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A special issue of Catalysts (ISSN 2073-4344). This special issue belongs to the section "Industrial Catalysis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 February 2023) | Viewed by 21615

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Georgios Bampos

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Guest Editor

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
Interests: catalysis; electrocatalysis; electrochemistry; advanced oxidation processes; hydrocarbon reforming; CO2 reduction
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Dr. Athanasia Petala

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Department of Environment, Ionian University, M. Minotou-Giannopoulou Street, Panagoula, 29100 Zakynthos, Greece
Interests: advanced oxidation processes; heterogeneous catalysis; environmental engineering; photocatalysis; synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials for environmental applications
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Dr. Zacharias Frontistis

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Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, GR-50132 Kozani, Greece
Interests: advanced oxidation processes; electrochemistry; photocatalysis; persulfate; sonochemistry; wastewater treatment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Global population growth and modern lifestyle are continuously increasing energy demands and environmental pollution. Consequently, research efforts focus on developing alternative energy sources to meet the increasing energy needs and the deployment of advanced technologies towards the effective removal of organic contaminants from wastewater. Catalytic processes are of high significance in both energy applications and environmental management.

The reforming of hydrocarbons for H₂ or syn-gas production, various types of fuel cells, batteries, or supercapacitors for power production are only some of the employed technologies requiring catalytic materials for their operation. Photocatalysis, catalytic or electrocatalytic activation of persulfate and Fenton-like process are some of the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) using catalytic materials that are implemented for environmental remediation.

This Special Issue aims to highlight current trends and future perspectives in the development of innovative catalytic materials in energy applications and environmental management. Topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

Novel catalytic materials for AOPs.
Innovative electrocatalytic materials for fuel cells, batteries, and
Novel catalytic materials for hydrocarbon-reforming reactions, water–gas shift reaction, methanation etc.
Novel photocatalytic materials for photocatalytic hydrogen production and photoelectrochemical water splitting.
Innovative catalytic materials derived from agro-industrial residuals.

Dr. Georgios Bampos
Dr. Athanasia Petala
Dr. Zacharias Frontistis
Guest Editors

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Keywords

innovative catalytic materials
advanced oxidation processes
photocatalysis
electrocatalysis
fuel cells
batteries
supercapacitors
reforming

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 189 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Innovative Catalytic Materials for Environmental Remediation and Energy Applications

by Georgios Bampos, Athanasia Petala and Zacharias Frontistis

Catalysts 2024, 14(2), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14020102 - 25 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1174

Abstract

The need for low-cost and environmentally friendly energy is greater than ever nowadays due to the global population growth as well as the modern lifestyle [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Catalytic Materials for Environmental Remediation and Energy Applications)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

20 pages, 3091 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

CO and Propane Combustion on La_0.8Sr_0.2Co_xFe_1−xO_3−δ Perovskites: Effect of Fe-to-Co Ratio on Catalytic Activity

by Alexandros Safakas, Vasileios Ch. Kournoutis, Georgios Bampos and Symeon Bebelis

Catalysts 2023, 13(10), 1342; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13101342 - 4 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1209

Abstract

Perovskites are promising alternative catalysts for oxidation reactions due to their lower cost compared to noble metals, and their greater thermal stability. The catalytic oxidation of CO is essential in order to control CO emissions in a series of applications whereas the catalytic combustion of propane is considered an economical and environmentally acceptable solution for energy production and gaseous pollutant management, since propane is among the organic compounds involved in photochemical reactions. This work concerns the effect of the Co/Fe ratio in the B-sites of a series of eight La_0.8Sr_0.2Co_xFe_1−xO_3−δ perovskites, with x ranging from 0 to 1, on the catalytic activity towards CO and C₃H₈ oxidation. The perovskite oxides were synthesized using the combustion synthesis method and characterized with respect to their specific surface areas, structures, and reduction properties. Increasing the Co/Fe ratio resulted in an increase in CO and propane conversion under both oxidative and stoichiometric conditions. The increase in Co content is considered to facilitate the formation of oxygen vacancies due to the lower redox stability of the cobalt cations compared to iron cations, favoring oxygen ion mobility and oxygen exchange between the gas phase and the oxide surface, thus enhancing the catalytic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Catalytic Materials for Environmental Remediation and Energy Applications)

