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Bioengineering
Special Issues
Future Use of Technology and Materials for Dental Restoration
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Future Use of Technology and Materials for Dental Restoration

A special issue of Bioengineering (ISSN 2306-5354).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2021) | Viewed by 39051

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Roy George

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue looks at innovations of technology and dental materials that could make a substantial impact on diagnosis, restoration or management of dental patients. Original scientific work that could impact all areas of dentistry and dental technology is welcome. Comprehensive review papers revising the current developments in this field can also be considered for publication.

Special consideration will be given to submissions related to lasers, bioactive restorative materials, and technology that would help to enhance diagnosis and patient management.

We encourage authors to submit a tentative abstract ahead of submitting the full paper for a preliminary check.

Prof. Dr. Roy George
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Bioengineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 827 KiB  
Article
Acid Resistance of Glass Ionomer Cement Restorative Materials
by Dinuki Perera, Sean C. H. Yu, Henry Zeng, Ian A. Meyers and Laurence J. Walsh
Bioengineering 2020, 7(4), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7040150 - 22 Nov 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5015
Abstract
In view of the need for aesthetics, restorations of teeth will typically be completed using tooth colored restorative materials. With the advent of biomimetic restorative materials, such as glass ionomer cements (GIC), much greater emphasis is now being placed on how well such [...] Read more.
In view of the need for aesthetics, restorations of teeth will typically be completed using tooth colored restorative materials. With the advent of biomimetic restorative materials, such as glass ionomer cements (GIC), much greater emphasis is now being placed on how well such materials can resist the challenge of acids that are present in foods and drinks, or gastric contents that are regurgitated. This laboratory study compared the dissolution and behavior of five GIC materials (GC Fuji® VII, GC Fuji® Bulk, GC Fuji® IX Fast, Fuji® IX Extra and GC Equia® Forte Fil) when exposed to three acids (citric acid, phosphoric acid and lactic acid), versus ultrapure deionized water, which was used as a control. Discs of each material GIC were submerged in solutions and percentage weight changes over time determined. Subsequently, the GIC materials were also placed as a part of standardized Class II sandwich restorations in bovine teeth (n = 20), and submerged in the solutions, and the extent of GIC dissolution and protection of the adjacent tooth was scored. Weight loss increased with time and with acid concentration. Overall, the most soluble material was GC Fuji® IX Extra, while GC Fuji® IX Fast and GC Fuji® Bulk were less soluble, and the least soluble material was GC Equia® Forte Fil. The most destructive solution for both the discs and for GIC restorations in teeth was 10% citric acid, while the least destructive acid was 0.1% lactic acid. The more recent GIC materials GC Fuji® Bulk and GC Equia® Forte Fil showed increased acid resistance over the older GIC materials, and this further justifies their use in open sandwich Class II restorations in more hostile environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Use of Technology and Materials for Dental Restoration)
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11 pages, 2380 KiB  
Article
Assessment of the Highest Stress Concentration Area Generated on the Mandibular Structure Using Meshless Finite Elements Analysis
by Andrea Fabra Rivera, Frederico de Castro Magalhães, Amalia Moreno and Juan Campos Rubio
Bioengineering 2020, 7(4), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7040142 - 8 Nov 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4173
Abstract
Frequently, the oral cavity area can be affected by different diseases, so the patient needs to be submitted to surgery to remove a specific region of the mandibular. A complete or partial discontinuity of the mandibular bone can cause direct or indirect forces [...] Read more.
Frequently, the oral cavity area can be affected by different diseases, so the patient needs to be submitted to surgery to remove a specific region of the mandibular. A complete or partial discontinuity of the mandibular bone can cause direct or indirect forces variations during the mastication. The dental prosthesis is an alternative to generate an aesthetic or functional solution for oral cavity lesions. However, they can be wrongly designed, or they can lose the adjustment during their useful life, deteriorating the patient’s condition. In this work, the influence of the fixation components position for a dental prosthesis will be studied based on the finite element method. By means, it is possible to determine the area of the highest stress concentration generated on the mandibular structure. The temporomandibular image obtained by computational tomography was used as a 3D graphic whole model because in the medical area the morphological factors are extremely important. Vertical loads of 50, 100, 150 and 200 N were applied in three different regions: in the whole buccal cavity, simultaneously in the left and right laterals and only in the right lateral, to determine the values of von Mises stress in the mandible. These results were compared between three finite element software packages (Ansys®, SolidWorks® and Inventor®) and a meshless software (SimSolid®). They showed similar behaviors in the highest mechanical stress concentration in the same regions. Regarding the stress values, the percentage error between each software package was less than 10%. The use of SimSolid® software (meshless) proved to be better at identifying the higher stress generated by the dental prosthesis in the facial skeleton, so its computational efficiency, due to its geometric complexity, was highlighted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Use of Technology and Materials for Dental Restoration)
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14 pages, 3870 KiB  
Article
Impact of Coping Veneering Techniques on the Survival of Implant-Supported Zirconia-Based-Crowns Cemented to Hybrid-Abutments: An-In-Vitro Study
by Shareen Hayel Elshiyab, Noor Nawafleh, Usman Khan, Andreas Öchsner and Roy George
Bioengineering 2020, 7(4), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7040117 - 25 Sep 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3867
