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Advancements in Surgical Approaches for Gynecological Cancers

A special issue of Cancers (ISSN 2072-6694). This special issue belongs to the section "Cancer Therapy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2025 | Viewed by 11090

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Interests: advancements in surgical techniques; surgical planning and decision-making; outcomes and challenges; patient-centered care
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Guest Editor
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Interests: impact on long-term survival; multidisciplinary collaboration; current treatment challenges; molecular classification of tumors and their prognostic impact

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Gynecological cancers, including ovarian, cervical, uterine, vulvar, and vaginal cancers, pose significant health challenges for women worldwide. With millions of women diagnosed each year, these cancers have a profound impact on both individual lives and public health. However, thanks to remarkable advancements in surgical approaches, there is newfound hope in the fight against gynecological cancers. Scientific breakthroughs and technological innovations have revolutionized the field of gynecologic oncology, offering safer, more precise, and minimally invasive surgical techniques. These advancements not only enhance diagnostic accuracy but also enable surgeons to tailor treatment plans and improve patient outcomes. The importance of these advancements in surgical approaches for gynecological cancers cannot be overstated, as they hold the potential to improve patient outcomes, enhance quality of life, and redefine the landscape of gynecologic oncology care.

We are pleased to invite you to contribute to this Special Issue titled “Advancements in Surgical Approaches for Gynecological Cancers” dedicated to the surgery of gynecological cancers, focusing on the advancements, challenges, and outcomes in this critical field.

It is well known that achieving complete surgical resection has paramount importance in the management of tumors, including gynecological cancers. The aim of this Special Issue is to provide a comprehensive overview of the evolving surgical techniques, novel approaches, and cutting-edge technologies that are revolutionizing the management of gynecological cancers. The articles included in this issue should emphasize the significance of thorough surgical planning, meticulous techniques, and multidisciplinary collaboration to ensure optimal cytoreduction and achieve negative surgical margins. By addressing the challenges and complexities associated with achieving complete surgery, this Special Issue aims to underscore the significance of this essential treatment modality in improving overall survival rates and disease-free intervals for patients with gynecological cancers. Through a comprehensive exploration of surgical advancements, techniques, and outcomes, this issue seeks to advance the knowledge and understanding of the integral role of complete surgery in the comprehensive management of gynecological malignancies.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

Impact of advancements in molecular and genetic classifications on therapeutic choices.

Evolving surgical techniques.

Role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in surgical outcomes.

Minimally invasive surgical approaches.

Novel approaches.

Cutting-edge technologies.

Thorough surgical planning.

Meticulous techniques.

Application of current treatment guidelines.

Optimal cytoreduction and negative surgical margins.

Impact on overall survival and disease-free intervals.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Anna Myriam Perrone
Dr. Camelia Alexandra Coada
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Cancers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • gynecological cancers
  • minimally invasive surgery
  • advancements in oncological treatments
  • challenges
  • survival outcomes
  • complete surgical resection
  • management
  • cytoreduction
  • negative surgical margins

