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Biosensors
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Wearable Sensors and Biosensors for Physiological Signals Measurement
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Wearable Sensors and Biosensors for Physiological Signals Measurement

A special issue of Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374). This special issue belongs to the section "Wearable Biosensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 1 February 2027 | Viewed by 3806

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Lijun Sun

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Nantong 226019, China
Interests: plant pathology; electrochemical sensors; colorimetric sensor; paper-based devices

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Wearable biosensors are rapidly transforming the monitoring of physiological signals in both animals and plants, enabling unprecedented direct insights into health, stress, and performance in natural or operational environments. For humans and animals, miniaturized, flexible, and wireless biosensor devices can be attached to the skin or fur, which can continuously track vital signs like heart rate, blood pressure, and some biochemical markers (e.g., glucose, lactate, cortisol, pH) to reflect the status of the body. Recently, similar "wearable" sensing concepts are being pioneered for the plants. Flexible electronic patches or minimally invasive probes are attached to the leaves, stems, or fruits of plants. These devices are used to monitor crucial plant physiology parameters such as sap flow velocity and pressure (indicating transpiration, water stress, and nutrient transport), phloem loading, xylem conductivity, leaf surface humidity, temperature, and even the detection of specific phytochemicals or stress hormones released under biotic or abiotic stress. The data stream from these plant wearables offers valuable real-time feedback for precision agriculture (optimizing irrigation, fertilization, harvest, and early disease detection), moving physiological monitoring far beyond the confines of the laboratory. Overall, this Special Issue serves as a comprehensive resource for understanding the current landscape and future prospects of wearable sensors and biosensors for physiological signals measurement and their applications.

Prof. Dr. Lijun Sun
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wearable sensors
  • wearable biosensors
  • monitoring
  • physiological signals
  • living organisms

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 3184 KB  
Article
A Miniaturized and Modular Wearable Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Sensing Module for High-Density Cerebral Hemodynamic Monitoring
by Mengjie Fang, Xinlong Liu, Bowen Ji, Le Li and Kunpeng Gao
Biosensors 2026, 16(4), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16040192 - 26 Mar 2026
Viewed by 459
Abstract
This study presents a modular and scalable wearable functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system for high-resolution cerebral hemodynamic signal acquisition. The system is based on compact optoelectronic modules and supports mixed measurements using short-separation and long-separation channels, offering good scalability and spatial adaptability. The [...] Read more.
This study presents a modular and scalable wearable functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system for high-resolution cerebral hemodynamic signal acquisition. The system is based on compact optoelectronic modules and supports mixed measurements using short-separation and long-separation channels, offering good scalability and spatial adaptability. The integrated quartz light guide structure improves optical coupling efficiency between the probe and scalp. A series of in vivo experiments validated system performance. In a forearm arterial occlusion experiment, the system accurately captured concentration changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin during blood flow blockade and reperfusion, with large effect sizes (Cohen’s d > 0.9). In a prefrontal cortex Valsalva experiment, the biphasic response characteristic of neurovascular coupling was successfully resolved. In a 2-back working memory task, the system identified a task-related frequency component (0.0227 Hz) and right-lateralized prefrontal cortex activation (p = 0.023). These results demonstrate that the system exhibits a good signal-to-noise ratio and temporal dynamic response, enabling high-resolution mapping of regional hemodynamic changes. This work provides an effective solution for the development of wearable, modular, and high-precision multi-channel fNIRS systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wearable Sensors and Biosensors for Physiological Signals Measurement)
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19 pages, 7548 KB  
Article
Patient-Friendly Real-Time Optical Tomographic Imaging System (LOTIS) for Lupus Arthritis
by Moegammad A. Bardien, Lara Pinar, Alessandro Marone, Alberto Nordmann-Gomes, Leila Khalili, Stephen Suh, Stephen H. Kim, Anca D. Askanase and Andreas H. Hielscher
Biosensors 2026, 16(4), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16040184 - 24 Mar 2026
Viewed by 443
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) frequently presents joint pain and stiffness, yet clinicians lack an objective, rapid method to quantify joint inflammation at the point of care. We introduce the Lupus Optical Tomography Imaging System (LOTIS), a wearable near-infrared (NIR) device that performs real-time [...] Read more.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) frequently presents joint pain and stiffness, yet clinicians lack an objective, rapid method to quantify joint inflammation at the point of care. We introduce the Lupus Optical Tomography Imaging System (LOTIS), a wearable near-infrared (NIR) device that performs real-time three-dimensional tomographic imaging of hemodynamic changes in finger joints. LOTIS was developed to address key limitations of our earlier Flexible Optical Imaging System (FOIS), including mechanical fragility, high noise levels, single-joint acquisition, and slow reconstruction times. The new system integrates modular, mechanically robust optical patches with on-sensor digitization and a computationally efficient, non-iterative multispectral reconstruction algorithm to produce frame-by-frame maps of hemoglobin concentration. In a preliminary study using a standardized venous-occlusion protocol, LOTIS differentiated SLE-affected joints from those of healthy controls. Diseased joints exhibited blunted and spatially diffuse hemodynamic responses, whereas healthy joints showed localized and robust changes. These results demonstrate that LOTIS provides an operator-independent, patient-friendly method for quantifying joint-specific hemodynamic changes in real time, offering strong potential as a clinical tool for objective assessment and longitudinal monitoring of lupus arthritis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wearable Sensors and Biosensors for Physiological Signals Measurement)
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13 pages, 2147 KB  
Article
Preliminary Study Using Wearable Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Continuous Monitoring of Hemodynamics Through the Carotid Artery
by Nisha Maheshwari, Alessandro Marone, Lokesh Sharma, Stephen Kim, Albert Favate and Andreas H. Hielscher
Biosensors 2025, 15(8), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15080549 - 20 Aug 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2326
Abstract
Non-invasive, continuous monitoring of carotid artery hemodynamics may provide valuable insights on cerebral blood perfusion (CBP). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive modality that may be a good candidate for real-time carotid artery monitoring. We designed a wearable NIRS system to monitor the [...] Read more.
Non-invasive, continuous monitoring of carotid artery hemodynamics may provide valuable insights on cerebral blood perfusion (CBP). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive modality that may be a good candidate for real-time carotid artery monitoring. We designed a wearable NIRS system to monitor the left and right radial and carotid arteries in 20 healthy subjects. The changes in total hemoglobin concentration (HbT) and tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) in all 80 arteries were continuously monitored in response to changes in oxygen supply. Wilcoxon non-parametric equivalence testing was used to compare changes in the radial (reference) and carotid arteries. The system-derived HbT and StO2 trends matched the expected physiological responses over time in the radial and carotid arteries. The mean peak-to-peak amplitude [uM] of HbT during sustained deep breathing was practically equivalent between the left radial (0.9 ± 0.8) and left carotid (1.6 ± 1.1) arteries (p = 0.01). The mean peak-to-peak amplitude [%] of StO2 was practically equivalent between the left radial (0.3 ± 0.2) and left carotid (0.3 ± 0.2) arteries (p < 0.001) and the right radial (0.4 ± 0.5) and right carotid (0.5 ± 0.4) arteries (p = 0.001). These findings indicate that NIRS may be a good option for monitoring the carotid arteries to track changes in CBP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wearable Sensors and Biosensors for Physiological Signals Measurement)
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