Audiology Research

13 pages, 1420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Prototype Transparent Mask, Opaque Mask, and No Mask on Speech Understanding in Noise

by Samuel R. Atcherson, Evan T. Finley and Jeanne Hahne

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040103 - 11 Aug 2025

Background: Face masks are used in healthcare for the prevention of the spread of disease; however, the recent COVID-19 pandemic raised awareness of the challenges of typical opaque masks that obscure nonverbal cues. In addition, various masks have been shown to attenuate speech [...] Read more.

Background: Face masks are used in healthcare for the prevention of the spread of disease; however, the recent COVID-19 pandemic raised awareness of the challenges of typical opaque masks that obscure nonverbal cues. In addition, various masks have been shown to attenuate speech above 1000 Hz, and lack of nonverbal cues exacerbates speech understanding in the presence of background noise. Transparent masks can help to overcome the loss of nonverbal cues, but they have greater attenuative effects on higher speech frequencies. This study evaluated a newer prototype transparent face mask redesigned from a version evaluated in a previous study. Methods: Thirty participants (10 with normal hearing, 10 with moderate hearing loss, and 10 with severe-to-profound hearing loss) were recruited. Selected lists from the Connected Speech Test (CST) were digitally recorded using male and female talkers and presented to listeners at 65 dB HL in 12 conditions against a background of 4-talker babble (+5 dB SNR): without a mask (auditory only and audiovisual), with an opaque mask (auditory only and audiovisual), and with a transparent mask (auditory only and audiovisual). Results: Listeners with normal hearing performed consistently well across all conditions. For listeners with hearing loss, speech was generally easier to understand with the male talker. Audiovisual conditions were better than auditory-only conditions, and No Mask and Transparent Mask conditions were better than Opaque Mask conditions. Conclusions: These findings continue to support the use of transparent masks to improve communication, minimize medical errors, and increase patient satisfaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Speech and Language)

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10 pages, 480 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Association Between SGLT2 Inhibitor Therapy and the Incidence of Tinnitus in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by David Ulrich Seidel, Simon Bode and Karel Kostev

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040102 - 9 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Numerous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with heart failure and chronic kidney disease. However, whether SGLT2 inhibitors are also associated with a reduced risk of tinnitus has not been [...] Read more.

Background: Numerous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with heart failure and chronic kidney disease. However, whether SGLT2 inhibitors are also associated with a reduced risk of tinnitus has not been investigated. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between SGLT2 inhibitor therapy and the incidence of tinnitus in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was based on data from a nationally representative database of primary care practices in Germany from 2012 to 2023. Patients with type 2 diabetes who were treated with metformin and additionally received either an SGLT2 inhibitor or a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitor were included. Patients with a previous diagnosis of tinnitus were excluded. The primary outcome was the first tinnitus diagnosis documented by a primary care physician. The SGLT2 and DPP4 cohorts were compared for tinnitus incidence using Kaplan–Meier analysis and multivariable Cox regression. Results: 66,750 patients with SGLT2 inhibitors and 82,830 with DPP4 inhibitors were analyzed. The cumulative 5-year incidence of tinnitus was 1.9% in both groups. The multivariable regression analysis did not show a significant association between SGLT2 therapy and the occurrence of a tinnitus diagnosis (HR: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.89–1.21). Conclusion: There was no difference in tinnitus incidence between patients with SGLT2 or DPP4 inhibitors. The causes could lie in the heterogeneous, not purely vascular, etiology of tinnitus in general practitioners’ practices. Future studies should include further clinical data, including confirmed hearing impairments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hearing)