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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19 pages, 1330 KB  
Article
P-POSSUM Falls Short: Predicting Morbidity in Ovarian Cancer (OC) Cytoreductive Surgery
by Michail Sideris, Mark R. Brincat, Oleg Blyuss, Samuel George Oxley, Jacqueline Sia, Ashwin Kalra, Xia Wei, Caitlin T. Fierheller, Subhasheenee Ganesan, Rowan E. Miller, Fatima El-Khouly, Mevan Gooneratne, Tom Abbott, Ching Ling Pang, Parvesh Verma, Seema Shah, Alexandra Lawrence, Arjun Jeyarajah, Elly Brockbank, Saurabh Phadnis, James Dilley and Ranjit Manchandaadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Cancers 2025, 17(21), 3421; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17213421 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025
Abstract
Objective: The P-POSSUM scale is widely used in predicting perioperative morbidity and mortality. Evidence on the performance of P-POSSUM in predicting outcomes after cytoreductive surgery (CRS) for ovarian cancer (OC) is limited. In this study, we assess how well P-POSSUM predicts morbidity in [...] Read more.
Objective: The P-POSSUM scale is widely used in predicting perioperative morbidity and mortality. Evidence on the performance of P-POSSUM in predicting outcomes after cytoreductive surgery (CRS) for ovarian cancer (OC) is limited. In this study, we assess how well P-POSSUM predicts morbidity in OC CRS and explore whether incorporating additional clinical variables can enhance its predictive accuracy. We retrospectively collected data on consecutive patients undergoing OC CRS within a tertiary gynaecologic oncology network. The collected information included demographic characteristics, P-POSSUM morbidity and mortality scores, Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS) scores, preoperative serum albumin levels, and observed 30-day postoperative morbidity and mortality, classified using the Clavien–Dindo (CD) scale. The predictive performance of P-POSSUM was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to calculate sensitivity and specificity. A stepwise regression analysis was then applied to identify additional variables that could improve model performance, incorporating preoperative covariates. The final model incorporated parameters chosen through bootstrap investigation of the model variability (stepAIC). Predicted versus observed morbidity was calibrated and performance compared between P-POSSUM and the final model. Results: Of 161 sequential OC patients, 95 (59%) underwent primary, 45 (28%) interval, and 21 (13%) delayed CRS. The mean age was 66.4 (95%CI: 60–75) and duration of surgery was 223 mins (95%CI: 142–279). Sixty-five (40.3%) patients had ≥1 postoperative complication. Two deaths were reported. Among the observed complications, 4 patients (6.1%) experienced CD4, 10 patients (15.3%) CD3, 38 patients (58.5%) CD2, and 11 patients (16.9%) CD1 events. The mean P-POSSUM-predicted morbidity and mortality were 59.5% (95%CI: 56.7–62.3%) and 5.86% (95%CI: 5.02–6.70%), respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) for P-POSSUM in predicting morbidity and mortality was 0.539 (p = 0.401) and 0.569 (p = 0.137), respectively. Given the small number of deaths, no robust conclusions regarding mortality are possible. EFS and BMI emerged as significant predictors of observed morbidity using a stepwise-model selection process. The AIC of this final model was 211.44. Our final model of PPOSSUM + EFS + BMI had AUC = 0.6551 (Delong’s Z = 1.8845, p-value = 0.05949). Conclusions: The P-POSSUM scale shows poor performance for predicting morbidity in OC CRS. New validated and accurate model(s) are necessary for predicting surgical morbidity. Our proposed model incorporates additional variables to improve P-POSSUM’s performance. This requires further development and validation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Surgical Approaches for Gynecological Cancers)
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11 pages, 1426 KB  
Article
Trends in Surgical Outcomes and Overall Survival Among Women Undergoing Debulking Surgery for Advanced Ovarian Cancer in the U.S: Analysis of the National Cancer Database
by Kelly Lamiman, Michael Silver, Judy Hayek, Ryan Hanusek, Lea Sarmiento, Michael Kim, Nicole Goncalves and Ioannis Alagkiozidis
Cancers 2025, 17(17), 2884; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17172884 - 2 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1036
Abstract
Given the rising use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by interval debulking surgery (IDS) in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), we sought to assess practice trends in overall survival (OS), complete gross resection (R0), and postoperative mortality following debulking surgery. The National Cancer [...] Read more.
