in fact, strong candidates for the implementation of devices for the screening and monitoring of tumors (the second worldwide cause of death, with ~9 million deaths) and other pathologies, with promising future perspectives that are briefly discussed as well. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Exciting Journey of Chemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Ingemar Lundström)

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