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15 pages, 4111 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A New Mixed-Metal Phosphate as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Knoevenagel Condensation Reaction

by Avik Chowdhury, Sudip Bhattacharjee, Sayantan Chongdar, Bhabani Malakar, Anindita Maity and Asim Bhaumik

Catalysts 2023, 13(7), 1053; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13071053 - 29 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1626

Abstract

The escalating demand for the cost-effective synthesis of valuable fine chemicals has fueled the search for sustainable heterogeneous catalysts. Among these catalytic reactions, Knoevenagel condensation has emerged as a very demanding reaction due to its involvement in the synthesis of new C–C bond formation. Porous metal phosphates have attracted significant attention in catalysis due to their unique surface properties. In this study, we report the synthesis of a novel porous magnesium aluminum phosphate (MALPO) material through a hydrothermal template-free approach. MALPO exhibited very promising specific surface area and hierarchical porosity. Moreover, the plate-like morphology of the material can enhance the exposure of the catalytic sites located at the surfaces, leading to enhanced catalytic activity. MALPO demonstrated excellent catalytic performance, yielding a series of Knoevenagel products with up to 99% yield. Notably, the catalyst displayed remarkable recyclability, retaining its structural integrity throughout multiple reaction cycles. The findings highlight the potential of porous mixed-metal phosphates, exemplified by MALPO, as sustainable and efficient base catalyst for the synthesis of value-added chemicals, contributing to the growing demand of the chemical industry. Further investigations are warranted to explore their catalytic potential in diverse chemical transformations and optimize their performance for large-scale operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Catalytic Materials for Environmental Remediation and Energy Applications)

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16 pages, 4991 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Electrochemical Promotion of CO₂ Hydrogenation Using Rh Catalysts Supported on O²⁻ Conducting Solid Electrolyte

by Nikoleta Kokkinou, Fotios Xydas, Susanne Brosda, Georgios Kyriakou and Alexandros Katsaounis

Catalysts 2023, 13(6), 1014; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13061014 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1108

Abstract

Electrochemical promotion was used to modify the activity and selectivity of a Rh catalyst electrode in the CO₂ hydrogenation reaction. The experiments were carried out in a temperature range of 350–430 °C at ambient pressure and at different CO₂ to H₂ gas feeding ratios (1:2 to 4:1). The only reaction products observed were CO and CH₄, both under open- and closed-circuit conditions. The CH₄ formation rate was found to increase with both positive and negative potential or current application. The CO formation rate followed the opposite trend. The selectivity to CH₄ increased under high values of hydrogen partial pressure and decreased at high pressures of CO₂. The results demonstrate how electrochemical promotion can be used to finely tune activity and selectivity for a reaction of high technical and environmental importance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Catalytic Materials for Environmental Remediation and Energy Applications)

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12 pages, 4422 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Nd_2−xSr_xNiO₄ Solid Solutions: Synthesis, Structure and Enhanced Catalytic Properties of Their Reduction Products in the Dry Reforming of Methane

by Oleg A. Shlyakhtin, Grigoriy M. Timofeev, Sergey A. Malyshev, Alexey S. Loktev, Galina N. Mazo, Tatiana Shatalova, Veronika Arkhipova, Ilya V. Roslyakov and Alexey G. Dedov

Catalysts 2023, 13(6), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13060966 - 2 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1252

Abstract

Solid solutions Nd_2−xSr_xNiO_4±δ (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.2, 1.4) with a K₂NiF₄ structure can be obtained from freeze-dried precursors. The end members of this series can be obtained at T ≥ 1000 °C only, while complex oxides with x = 1; 1.5 are formed at T ≥ 700 °C. Thermal analysis revealed the two stages of Nd_2−xSr_xNiO_4±δ thermal reduction in a 10%H₂/Ar gas mixture that was completed at 900 °C. For x < 0.2, the reduction products demonstrated an exsolution-like morphology with Ni nanoparticles allocated at the surface of oxide grains. As-obtained nanocomposites with x = 0 and x > 1 revealed the outstanding catalytic activity and selectivity in the dry reforming of the methane (DRM) reaction at 800 °C with CH₄ conversion close to the thermodynamic values. The appearance of two different maxima of the catalytic properties of Ni/(Nd₂O₃,SrCO₃) nanocomposites could be affiliated with the domination of the positive contributions of Nd₂O₃ and SrCO₃, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Catalytic Materials for Environmental Remediation and Energy Applications)