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of veneering technique (hand-layering vs. milling) on the fracture resistance of bi-layer implant-supported zirconia-based hybrid-abutment crowns. Mandibular molar copings were anatomically designed and milled. Copings were then veneered by hand-layering (HL) (n = [...] Read more.
The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of veneering technique (hand-layering vs. milling) on the fracture resistance of bi-layer implant-supported zirconia-based hybrid-abutment crowns. Mandibular molar copings were anatomically designed and milled. Copings were then veneered by hand-layering (HL) (n = 20) and milling using the Cad-On technique (LD) (n = 20). Crowns were cemented to zirconia hybrid-abutments. Ten samples of each group acted as a control while the remaining ten samples were subjected to fatigue in a chewing simulator. Crowns were loaded between 50 and 100 N for 1.2 million cycles under simultaneous temperature fluctuation between 5 and 55 °C. Crowns were then subjected to static load a to fracture test. Data were statistically analysed using the one-way ANOVA. Randomly selected crowns from each group were observed under scanning electron microscopy to view fractured surfaces. Study results indicate that during fatigue, LD crowns had a 100% survival rate; while HL crowns had a 50% failure rate. Fracture resistance of LD crowns was statistically significantly higher than that of HL crowns at the baseline and after fatigue (p ≤ 0.05). However, fatigue did not cause a statistically significant reduction in fracture resistance in both LD and HL groups (p > 0.05). Copings fractured in the LD crowns only and the fracture path was different in both LD and HL groups. According to the results, it was concluded that milled veneer implant-supported hybrid-abutment crowns exhibit significantly higher fracture resistance, and better withstand clinical masticatory loads in the posterior region compared to the hand-layered technique. Also, fatigue application and artificial aging caused no significant strength reduction in both techniques. Clinical significance: Different veneering techniques and materials (hand-layering or milling) act differently to clinical forces and environment and may be prone to early chipping during service. Therefore, practitioners are urged to consider the appropriate veneering protocol for posterior implant-supported hybrid-abutment restorations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Use of Technology and Materials for Dental Restoration)
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13 pages, 1174 KiB  
Article
Effects of Lasers and Their Delivery Characteristics on Machined and Micro-Roughened Titanium Dental Implant Surfaces
by Thomas Fenelon, Mahmoud M. Bakr, Laurence J. Walsh and Roy George
Bioengineering 2020, 7(3), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7030093 - 11 Aug 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3370
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of neodymium: yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) (1064 nm) and erbium: yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) (2940 nm) laser energy on titanium when delivered with conventional optics (focusing handpieces or plain ended optical fibres) or [...] Read more.
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of neodymium: yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) (1064 nm) and erbium: yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) (2940 nm) laser energy on titanium when delivered with conventional optics (focusing handpieces or plain ended optical fibres) or with a conical tip. Machined and micro-roughened implant discs were subjected to laser irradiation under a variety of energy settings either dry (without water) or wet (with water). Samples were scanned using a 3D non-contact laser profilometer and analysed for surface roughness, volume of peaks and the maximum diameter of the ablated area. Conical tip designs when used with both lasers showed no surface effect at any power setting on both machined and micro-roughened implant surfaces, regardless of the irrigation condition. When used with conventional delivery systems, laser effects on titanium were dose related, and were more profound with the Nd:YAG than with the Er:YAG laser. High laser pulse energies caused surface fusion which reduced the roughness of micro-roughened titanium surfaces. Likewise, repeated pulses and higher power densities also caused greater surface modifications. The presence of water reduced the influence of laser irradiation on titanium. It may be concluded that conical fibres can reduce unwanted surface modification, and this may be relevant to clinical protocols for debridement or disinfection of titanium dental implants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Use of Technology and Materials for Dental Restoration)
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19 pages, 5539 KiB  
Article
Development of a Novel Medical Device for Mucositis and Peri-Implantitis Treatment
by Gloria Cosoli, Lorenzo Scalise, Alfredo De Leo, Paola Russo, Gerardo Tricarico, Enrico Primo Tomasini and Graziano Cerri
Bioengineering 2020, 7(3), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7030087 - 5 Aug 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4443
Abstract
In spite of all the developments in dental implantology techniques, peri-implant diseases are frequent (prevalence up to 80% and 56% of subjects for mucositis and peri-implantitis, respectively) and there is an urgency for an effective treatment strategy. This paper presents an innovative electromedical [...] Read more.
In spite of all the developments in dental implantology techniques, peri-implant diseases are frequent (prevalence up to 80% and 56% of subjects for mucositis and peri-implantitis, respectively) and there is an urgency for an effective treatment strategy. This paper presents an innovative electromedical device for the electromagnetic treatment of mucositis and peri-implantitis diseases. This device is also equipped with a measurement part for bioimpedance, which reflects the health conditions of a tissue, thus allowing clinicians to objectively detect impaired areas and to monitor the severity of the disease, evaluate the treatment efficacy, and adjust it accordingly. The design of the device was realized considering literature data, clinical evidence, numerical simulation results, and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) pre-compliance tests, involving both clinicians and engineers, to better understand all the needs and translate them into design requirements. The reported system is being tested in more than 50 dental offices since 2019, providing efficient treatments for mucositis and peri-implantitis, with success rates of approximately 98% and 80%, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Use of Technology and Materials for Dental Restoration)
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Review