Given the rising use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by interval debulking surgery (IDS) in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), we sought to assess practice trends in overall survival (OS), complete gross resection (R0), and postoperative mortality following debulking surgery. The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was used to identify 34,982 stage IIIC and IV EOC patients between 2010 and 2017 who underwent surgery. Annual proportions of patients receiving IDS and PDS were calculated. Median OS was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Joinpoint models were fitted to evaluate surgical trends. Statistics were performed using SPSS and Joinpoint. Of 34,982 patients, 10,460 (29.9%) underwent IDS. IDS patients were older, more likely to have stage IV disease, and more likely to be non-White. Median OS was higher in the PDS group (54 vs. 38.8 months, p < 0.001). Postoperative 90-day mortality was lower in the PDS group (1.7% vs. 2.4%, p < 0.001), though IDS patients had a lower 30-day readmission rate (6.2% vs. 3.1%, p < 0.001). IDS patients were less likely to undergo extensive surgery (27.4% vs. 36.7%, p < 0.001) and more likely to achieve R0 resection (42% vs. 38.6%, p < 0.001). The IDS rate increased from 18.9% to 40.6% (annual percentage change (APC): 11.8%, p < 0.05) from 2010 to 2017. Median OS improved from 46.6 to 51 months (APC: 1.9%, p < 0.05), driven by the PDS cohort. The R0 resection rate rose from 34.8 to 41% (APC: 2.65%, p < 0.01), driven by the PDS cohort (APC: 2.83%, p < 0.01). Postoperative 90-day mortality decreased from 2.4% to 1.5% (APC: −4.64%, p < 0.05), due to a reduction in PDS patients (APC: −6.83%, p < 0.05). There was no change in the rate of extensive surgery over time. In conclusion, from 2010 to 2017, increased triage of patients to NACT was accompanied by a higher R0 resection rate and reduced postoperative mortality in PDS patients, with no observed detriment to OS. This data suggests improvement in case selection between IDS and PDS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Surgical Approaches for Gynecological Cancers)
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11 pages, 599 KB  
Article
Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia, Concurrent Endometrial Cancer and Risk for Pelvic Sentinel Node Metastases
by Tabayi Hawez, Michele Bollino, Celine Lönnerfors and Jan Persson
Cancers 2024, 16(24), 4215; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16244215 - 18 Dec 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1836
Abstract
Background/objectives: Given the risk of a progression, or an undiagnosed endometrial cancer (EC), the treatment of choice is hysterectomy in women with endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN). The risk of metastatic disease and whether sentinel node (SLN) biopsy should be performed remains unclear. The [...] Read more.
Background/objectives: Given the risk of a progression, or an undiagnosed endometrial cancer (EC), the treatment of choice is hysterectomy in women with endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN). The risk of metastatic disease and whether sentinel node (SLN) biopsy should be performed remains unclear. The primary aim of this prospective study was to determine the overall incidence of concurrent EC and the impact of the diagnostic tool used and the type of endometrial lesion. The secondary aim was to investigate the risk of metastatic SLNs. Methods: Between July 2019 and May 2024, 98 consecutive women with EIN deemed suitable for robotic surgery and SLN dissection were included in the study. Ultrastaging and immunohistochemistry were performed on all SLNs. Results: In total, 47% of women with preoperative EIN had EC on final histology; 13% of these had metastatic SLNs and the overall risk of metastases was 6.3%. Women who obtained their diagnosis by an endometrial biopsy had 65% risk of EC. All women with metastatic SLNs had non-polypoid lesions and five out of six obtained their diagnosis through endometrial biopsy. Conclusions: The overall risk of SLN metastases was 6.3%, all in women with a general endometrial thickening and/or a diagnosis of EIN by office endometrial biopsy, suggesting that SLN detection should be offered particularly to women with EIN who fulfill these preoperative criteria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Surgical Approaches for Gynecological Cancers)
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10 pages, 1415 KB  
Article
Breast-Conserving Surgery Guided with Magnetic Seeds vs. Wires: A Single-Institution Experience
by Elisa Moreno-Palacios, Covadonga Martí, Laura Frías, Marcos Meléndez, Adolfo Loayza, María José Roca, Vicenta Córdoba, José María Oliver, Alicia Hernández and José Ignacio Sánchez-Méndez
Cancers 2024, 16(3), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16030566 - 29 Jan 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2058
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study is to describe our initial experience using magnetic seeds (Magseed®) to guide breast-conserving surgery in non-palpable breast lesions and compare the use of magnetic seed with wires to guide breast-conserving surgery in terms of clinical [...] Read more.
Purpose: The aim of this study is to describe our initial experience using magnetic seeds (Magseed®) to guide breast-conserving surgery in non-palpable breast lesions and compare the use of magnetic seed with wires to guide breast-conserving surgery in terms of clinical and pathological characteristics. Methods: We performed a retrospective study including all breast-conserving surgeries for non-palpable breast lesions under 16 mm from June 2018 to May 2021. We compared breast-conserving surgeries guided with magnetic seeds (Magseed®) to those guided with wires, analyzing tumor and patient characteristics, surgical time, and pathological results of the surgical specimens. Results: Data from 225 cases were collected, including 149 cases guided by magnetic seeds and 76 cases guided by wires. The breast lesion was localized in every case. Both cohorts were similar regarding clinical and pathological characteristics. We found significant statistical differences (p < 0.02) in terms of the median volume (cm3) of the excised specimen, which was lower (29.3%) in the magnetic seed group compared with the wire group (32.5 [20.5–60.0]/46.0 [20.3–118.7]). We did not find significant differences regarding surgical time (min) or the affected or close margins. Conclusion: In our experience, the use of magnetic seed (Magseed®) is a feasible option to guide breast-conserving surgery of non-palpable lesions and enabled us to resect less breast tissue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Surgical Approaches for Gynecological Cancers)