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28 pages, 490 KiB

Open AccessReview

Psychiatric Comorbidities in Hyperacusis and Misophonia: A Systematic Review

by Ana Luísa Moura Rodrigues and Hashir Aazh

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040101 - 7 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the research literature on the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in patients with hyperacusis and misophonia. Method: Four databases were searched: PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science (Wis)—last [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the research literature on the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in patients with hyperacusis and misophonia. Method: Four databases were searched: PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science (Wis)—last search conducted on the 16th of April 2024 to identify relevant studies. The methodological quality of each study was independently assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist. Results: Five studies were included for the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in hyperacusis, and seventeen studies for misophonia. Among patients with hyperacusis, between 8% and 80% had depression, and between 39% and 61% had any anxiety disorder as measured via a diagnostic interview and/or self-report questionnaires. For misophonia, nine studies provided data on various forms of mood and anxiety disorders, with prevalences ranging from 1.1% to 37.3% and 0.2% to 69%, respectively. Conclusions: Although the 22 included studies varied considerably in design and scope, some recurring patterns of comorbidity were noted. However, apparent trends—such as the higher prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders compared to other psychiatric conditions—should be interpreted with caution, as most studies did not comprehensively assess a full range of psychiatric disorders. This likely skews prevalence estimates toward the conditions that were specifically investigated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hearing)

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16 pages, 824 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ChatGPT and Microsoft Copilot for Cochlear Implant Side Selection: A Preliminary Study

by Daniele Portelli, Sabrina Loteta, Mariangela D’Angelo, Cosimo Galletti, Leonard Freni, Rocco Bruno, Francesco Ciodaro, Angela Alibrandi and Giuseppe Alberti

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040100 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly being applied in otolaryngology, including cochlear implants (CIs). This study evaluates the accuracy and completeness of ChatGPT-4 and Microsoft Copilot in determining the appropriate implantation side based on audiological and radiological data, as well as the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly being applied in otolaryngology, including cochlear implants (CIs). This study evaluates the accuracy and completeness of ChatGPT-4 and Microsoft Copilot in determining the appropriate implantation side based on audiological and radiological data, as well as the presence of tinnitus. Methods: Data from 22 CI patients (11 males, 11 females; 12 right-sided, 10 left-sided implants) were used to query both AI models. Each patient’s audiometric thresholds, hearing aid benefit, tinnitus presence, and radiological findings were provided. The AI-generated responses were compared to the clinician-chosen sides. Accuracy and completeness were scored by two independent reviewers. Results: ChatGPT had a 50% concordance rate for right-side implantation and a 70% concordance rate for left-side implantation, while Microsoft Copilot achieved 75% and 90%, respectively. Chi-square tests showed significant associations between AI-suggested and clinician-chosen sides for both AI (p < 0.05). ChatGPT outperformed Microsoft Copilot in identifying radiological alterations (60% vs. 40%) and tinnitus presence (77.8% vs. 66.7%). Cronbach’s alpha was >0.70 only for ChatGPT accuracy, indicating better agreement between reviewers. Conclusions: Both AI models showed significant alignment with clinician decisions. Microsoft Copilot was more accurate in implantation side selection, while ChatGPT better recognized radiological alterations and tinnitus. These results highlight AI’s potential as a clinical decision support tool in CI candidacy, although further research is needed to refine its application in complex cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Audiology: Advancing Assessment, Intervention, and Accessibility)

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13 pages, 1724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation of Clinical Characteristics of Meniere’s Disease and Its Patient-Oriented Severity Index (MD POSI)

by Josip Novaković, Ana Barišić, Erik Šuvak, Emili Dragaš, Petar Drviš, Tihana Mendeš, Jakov Ajduk, Siniša Maslovara and Andro Košec

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040099 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Meniere’s disease is characterized by a triad of vertigo episodes, fluctuating hearing loss, and tinnitus. The disease is followed by a loss of quality of life in patients, with the severity depending on the individual and the stage of the disease. [...] Read more.