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13 pages, 5024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction from Acetic Acid over Gold Immobilized Glassy Carbon Surface

by Basmah H. Alshammari, Humayra Begum, Fatma A. Ibrahim, Mohamed S. Hamdy, Tahamida A. Oyshi, Nazia Khatun and Mohammad A. Hasnat

Catalysts 2023, 13(4), 744; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13040744 - 13 Apr 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1916

Abstract

A hydrogen fuel cell is a highly promising alternative to fossil fuel sources owing to the emission of harmless byproducts. However, the operation of hydrogen fuel cells requires a constant supply of highly pure hydrogen gas. The scarcity of sustainable methods of producing such clean hydrogen hinders its global availability. In this work, a noble Au-atom-decorated glassy carbon electrode (Au/GCE) was prepared via a conventional electrodeposition technique and used to investigate the generation of hydrogen from acetic acid (AA) in a neutral electrolyte using 0.1 M KCl as the supporting electrolyte. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), open circuit potential measurement, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and rotating disk electrode voltammetry (RDE) were performed for the characterization and investigation of the catalytic properties. The constructed catalyst was able to produce hydrogen from acetic acid at a potential of approximately −0.2 V vs. RHE, which is much lower than a bare GCE surface. According to estimates, the Tafel slope and exchange current density are 178 mV dec⁻¹ and

7.90 \times 10^{- 6}

A cm⁻², respectively. Furthermore, it was revealed that the hydrogen evolution reaction from acetic acid has a turnover frequency (TOF) of approximately 0.11 s⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Catalytic Materials for Environmental Remediation and Energy Applications)

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20 pages, 5472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Combined Impact of Ni-Based Catalysts and a Binary Carbonate Salts Mixture on the CO₂ Gasification Performance of Olive Kernel Biomass Fuel

by Athanasios Lampropoulos, Stamatia A. Karakoulia, Georgios Varvoutis, Stavros Spyridakos, Vassilios Binas, Leila Zouridi, Sofia Stefa, Michalis Konsolakis and George E. Marnellos

Catalysts 2023, 13(3), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13030596 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1533

Abstract

In the present work, the individual or synergistic effect of Ni-based catalysts (Ni/CeO₂, Ni/Al₂O₃) and an eutectic carbonate salt mixture (MS) on the CO₂ gasification performance of olive kernels was investigated. It was found that the Ni/CeO₂ catalyst presented a relatively superior instant gasification reaction rate (Rco) compared to Ni/Al₂O₃, in line with the significant redox capability of CeO₂. On the other hand, the use of the binary eutectic carbonate salt mixture (MS) lowered the onset and maximum CO₂ gasification temperatures, resulting in a notably higher carbon conversion efficiency (81%) compared to the individual Ni-based catalysts and non-catalytic gasification tests (60%). Interestingly, a synergetic catalyst-carbonate salt mixture effect was revealed in the low and intermediate CO₂ gasification temperature regimes, boosting the instant gasification reaction rate (Rco). In fact, in the temperature range of 300 to 550 °C, the maximum Rco value for both MS-Ni/Al₂O₃ and MS-Ni/CeO₂ systems were four times higher (4 × 10⁻³ min⁻¹ at 460 °C) compared to the individual counterparts. The present results demonstrated for the first time the combined effect of two different Ni-based catalysts and an eutectic carbonate salt mixture towards enhancing the CO production rate during CO₂ gasification of olive kernel biomass fuel, especially in the devolatilization and tar cracking/reforming zones. On the basis of a systematic characterization study and lab-scale gasification experiments, the beneficial role of catalysts and molten carbonate salts on the gasification process was revealed, which can be ascribed to the catalytic activity as well as the improved mass and heat transport properties offered by the molten carbonate salts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Catalytic Materials for Environmental Remediation and Energy Applications)

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18 pages, 4746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transition Metal (Fe₂O₃, Co₃O₄ and NiO)-Promoted CuO-Based α-MnO₂ Nanowire Catalysts for Low-Temperature CO Oxidation

by Haiou Zhang, Yixin Zhang, Huikang Song, Yan Cui, Yingying Xue, Cai-e Wu, Chao Pan, Jingxin Xu, Jian Qiu, Leilei Xu and Mindong Chen

Catalysts 2023, 13(3), 588; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13030588 - 15 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1969

