Brain Insulin Resistance in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Its Treatments

A Special Issue of Cells (ISSN 2073-4409) belonging to the section "Cellular Neuroscience".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2026 | Viewed by 1330

Editor


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Guest Editor
School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
Interests: Alzheimer’s disease; Parkinson’s disease; neuropathology; brain insulin resistance; incretin receptor agonists

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Insulin signaling plays many vital roles in the brain, including promotion of neuronal development, inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy, facilitation of protein synthesis, and regulation of food intake, energy metabolism, synaptic plasticity, and cognition. Reduced responsiveness to insulin in the brain, a condition called brain insulin resistance, can thus have serious consequences. Indeed, evidence of brain insulin resistance has been reported in five neurodegenerative disorders—Alzheimer’s disease, Down syndrome, Parkinson’s disease dementia, Pick’s disease, and multiple system atrophy—as well as in traumatic brain injury, a risk factor for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. The same may be true for other neurodegenerative disorders in which systemic, but not brain, insulin resistance has been tested and found (i.e., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington’s disease, and multiple sclerosis). This suggests that brain insulin resistance could be a common therapeutic target in diverse neurodegenerative disorders, all of which still lack fully effective disease-modifying treatments.

This Special Issue will offer reviews and original research on the etiology, mechanisms, and effects of brain insulin resistance in neurodegenerative disorders and on treatments being developed for them. This Special Issue welcomes reviews and original research articles that work on cells and animal model studies.

Dr. Konrad Talbot
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • brain insulin resistance
  • Down syndrome
  • incretin receptor agonist
  • insulin
  • insulin resistance
  • multiple system atrophy
  • neurodegenerative disease
  • Parkinson’s disease

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

19 pages, 8689 KB  
Article
Orforglipron, a Small-Molecule Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1RA), Has Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects
by Yazhou Li, Elliot J. Glotfelty, Pathik Parekh, Buyandelger Batsaikhan, Weiming Luo, Shelley N. Jackson, Brandon K. Harvey and Nigel H. Greig
Cells 2026, 15(14), 1301; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15141301 - 21 Jul 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 834
Abstract
GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, widely used for diabetes and obesity management, have shown preclinical and clinical promise as potential therapeutics for neurological conditions. Until 2026, all U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved GLP-1 drugs were peptide-based, with most requiring daily or weekly subcutaneous [...] Read more.
GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, widely used for diabetes and obesity management, have shown preclinical and clinical promise as potential therapeutics for neurological conditions. Until 2026, all U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved GLP-1 drugs were peptide-based, with most requiring daily or weekly subcutaneous injections. Despite their large size and low brain penetrance, several peptide-based GLP-1 drugs are in clinical trials for neurologic indications. Recently, the FDA approved orforglipron as the first small-molecule, non-peptide, orally bioavailable human GLP-1 receptor agonist, and it may offer advantages over peptide-based counterparts. We hence evaluated whether it possesses similar neurotrophic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory attributes. Herein, we utilized human-derived neuronal and microglial cell lines to investigate these properties. Orforglipron activated cAMP signaling and shielded neuronal cells from excitotoxic glutamate and oxidative stress, which are common in neurodegenerative diseases and injuries. Additionally, orforglipron effectively mitigated LPS- and glutamate-induced proinflammatory protein secretion (IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1) from a human microglial cell line. Actions were replicated under insulin resistance—a potential cause of neurodegenerative conditions—in which orforglipron significantly upregulated phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt), providing an additional neuroprotective mechanism. Measured orforglipron brain uptake in rat was low (brain/plasma and CSF/plasma ratios: 0.0078), and in the ballpark of peptide-based GLP-1 drugs. Nevertheless, orforglipron may provide potential value in specific neurological conditions. Full article
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