Background: Meniere’s disease is characterized by a triad of vertigo episodes, fluctuating hearing loss, and tinnitus. The disease is followed by a loss of quality of life in patients, with the severity depending on the individual and the stage of the disease. Since there are no quantitatively validated tests that connect all elements of the disease, the only source of subjective data that can be analyzed is the disease diary and questionnaires, among which the MDPOSI (Meniere’s Disease Patient-Oriented Symptom-Severity Index) stands out as a designated quality-of-life assessment tool. This study aims to evaluate the differences in the questionnaire depending on the clinical characteristics of the disease. Methods: The study recruited 60 patients, with clinical variables including age, gender, disease laterality, caloric testing results, and PTA results, the presence of spontaneous nystagmus, pathological values of calorimetric testing, or rotatory chair testing abnormalities. Results: The appearance of spontaneous nystagmus showed a significant association with worse hearing threshold values at 500 Hz (p = 0.036, OR 4.416) and higher. Worse SRT scores correlated with Q1 (p = 0.011), Q2 (p = 0.028), Q4 (p = 0.045), Q5 (p = 0.013), and the total MDPOSI score (p = 0.008, 0.339). Multivariate analysis showed that a higher total value of the MDPOSI questionnaire was statistically significantly associated with older age (p = 0.042) and spontaneous nystagmus (p = 0.037). Conclusions: There is a correlation between the clinical characteristics of Meniere’s disease and the MDPOSI questionnaire, making it useful for assessing quality of life and disease progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Insight into Vestibular Exploration)

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11 pages, 592 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Lermoyez Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis of Reported Cases

by Giorgos Sideris, Leonidas Katsis, Styliani Karle and George Korres

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040098 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Objectives: Lermoyez syndrome (LS) is a rare variant of endolymphatic hydrops with a unique clinical presentation characterized by reversible sensorineural hearing loss preceding vertigo. This review aims to synthesize available literature on LS to clarify its clinical characteristics, diagnostic approach, management strategies, and [...] Read more.

Objectives: Lermoyez syndrome (LS) is a rare variant of endolymphatic hydrops with a unique clinical presentation characterized by reversible sensorineural hearing loss preceding vertigo. This review aims to synthesize available literature on LS to clarify its clinical characteristics, diagnostic approach, management strategies, and outcomes, and to highlight the distinguishing features from Menière’s disease (MD). Methods: A systematic literature review according to PRISMA guidelines was conducted from 1919 to 2025. The extracted data included demographics, symptom profiles, audiovestibular testing, imaging findings, treatment approaches, and patient outcomes. Results: A total of 23 studies were identified, reporting 53 individual cases of LS. Patients ranged from 27 to 85 years of age, with a mean age of 50.34 years and a male predominance (64.1%). The hallmark of LS across cases was a reproducible clinical pattern of unilateral low-frequency hearing loss followed by vertigo and subsequent auditory recovery. Audiometry typically confirmed reversible sensorineural hearing loss, while vestibular tests and imaging were often unremarkable, primarily used to exclude alternative diagnoses. Treatment approaches varied and were often based on MD protocols, including dietary modifications, vasodilators, diuretics, and vestibular suppressants. Prognosis was generally favorable, with most patients experiencing both hearing recovery and symptom resolution. Conclusions: LS remains a clinically distinct but underrecognized inner ear disorder. Its defining feature—the paradoxical improvement in hearing after vertigo—distinguishes it from Menière’s disease and should prompt clinicians to consider LS in differential diagnosis. Due to the rarity of LS and the lack of standardized guidelines, diagnosis and treatment rely on careful clinical assessment and individualized management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Balance)

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12 pages, 633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

French Adaptation and Validation of the International Outcome Inventory on Hearing Aids (IOI-HA) Questionnaire

by Maria-Pia Tuset, Mary Daval, Daniel Levy, Denis Ayache and Stéphane Gargula

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040097 - 6 Aug 2025

Abstract

Objective: Hearing rehabilitation using hearing aids keeps increasing in the general population. Patient-related outcome measures are essential to evaluate benefits. Although the IOI-HA is routinely used in France, its translated version from 2002 has never been validated. This study aimed to assess the [...] Read more.