Abstract

As a toxic pollutant, carbon monoxide (CO) usually causes harmful effects on human health. Therefore, the thermally catalytic oxidation of CO has received extensive attention in recent years. The CuO-based catalysts have been widely investigated due to their availability. In this study, a series of transition metal oxides (Fe₂O₃, Co₃O₄ and NiO) promoted CuO-based catalysts supported on the α-MnO₂ nanowire catalysts were prepared by the deposition precipitation method for catalytic CO oxidation reactions. The effects of the loaded transition metal type, the loading amount, and the calcination temperature on the catalytic performances were systematically investigated. Further catalyst characterization showed that the CuO/α-MnO₂ catalyst modified with 3 wt% Co₃O₄ and calcined at 400 °C performed the highest CO catalytic activity (T₉₀ = 75 °C) among the investigated catalysts. It was supposed that the loading of the Co₃O₄ dopant not only increased the content of oxygen vacancies in the catalyst but also increased the specific surface area and pore volume of the CuO/α-MnO₂ nanowire catalyst, which would further enhance the catalytic activity. The CuO/α-MnO₂ catalyst modified with 3 wt% NiO and calcined at 400 °C exhibited the highest surface adsorbed oxygen content and the best normalized reaction rate, but the specific surface area limited its activity. Therefore, the appropriate loading of the Co₃O₄ modifier could greatly enhance the activity of CuO/α-MnO₂. This research could provide a reference method for constructing efficient low-temperature CO oxidation catalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Catalytic Materials for Environmental Remediation and Energy Applications)

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18 pages, 3646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling the Role of In Situ Sulfidation and H₂O Excess on H₂S Decomposition to Carbon-Free H₂ over Cobalt/Ceria Catalysts

by Tzouliana Kraia, Georgios Varvoutis, George E. Marnellos and Michalis Konsolakis

Catalysts 2023, 13(3), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13030504 - 28 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1283

Abstract

The emerging energy and environmental concerns nowadays are highlighting the need to turn to clean fuels, such as hydrogen. In this regard, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), an abundant chemical compound found in several natural sources and industrial streams, can be considered a potential carbon-free H₂ source through its decomposition. In the present work, the H₂S decomposition performance of Co₃O₄/CeO₂ mixed oxide catalysts toward hydrogen production is investigated under excess H₂O conditions (1 v/v% H₂S, 90 v/v% H₂O, Ar as diluent), simulating the concentrated H₂S-H₂O inflow by the Black Sea deep waters. The effect of key operational parameters such as feed composition, temperature (550–850 °C), and cobalt loading (0–100 wt.%) on the catalytic performance of Co₃O₄/CeO₂ catalysts was systematically explored. In order to gain insight into potential structure-performance relationships, various characterization studies involving BET, XRD, SEM/EDX, and sulfur elemental analysis were performed over the fresh and spent samples. The experimental results showed that the 30 wt.% Co/CeO₂ catalyst demonstrated the optimum catalytic performance over the entire temperature range with a H₂ production rate of ca. 2.1 μmol H₂∙g⁻¹·s⁻¹ at 850 °C and a stable behavior after 10 h on stream, ascribed mainly to the in-situ formation of highly active and stable cobalt sulfided phases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Catalytic Materials for Environmental Remediation and Energy Applications)

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22 pages, 6552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molten Salt-Assisted Catalytic Preparation of MoS₂/α-MoO₃/Graphene as High-Performance Anode of Li-Ion Battery

by Wenhui Zhu and Ali Reza Kamali

Catalysts 2023, 13(3), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13030499 - 28 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1777

Abstract

We report on the facile and scalable catalytic conversion of natural graphite and MoS₂ minerals into α-MoO₃ nanoribbons incorporated into hexagonal MoS₂ and graphene nanosheets, and evaluate the structural, morphological and electrochemical performances of the hybrid nanostructured material obtained. Mechanochemical treatment of raw materials, followed by catalytic molten salt treatment leads to the formation of nanostructures with promising electrochemical performances. We examined the effect of processing temperature on the electrochemical performance of the products. At 1100 °C, an excellent Li-ion storage capacity of 773.5 mAh g⁻¹ is obtained after 180 cycles, considerably greater than that of MoS₂ (176.8 mAh g⁻¹). The enhanced capacity and the rate performance of this electrode are attributed to the well-integrated components, characterized by the formation of interfacial molybdenum oxycarbide layer during the synthesis process, contributing to the reduced electrical/electrochemical resistance of the sample. This unique morphology promotes the charge and ions transfer through the reduction of the Li-ion diffusion coefficient (1.2 × 10⁻¹⁸ cm² s⁻¹), enhancing the pseudocapacitive performance of the electrode; 59.3% at the scan rate of 0.5 mV s⁻¹. This article provides a green and low-cost route to convert highly available natural graphite and MoS₂ minerals into nanostructured hybrid materials with promising Li-ion storage performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Catalytic Materials for Environmental Remediation and Energy Applications)

