Climate Change and the Built Environment: Pathways to Resilience, Sustainability, and Equity

A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2026 | Viewed by 4066

Special Issue Editors

School of Public Administration, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
Interests: environmental vulnerability; urban analytics; behavioral economics; mobility; spatial optimization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The escalating climate crisis presents unprecedented and complex challenges to the built environment across multiple scales, from individual buildings to entire urban and regional systems. Rising temperatures, the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and altered precipitation patterns significantly impact the design, construction, operation, performance, and resilience of our cities and infrastructure. Furthermore, the built environment itself is a major contributor to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, primarily through energy consumption and embodied carbon, creating a critical feedback loop that underscores the urgent need for transformative, integrated solutions encompassing both mitigation and adaptation.

Addressing this complex interplay necessitates innovative, interdisciplinary approaches, and recent advancements in data acquisition (e.g., remote sensing, IoT sensors, etc.) and computational methods (e.g., machine learning, urban modeling, simulation techniques, geospatial analysis, etc.) offer unprecedented opportunities to assess climate change impacts, particularly at broader spatial and temporal scales. These advanced modeling approaches enable more sophisticated analysis of complex system dynamics, vulnerability assessments, and the evaluation of potential adaptation and mitigation pathways across the built environment spectrum.

This Special Issue aims to provide a prominent international platform for disseminating cutting-edge research on the multifaceted relationship between climate change and the built environment. We seek to integrate perspectives ranging from building-level strategies to macro-scale impact assessments, with a particular focus on studies employing advanced modeling techniques. We invite high-quality original research articles, comprehensive reviews, and insightful case studies that advance fundamental understanding, demonstrate methodological innovation, and contribute to the development and implementation of sustainable, resilient, and equitable built environments capable of navigating the complexities of a changing climate.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

I. Climate Impacts, Vulnerability, and Macro-Scale Assessment:

Regional, urban, and building-scale vulnerability assessments of climate change impacts (e.g., heat stress, flooding, sea-level rise, wildfires, etc.).

Modeling the cascading effects of climate change on interconnected infrastructure systems (energy, water, transportation, etc.).

The spatiotemporal analysis and modelling of the impacts of climate change on urban morphology, land use, energy dynamics, and population distribution.

II. Advanced Modeling, Methodologies, and Technologies:

The application of machine learning, AI, and big data analytics for predicting climate impacts, identifying vulnerabilities, and optimizing adaptation/mitigation strategies.

The development and application of urban-scale simulation models (e.g., urban climate, energy, hydrological, integrated assessment models, etc.) incorporating climate projections.

The integration of multi-source remote sensing data (satellite, aerial, drone-based, LiDAR, etc.) with modelling techniques for large-scale monitoring, mapping, and assessment.

III. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies:

The role, performance, and modeling of nature-based solutions (e.g., green infrastructure, urban forestry, sustainable drainage, etc.) for climate adaptation and mitigation.

The methodologies and applications of life cycle assessment (LCA) and carbon footprint analysis for buildings and urban systems.

Strategies for post-disaster recovery, resilient reconstruction, and building back better.

IV. Policy, Governance, and Socio-Economic Dimensions:

Scenario analysis for and the optimization of policy interventions for climate-resilient urban development.

The exploration of social equity, environmental justice, and community engagement in climate adaptation and mitigation planning.

Assessing the co-benefits of integrated climate mitigation and adaptation strategies.

We particularly encourage submissions that adopt interdisciplinary approaches, demonstrate methodological innovation (especially using advanced modeling and data-driven techniques), utilize novel datasets, address challenges of scale and complexity, and offer clear, actionable implications for policy and practice.

Dr. Chang Xia
Dr. Anqi Zhang
Dr. Yifu Ou
Guest Editors

Chengfeng Luo
Guest Editor Assistant

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Buildings is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • climate change
  • built environment
  • climate adaptation
  • climate mitigation
  • urban planning and design
  • data-driven methods

