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Brain Sciences
Special Issues
Immunomodulation and Immunotherapy in Neurological Disorders
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Immunomodulation and Immunotherapy in Neurological Disorders

A special issue of Brain Sciences (ISSN 2076-3425). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 8573

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Maria Eleptheria Evangelopoulos

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
Interests: neurological diseases; multiple sclerosis; demyelinating diseases; neuroinflammation; neurodegenerative diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Lara Diem

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Interests: neuroimmunology; multiple sclerosis; NMOSD/MOG-Disease; fatigue in autoimmune disease; post-COVID-19 syndrome

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Elucidating the interaction between the immune system and the central and peripheral nervous system, as well as clarifying the role of B and T lymphocytes and of autoantibodies in the pathophysiology of immune-mediated diseases of the nervous system, has contributed to optimal therapeutic algorithms being established for these diseases. From this perspective, demyelination of the central nervous system—either as a manifestation of systemic autoimmune diseases, or in the context of anti-NMO or anti-MOG autoantibody positivity—demonstrates favorable clinical outcomes following the implementation of optimal immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, diseases induced by antibodies such as myasthenia gravis or other immune-mediated diseases of the central nervous system (autoimmune encephalitis, anti-GAD-related neurological disorders) or peripheral nervous system (GBS, CIDP) respond dramatically to immunotherapy, leading to significant clinical improvement.

The aim of the present Special Issue is to provide original research, reviews, and case series aimed at highlighting the role of immunomodulation and immunotherapy in the treatment and outcomes of immune-mediated disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Dr. Maria Eleptheria Evangelopoulos
Dr. Lara Diem
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Brain Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • demyelination of central nervous system in systemic autoimmune diseases
  • multiple sclerosis
  • neuromyelitis optica
  • anti-MOG demyelination
  • anti-GAD neurological disorders
  • myasthenia gravis

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 4159 KiB  
Article
Intranasal Delivery of Gene-Edited Microglial Exosomes Improves Neurological Outcomes after Intracerebral Hemorrhage by Regulating Neuroinflammation
by Mengtian Guo, Xintong Ge, Conglin Wang, Zhenyu Yin, Zexi Jia, Tianpeng Hu, Meimei Li, Dong Wang, Zhaoli Han, Lu Wang, Xiangyang Xiong, Fanglian Chen and Ping Lei
Brain Sci. 2023, 13(4), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13040639 - 8 Apr 2023
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3334
Abstract
Neural inflammatory response is a crucial pathological change in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) which accelerates the formation of perihematomal edema and aggravates neural cell death. Although surgical and drug treatments for ICH have advanced rapidly in recent years, therapeutic strategies that target and control [...] Read more.
Neural inflammatory response is a crucial pathological change in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) which accelerates the formation of perihematomal edema and aggravates neural cell death. Although surgical and drug treatments for ICH have advanced rapidly in recent years, therapeutic strategies that target and control neuroinflammation are still limited. Exosomes are important carriers for information transfer among cells. They have also been regarded as a promising therapeutic tool in translational medicine, with low immunogenicity, high penetration through the blood-brain barrier, and ease of modification. In our previous research, we have found that exogenous administration of miRNA-124-overexpressed microglial exosomes (Exo-124) are effective in improving post-injury cognitive impairment. From this, we evaluated the potential therapeutic effects of miRNA-124-enriched microglial exosomes on the ICH mice in the present study. We found that the gene-edited exosomes could attenuate neuro-deficits and brain edema, improve blood–brain barrier integrity, and reduce neural cell death. Moreover, the protective effect of Exo-124 was abolished in mice depleted of Gr-1+ myeloid cells. It suggested that the exosomes exerted their functions by limiting the infiltration of leukocyte into the brain, thus controlling neuroinflammation following the onset of ICH. In conclusion, our findings provided a promising therapeutic strategy for improving neuroinflammation in ICH. It also opens a new avenue for intranasal delivery of exosome therapy using miRNA-edited microglial exosomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunomodulation and Immunotherapy in Neurological Disorders)
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Review

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12 pages, 1853 KiB  
Review
Stiff-Leg Syndrome Associated with Autoimmune Retinopathy and Its Treatment with IVIg—A Case Report and Review of the Literature
by Vassilis E. Papadopoulos, George K. Papadimas, Sofia Androudi, Maria Anagnostouli and Maria-Eleftheria Evangelopoulos
Brain Sci. 2023, 13(10), 1361; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13101361 - 23 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1763
Abstract
Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) have been predominantly associated with stiff-person syndrome (SPS), which is often accompanied by organ-specific autoimmune diseases, such as late-onset type 1 diabetes. Autoimmune retinal pathology in SPS has recently been suggested to coexist in patients suffering from [...] Read more.
Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) have been predominantly associated with stiff-person syndrome (SPS), which is often accompanied by organ-specific autoimmune diseases, such as late-onset type 1 diabetes. Autoimmune retinal pathology in SPS has recently been suggested to coexist in patients suffering from this disease; however, evidence reporting potential treatment options for the neurological and visual symptoms these patients experience remains scarce. We provide a review of the relevant literature, presenting a rare case of a middle-aged woman with autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) followed by stiff-leg syndrome who responded to intravenous immune globulin treatment (IVIg). Our report adds to previously reported data supporting the efficacy of IVIg in SPS spectrum disorders while also proposing the potential effect of IVIg in treating SPS spectrum patients with coexisting AIR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunomodulation and Immunotherapy in Neurological Disorders)
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Other

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8 pages, 3441 KiB  
Case Report
Anti-MOG Antibody-Associated Unilateral Cortical Encephalitis with Bilateral Meningeal Involvement: A Case Report
by Bo Ren, Shiying Li, Bin Liu, Jinxia Zhang and Yaqing Feng
Brain Sci. 2023, 13(2), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13020283 - 8 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2561
Abstract
A 27-year-old Han Chinese woman presented with fever, headache, lethargy, and difficulty in expression. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detected extensive hyperintensity of the left-sided frontoparietal, temporal, occipital, and insular cortices via fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging. Post-contrast MRI revealed linear enhancement in the [...] Read more.
A 27-year-old Han Chinese woman presented with fever, headache, lethargy, and difficulty in expression. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detected extensive hyperintensity of the left-sided frontoparietal, temporal, occipital, and insular cortices via fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging. Post-contrast MRI revealed linear enhancement in the frontoparietal, temporal, and occipital sulci bilaterally. The detection of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) was positive in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum. The patient was diagnosed with anti-MOG antibody-associated unilateral cortical encephalitis with bilateral meningeal involvement. The patient received low doses of intravenous dexamethasone followed by oral prednisone, which was tapered until withdrawal. The treatment significantly improved the patient’s symptoms. A one-month follow-up showed that the patient gradually resumed her normal lifestyle. No further relapse was recorded after a one-year follow-up. MRI performed almost a year after the initial symptom onset showed that the FLAIR signal had decreased in the left insular lobe, and the abnormal cortical signal of the FLAIR in the original left frontotemporal occipital lobe had disappeared. Thus, we report a rare case of anti-MOG antibody encephalitis (unilateral cortical encephalitis with bilateral meningeal involvement) in an adult patient. This study provides a reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of MOG antibody-associated unilateral cortical encephalitis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunomodulation and Immunotherapy in Neurological Disorders)
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