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12 pages, 443 KB  
Article
Urinary, Gastrointestinal, and Sexual Dysfunctions after Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Radical Surgery or Multimodal Treatment in Women with Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer: A Multicenter Retrospective Study
by Mariano Catello Di Donna, Giuseppe Cucinella, Vincenzo Giallombardo, Giulio Sozzi, Nicolò Bizzarri, Giovanni Scambia, Basilio Pecorino, Paolo Scollo, Roberto Berretta, Vito Andrea Capozzi, Antonio Simone Laganà and Vito Chiantera
Cancers 2023, 15(24), 5734; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15245734 - 7 Dec 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2055
Abstract
Background: Different strategies have been proposed for the treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC), with different impacts on patient’s quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to analyze urinary, bowel, and sexual dysfunctions in a series of LACC patients who underwent chemotherapy, [...] Read more.
Background: Different strategies have been proposed for the treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC), with different impacts on patient’s quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to analyze urinary, bowel, and sexual dysfunctions in a series of LACC patients who underwent chemotherapy, radiotherapy, radical surgery, or a combination of these treatments. Methods: Patients with LACC who underwent neoadjuvant radio–chemotherapy (NART/CT; n = 35), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT; n = 17), exclusive radio–chemotherapy (ERT/CT; n = 28), or upfront surgery (UPS; n = 10) from November 2010 to September 2019 were identified from five oncological referral centers. A customized questionnaire was used for the valuation of urinary, gastrointestinal, and sexual dysfunctions. Results: A total of 90 patients were included. Increased urinary frequency (>8 times/day) was higher in ERT/CT compared with NACT/RT (57.1% vs. 28.6%; p = 0.02) and NACT (57.1% vs. 17.6%; p = 0.01). The use of sanitary pads for urinary leakage was higher in ERT/CT compared with NACT/RT (42.9% vs. 14.3%; p = 0.01) and NACT (42.9% vs. 11.8%; p = 0.03). The rate of reduced evacuations (<3 times a week) was less in UPS compared with NACT/RT (50% vs. 97.1%; p < 0.01), NACT (50% vs. 88.2, p < 0.01), and ERT/CT (50% vs. 96.4%; p < 0.01). A total of 52 women were not sexually active after therapy, and pain was the principal reason for the avoidance of sexual activity. Conclusions: The rate and severity of urinary, gastrointestinal, and sexual dysfunction were similar in the four groups of treatment. Nevertheless, ERT/CT was associated with worse sexual and urinary outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Surgical Approaches for Gynecological Cancers)
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48 pages, 1815 KB  
Systematic Review
Metastatic Carcinomas at the Episiotomy Site: A Systematic Literature Review
by Andrea Palicelli, Gabriele Tonni, Federica Torricelli, Beatrice Melli, Vincenza Ylenia Cusenza, Sandra Martinelli, Eleonora Zanetti, Alessandra Bisagni, Magda Zanelli, Maria Paola Bonasoni, Teresa Rossi, Lucia Mangone, Venus Damaris Medina-Illueca, Maurizio Zizzo, Andrea Morini, Giuseppe Broggi, Rosario Caltabiano, Serena Salzano, Francesca Sanguedolce, Nektarios I. Koufopoulos, Ioannis Boutas, Aleksandra Asaturova, Chiara Casartelli, Sara Rubagotti, Matteo Crotti, Lorenzo Aguzzoli and Vincenzo Dario Mandatoadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Cancers 2025, 17(17), 2801; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17172801 - 27 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1072
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Rarely, primary (PriCs) or metastatic (metECs) carcinomas occur in the episiotomy site. Methods: A systematic literature review of metECs was carried out. We reviewed the PRISMA guidelines and the Scopus, Pubmed, and Web of Science databases. Results: We found [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Rarely, primary (PriCs) or metastatic (metECs) carcinomas occur in the episiotomy site. Methods: A systematic literature review of metECs was carried out. We reviewed the PRISMA guidelines and the Scopus, Pubmed, and Web of Science databases. Results: We found 21 carcinomas; all of them were cervical carcinomas (11 squamous, SCC; 6 adenocarcinomas; 3 adenosquamous; 1 SCC or adenocarcinoma) diagnosed during pregnancy (38%) or 0.25–8 months postpartum (57%). SCCs were larger (mean size: 4.8 cm). At presentation, only two cases were pN+, and no distant metastases were found, excluding four episiotomy metastases (one anticipating the cervical cancer diagnosis); the remaining episiotomy metastases (mean size: 3 cm; one multifocal) were found at follow-up (these were first metastases in 86% of cases). The time range from the episiotomy/last delivery to first episiotomy metastasis was 1–66 (mean, 12.3) months. Treatment was variable: hysterectomy (71%) ± lymphadenectomy (67%) and/or adjuvant treatment (19%); chemoradiation/radiotherapy alone (24%). A total of 90% of cases recurred after 18 days to 66 months (mean, 12 months). At last follow-up, ten patients (48%) were disease-free after 12–120 (mean, 63.5) months, two patients (10%) were alive with disease, and nine (42%) patients died of disease after 6–36 (mean, 12.5) months (including two never-cleared/progressing cases). Conclusions: PriCs and metECs are rare. Iatrogenic/obstetric implantation or vascular dissemination of cervical cancer at the site of episiotomy may occur. For episiotomy lesions, accurate gynecological/perineal examination is required, and biopsy can be considered. Larger studies are required in order to determine treatment guidelines. Compared to PriCs, metECs occurred in younger (premenopausal) patients, were not associated with endometriosis, and demonstrated slightly smaller size and shorter mean time from episiotomy to episiotomy metastases, with a higher likelihood of a less favorable prognosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Surgical Approaches for Gynecological Cancers)
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2 pages, 144 KB  
Reply
Reply to Gücer, F.; Dünnebacke, J. Comment on “Hawez et al. Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia, Concurrent Endometrial Cancer and Risk for Pelvic Sentinel Node Metastases. Cancers 2024, 16, 4215”
by Tabayi Hawez, Michele Bollino, Celine Lönnerfors and Jan Persson
Cancers 2025, 17(8), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17081339 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 373
Abstract
We thank you for your interest in our paper and would like to comment on your reflections [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Surgical Approaches for Gynecological Cancers)
2 pages, 141 KB  
Comment
Comment on Hawez et al. Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia, Concurrent Endometrial Cancer and Risk for Pelvic Sentinel Node Metastases. Cancers 2024, 16, 4215
by Fatih Gücer and Jan Dünnebacke
Cancers 2025, 17(8), 1315; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17081315 - 14 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 407
Abstract
We read with interest the recent paper by Hawez et al [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Surgical Approaches for Gynecological Cancers)
18 pages, 991 KB  
Systematic Review
Primary or Interval Debulking Surgery for Advanced Endometrial Cancer with Carcinosis: A Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis of Survival Outcomes
by Giulia Mantovani, Camelia Alexandra Coada, Stella Di Costanzo, Francesco Mezzapesa, Lucia Genovesi, Giorgio Bogani, Francesco Raspagliesi, Alessio Giuseppe Morganti, Pierandrea De Iaco and Anna Myriam Perrone
Cancers 2025, 17(6), 1026; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17061026 - 19 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1444
Abstract
Objective. To compare the survival outcomes of primary debulking surgery and platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy versus interval debulking surgery after platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage IVb endometrial cancer and peritoneal carcinosis. Methods. The online search included the following data sources: PubMed, Scopus, [...] Read more.
Objective. To compare the survival outcomes of primary debulking surgery and platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy versus interval debulking surgery after platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage IVb endometrial cancer and peritoneal carcinosis. Methods. The online search included the following data sources: PubMed, Scopus, WOS, and the Cochrane Library from 1990 to 2024 (PROSPERO registration code: CRD42023438602). A total of 3230 studies were identified, with the inclusion of 16. Individual patient data on survival outcomes, disease distribution, and residual tumors, as well as details of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and adjuvant treatment, were extracted. Results. A total of 285 patients were included: 197 (69%) underwent primary debulking surgery and 88 (31%) underwent interval debulking surgery. The pooled analysis revealed a median progression-free survival in the primary debulking surgery group of 18.0 months compared to 12.0 months in the interval debulking surgery group (p = 0.028; log-rank test), and a median overall survival of 30.92 months versus 28.73 months (p = 0.400; log-rank test). Among the 134 patients with available information on the residual tumor after primary debulking surgery or interval debulking surgery, 110 (82%) had no macroscopic residual tumor (residual tumor = 0). The median progression-free survival was 18.9 months in the residual tumor = 0 group compared to 6.19 months in the residual tumor > 0 group (p < 0.001; log-rank test); the median overall survival was 40.6 months versus 21 months (p = 0.028; log-rank test). Conclusions. These results indicate that primary debulking surgery should be considered the preferred treatment approach for advanced endometrial cancer with carcinosis, especially in carefully selected patients where complete cytoreduction is achievable. Further prospective studies are warranted to confirm these results and to establish standardized criteria for patient selection, incorporating molecular-integrated risk profiles for endometrial cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Surgical Approaches for Gynecological Cancers)
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