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 1349 KB  
Article
Morphological Discontinuity Under Climate Reclassification: A Compatibility-Based Adaptation Framework for Vernacular Courtyard Houses
by Dilek Yasar, Gavkhar Uzakova and Pınar Öktem Erkartal
Buildings 2026, 16(8), 1583; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16081583 - 16 Apr 2026
Viewed by 300
Abstract
High-resolution Köppen–Geiger projections indicate that several cold desert (BWk) regions are likely to transition toward hot desert (BWh) regimes during the twenty-first century, challenging the environmental logic of vernacular architecture. Despite extensive simulation-based research on passive cooling in established BWh contexts, limited attention [...] Read more.
High-resolution Köppen–Geiger projections indicate that several cold desert (BWk) regions are likely to transition toward hot desert (BWh) regimes during the twenty-first century, challenging the environmental logic of vernacular architecture. Despite extensive simulation-based research on passive cooling in established BWh contexts, limited attention has been given to climate-type transition zones and to the morphological continuity of traditional housing systems. This study investigates the adaptive capacity of Bukhara’s courtyard houses under projected BWk–BWh reclassification. Employing an analytical generalization approach, the research integrates systematic literature mapping, typological morphological analysis, and a threshold-based compatibility matrix. Findings reveal that climate transition produces a form of morphological discontinuity by weakening diurnal discharge assumptions embedded in high thermal mass systems. However, courtyard typologies retain a resilient passive core when recalibrated through microclimatic amplification strategies. The proposed staged adaptation framework contributes a heritage-sensitive decision model that reconciles climatic performance with spatial integrity, offering transferable guidance for cli-mate-intensifying desert regions. Full article
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27 pages, 41129 KB  
Article
Flash Flood Risk Analysis for Sustainable Heritage: Vulnerability Configurations and Disaster Resilience Strategies of Huizhou Covered Bridges
by Menghui Yan and Xiaodong Xuan
Buildings 2026, 16(3), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16030616 - 2 Feb 2026
Viewed by 376
Abstract
Huizhou covered bridges represent a unique and irreplaceable component of China′s architectural heritage, yet they are increasingly threatened by flash floods. In the Huizhou region, complex mountainous terrain, concentrated intense rainfall, and structural aging jointly exacerbate flood damage risks. Existing flood risk assessment [...] Read more.
Huizhou covered bridges represent a unique and irreplaceable component of China′s architectural heritage, yet they are increasingly threatened by flash floods. In the Huizhou region, complex mountainous terrain, concentrated intense rainfall, and structural aging jointly exacerbate flood damage risks. Existing flood risk assessment approaches often prioritize external hydrodynamic hazards or assume linear additive effects, overlooking the complex interactions among inherent structural and physical attributes. To address this limitation, this study integrates Random Forest (RF) and fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to develop a flood risk assessment framework capable of capturing both nonlinear relationships and configurational (asymmetric) causal mechanisms. Based on field investigations of 89 covered bridges and 116 documented damage cases from 2020 to 2024, the RF model identifies six key risk factors (ACC = 0.79, AUC = 0.87), several of which exhibit pronounced nonlinear and threshold effects. Building on these results, fsQCA further reveals eight equivalent configurational pathways leading to covered bridge damage (solution coverage = 0.66, solution consistency = 0.94), highlighting multiple causal combinations rather than a single dominant driver. The results demonstrate that the disaster resilience of covered bridges emerges from interactions among structural characteristics, management conditions, and spatial scale attributes, rather than from any individual factor alone. Accordingly, this study advocates a shift in protection strategies from conventional “one-size-fits-all” structural reinforcement toward risk-pattern-oriented, precision-based non-structural interventions. By combining predictive modeling with configurational causal analysis, this research provides a system-level understanding of flood-induced damage mechanisms and offers actionable insights for flood risk mitigation and sustainable conservation of covered bridge heritage in Huizhou and comparable regions worldwide. Full article
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26 pages, 6390 KB  
Article
Nonlinear and Congestion-Dependent Effects of Transport and Built-Environment Factors on Urban CO2 Emissions: A GeoAI-Based Analysis of 50 Chinese Cities
by Xiao Chen, Yubin Li, Xiangyu Li and Zheng Huang
Buildings 2026, 16(2), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16020297 - 10 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 768
Abstract
Understanding how transport conditions and the built environment shape urban CO2 emissions is critical for low-carbon urban development. This study analyses CO2 emission intensity across fifty major Chinese cities using integrated ODIAC emissions, VIIRS night-time lights, traffic performance indicators, built-environment morphology, [...] Read more.