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25 pages, 7686 KiB  
Review
Emerging Contact-Killing Antibacterial Strategies for Developing Anti-Biofilm Dental Polymeric Restorative Materials
by Heba Mitwalli, Rashed Alsahafi, Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad, Michael D. Weir, Hockin H. K. Xu and Mary Anne S. Melo
Bioengineering 2020, 7(3), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7030083 - 30 Jul 2020
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 7729
Abstract
Polymeric materials are the first choice for restoring tooth cavities, bonding tooth-colored fillings, sealing root canal systems, and many other dental restorative applications. However, polymeric materials are highly susceptible to bacterial attachment and colonization, leading to dental diseases. Many approaches have been investigated [...] Read more.
Polymeric materials are the first choice for restoring tooth cavities, bonding tooth-colored fillings, sealing root canal systems, and many other dental restorative applications. However, polymeric materials are highly susceptible to bacterial attachment and colonization, leading to dental diseases. Many approaches have been investigated to minimize the formation of biofilms over polymeric restorative materials and at the tooth/material interfaces. Among them, contact-killing compounds have shown promising results to inhibit dental biofilms. Contact-killing compounds can be immobilized within the polymer structure, delivering a long-lasting effect with no leaching or release, thus providing advantages compared to release-based materials. This review discusses cutting-edge research on the development of contact-killing compounds in dental restorative materials to target oral pathogens. Contact-killing compounds in resin composite restorations, dental adhesives, root canal sealers, denture-based materials, and crown cements have all demonstrated promising antibacterial properties. Contact-killing restorative materials have been found to effectively inhibit the growth and activities of several oral pathogens related to dental caries, periodontal diseases, endodontic, and fungal infections. Further laboratory optimization and clinical trials using translational models are needed to confirm the clinical applicability of this new generation of contact-killing dental restorative materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Use of Technology and Materials for Dental Restoration)
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27 pages, 5122 KiB  
Review
Polyphenols in Dental Applications
by Naji Kharouf, Youssef Haikel and Vincent Ball
Bioengineering 2020, 7(3), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7030072 - 7 Jul 2020
Cited by 45 | Viewed by 9370
Abstract
(1) Background: polyphenols are a broad class of molecules extracted from plants and have a large repertoire of biological activities. Biomimetic inspiration from the effects of tea or red wine on the surface of cups or glass lead to the emergence of versatile [...] Read more.
(1) Background: polyphenols are a broad class of molecules extracted from plants and have a large repertoire of biological activities. Biomimetic inspiration from the effects of tea or red wine on the surface of cups or glass lead to the emergence of versatile surface chemistry with polyphenols. Owing to their hydrogen bonding abilities, coordination chemistry with metallic cations and redox properties, polyphenols are able to interact, covalently or not, with a large repertoire of chemical moieties, and can hence be used to modify the surface chemistry of almost all classes of materials. (2) Methods: the use of polyphenols to modify the surface properties of dental materials, mostly enamel and dentin, to afford them with better adhesion to resins and improved biological properties, such as antimicrobial activity, started more than 20 years ago, but no general overview has been written to our knowledge. (3) Results: the present review is aimed to show that molecules from all the major classes of polyphenolics allow for low coast improvements of dental materials and engineering of dental tissues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Use of Technology and Materials for Dental Restoration)
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