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13 pages, 3560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of Particulate and Structured Pt/TiO₂-Based Catalysts for the WGS Reaction under Realistic High- and Low-Temperature Shift Conditions

by Andreas Kouroumlidis, Georgios Bampos, Paraskevi Panagiotopoulou and Dimitris I. Kondarides

Catalysts 2023, 13(2), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13020372 - 8 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1569

Abstract

The water–gas shift (WGS) activity of Pt/TiO₂-based powdered and structured catalysts was investigated using realistic feed compositions that are relevant to the high-temperature shift (HTS) and low-temperature shift (LTS) reaction conditions. The promotion of the TiO₂ support with small amounts of alkali- or alkaline earth-metals resulted in the enhancement of the WGS activity of 0.5%Pt/TiO₂(X) catalysts (X = Na, Cs, Ca, Sr). The use of bimetallic (Pt–M)/TiO₂ catalysts (M = Ru, Cr, Fe, Cu) can also shift the CO conversion curve toward lower temperatures, but this is accompanied by the production of relatively large amounts of unwanted CH₄ at temperatures above ca. 300 °C. Among the powdered catalysts investigated, Pt/TiO₂(Ca) exhibited the best performance under both HTS and LTS conditions. Therefore, this material was selected for the preparation of structured catalysts in the form of pellets as well as ceramic and metallic catalyst monoliths. The 0.5%Pt/TiO₂(Ca) pellet catalyst exhibited comparable activity with that of a commercial WGS pellet catalyst, and its performance was further improved when the Pt loading was increased to 1.0 wt.%. Among the structured catalysts investigated, the best results were obtained for the sample coated on the metallic monolith, which exhibited excellent WGS performance in the 300–350 °C temperature range. In conclusion, proper selection of the catalyst structure and reaction parameters can shift the CO conversion curves toward sufficiently low temperatures, rendering the Pt/TiO₂(Ca) catalyst suitable for practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Catalytic Materials for Environmental Remediation and Energy Applications)

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Review

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36 pages, 7985 KiB

Open AccessReview

Magnetic Nanomaterials as Catalysts for Syngas Production and Conversion

by Natarajan Chidhambaram, Samuel Jasmine Jecintha Kay, Saravanan Priyadharshini, Rajakantham Meenakshi, Pandurengan Sakthivel, Shanmugasundar Dhanbalan, Shajahan Shanavas, Sathish-Kumar Kamaraj and Arun Thirumurugan

Catalysts 2023, 13(2), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13020440 - 18 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3150

Abstract

The conversion of diverse non-petroleum carbon elements, such as coal, biomass, natural/shale gas, and even CO₂, into cleaner hydrocarbon fuels and useful chemicals relies heavily on syngas, which is a combination of CO and H₂. Syngas conversions, which have been around for almost a century, will probably become even more important in the production of energy and chemicals due to the rising need for liquid fuels and chemical components derived from sources of carbon other than crude oil. Although a number of syngas-based technologies, including the production of methanol, Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis, and carbonylation, have been industrialized, there is still a great need for new catalysts with enhanced activity and adjustable product selectivity. New novel materials or different combinations of materials have been investigated to utilize the synergistic effect of these materials in an effective way. Magnetic materials are among the materials with magnetic properties, which provide them with extra physical characteristics compared to other carbon-based or conventional materials. Moreover, the separation of magnetic materials after the completion of a specific application could be easily performed with a magnetic separation process. In this review, we discuss the synthesis processes of various magnetic nanomaterials and their composites, which could be utilized as catalysts for syngas production and conversion. It is reported that applying an external magnetic field could influence the outcomes of any applications of magnetic nanomaterials. Here, the possible influence of the magnetic characteristics of magnetic nanomaterials with an external magnetic field is also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Catalytic Materials for Environmental Remediation and Energy Applications)

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