Understanding how transport conditions and the built environment shape urban CO2 emissions is critical for low-carbon urban development. This study analyses CO2 emission intensity across fifty major Chinese cities using integrated ODIAC emissions, VIIRS night-time lights, traffic performance indicators, built-environment morphology, population/POI structure, and socioeconomic controls. We develop a GeoAI workflow that couples XGBoost modelling with SHAP interpretation, congestion-based city grouping, and 1 km grid-level GNNWR to map intra-urban spatial non-stationarity. The global model identifies night-time light intensity as the strongest predictor, followed by population density and building density. SHAP results reveal pronounced nonlinearities, with high sensitivity at low–medium levels and diminishing marginal effects as activity and density increase. Although transport indicators are less influential in the aggregate model, their roles differ across congestion regimes: in low-congestion cities, emissions align more consistently with overall activity intensity, whereas in high-congestion cities they respond more strongly to population distribution, motorisation, and built-form intensity, with less stable relationships. Grid-level GNNWR further shows that key mechanisms are spatially uneven within cities, with local effects concentrating in specific cores and corridors or fragmenting across multiple subareas. These findings demonstrate that emission drivers are context-dependent across and within cities. Accordingly, uncongested cities may gain more from activity-related energy-efficiency measures, while highly congested cities may require congestion-sensitive land-use planning, spatial-structure optimisation, and motorisation control. Integrating explainable GeoAI with regime differentiation and spatial heterogeneity mapping provides actionable evidence for targeted low-carbon planning. Full article
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20 pages, 2660 KB  
Article
Towards Resilient Urban Design: Revealing the Impacts of Built Environment on Physical Activity Amidst Climate Change
by Di Wu
Buildings 2025, 15(19), 3470; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15193470 - 25 Sep 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1006
Abstract
Understanding how urban environmental features shape physical activity is crucial for building health-supportive cities, especially under climate change pressures such as rising temperatures and extreme weather. Previous studies emphasized density and accessibility, but the spatial mechanisms driving facility usage remain understudied. This study [...] Read more.
Understanding how urban environmental features shape physical activity is crucial for building health-supportive cities, especially under climate change pressures such as rising temperatures and extreme weather. Previous studies emphasized density and accessibility, but the spatial mechanisms driving facility usage remain understudied. This study investigates how land use diversity, the distribution of physical activity facilities, street network structure, and road accessibility shape physical activity behaviours at the neighbourhood scale. Using a 500 m × 500 m grid framework in Xiamen, China, a random forest model combined with Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) is employed to quantify the importance of environment indicators. The results demonstrate that road accessibility and street connectivity exert the strongest influence on physical activity facility use, followed by land use diversity and 15 min reachable residential Points of Interests (POIs). Spatial autocorrelation and cluster analysis further reveal that high-impact areas are concentrated in central and southern zones, whereas peripheral regions face accessibility deficits. These findings highlight the value of integrating transport planning and land use configuration to address spatial disparities in facility usage. The study contributes a replicable methodological framework and provides practical insights for advancing equitable and activity-friendly neighbourhood design. Full article
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25 pages, 3781 KB  
Systematic Review
Urban Building Carbon Sinks Under the Carbon Neutrality Goal: Research Hotspots, Measurement Frameworks, and Optimization Strategies
by Tianshuo Liu and Congyue Zhou
Buildings 2025, 15(24), 4445; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15244445 - 9 Dec 2025
Viewed by 1053
Abstract
In the context of urban carbon neutrality, buildings are shifting from carbon emission sources to potential urban carbon-sink units. Yet existing studies mostly examine single materials or isolated technologies, and a systematic integration of building carbon sinks is still missing. To address this [...] Read more.
In the context of urban carbon neutrality, buildings are shifting from carbon emission sources to potential urban carbon-sink units. Yet existing studies mostly examine single materials or isolated technologies, and a systematic integration of building carbon sinks is still missing. To address this gap, this study reviews literature from 2007–2025 using statistical analysis, bibliometrics, and network analysis to identify research priorities, technological pathways, and development trends. The results show that: (1) Publications have grown steadily, surging after 2020; research has evolved from material carbonation mechanisms to building-system carbon sinks and then to active carbon-capture technologies, indicating strong multidisciplinary integration. (2) A three-stage framework for quantifying and monitoring building carbon sinks has been formed, but current methods differ by scale and no unified standard exists for urban building carbon-sink assessment. (3) A life-cycle enhancement strategy is summarized, including improving carbonation performance with solid-waste utilization, increasing building exposure area, integrating ecological attached sinks with active capture technologies, and reusing crushed construction waste. This review integrates fragmented findings on the carbon-sequestration efficiency of urban buildings and provides references for future urban emission reduction and climate-neutrality goals. Full article
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