Objective: Hearing rehabilitation using hearing aids keeps increasing in the general population. Patient-related outcome measures are essential to evaluate benefits. Although the IOI-HA is routinely used in France, its translated version from 2002 has never been validated. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the French version of the IOI-HA questionnaire. Design: Controlled, prospective, monocentric study performed between February 2024 and January 2025. The forward–backward technique was used for translation of the questionnaire. Study Sample: 100 patients fitted with hearing aids completed the questionnaire. Thirty-five patients were retested 15 days after first completion. Results: Internal consistency, assessed by Cronbach’s alpha, was 0.863. Mean IOI-HA item scores ranged from 3.3 to 4.57. All seven items had a high degree of consistency with the total score, except for item Q1 which had a moderate score (0.45). Cronbach’s alpha after item deletion confirmed internal consistency. Intra-class correlation coefficients ranged from 0.622 (Q7) to 0.767 (Q5) and were all statistically significant (p < 0.001), revealing high reliability over time. No significant correlation was found between item scores and age, unilateral or bilateral hearing aid use or accompanying symptoms (tinnitus, dizziness). Conclusions: The French translation of the IOI-HA questionnaire, published in 2002, is a valid and reliable questionnaire evaluating hearing aid satisfaction. This validated questionnaire can now be used in daily clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hearing)

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13 pages, 322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Perspectives on Cochlear Implantation in Pediatric Patients with Cochlear Nerve Aplasia or Hypoplasia

by Ava Raynor, Sara Perez, Megan Worthington and Valeriy Shafiro

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040096 - 5 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Cochlear implantation (CI) in pediatric patients with cochlear nerve deficiencies (CND) remains controversial due to a highly variable clinical population, lack of evidence-based guidelines, and mixed research findings. This study assessed current clinical perspectives and practices regarding CI candidacy in children [...] Read more.

Background: Cochlear implantation (CI) in pediatric patients with cochlear nerve deficiencies (CND) remains controversial due to a highly variable clinical population, lack of evidence-based guidelines, and mixed research findings. This study assessed current clinical perspectives and practices regarding CI candidacy in children with CND among hearing healthcare professionals in the USA. Methods: An anonymous 19-question online survey was distributed to CI clinicians nationwide. The survey assessed professional background, experience with aplasia and hypoplasia, and perspectives on CI versus auditory brainstem implant (ABI) candidacy, including imaging practices and outcome expectations. Both multiple-choice and open-ended responses were analyzed to identify trends and reasoning. Results: Seventy-two responses were analyzed. Most clinicians supported CI for hypoplasia (60.2%) and, to a lesser extent, for aplasia (41.7%), with audiologists more likely than neurotologists to favor CI. Respondents cited lower risk, accessibility, and the potential for benefit as reasons to attempt CI before ABI. However, many emphasized a case-by-case approach, incorporating imaging, electrophysiological testing, and family counseling. Only 22.2% considered structural factors the best predictors of CI success. Conclusions: Overall, hearing health professionals in the USA tend to favor CI as a first-line option, while acknowledging the limitations of current diagnostic tools and the importance of individualized, multidisciplinary decision-making in CI candidacy for children with CND. Findings reveal a high variability in clinical perspectives on CI implantation for pediatric aplasia and hypoplasia and a lack of clinical consensus, highlighting the need for more standardized assessment and imaging protocols to provide greater consistency across centers and enable the development of evidence-based guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hearing)

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10 pages, 1129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Sound Presentation Level for Sound Localization Testing in Unilateral Conductive Hearing Loss

by Miki Takahara, Takanori Nishiyama, Yu Fumiiri, Tsubasa Kitama, Makoto Hosoya, Marie N. Shimanuki, Masafumi Ueno, Takeshi Wakabayashi, Hiroyuki Ozawa and Naoki Oishi

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040095 - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the optimal sound presentation level for sound localization testing to assess the effect of hearing interventions in individuals with unilateral conductive hearing loss (UCHL). Methods: Nine participants with normal hearing were tested, and simulated two-stage [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the optimal sound presentation level for sound localization testing to assess the effect of hearing interventions in individuals with unilateral conductive hearing loss (UCHL). Methods: Nine participants with normal hearing were tested, and simulated two-stage UCHL was created using earmuffs and earplugs. We created two types of masking conditions: (1) only an earplug inserted, and (2) an earplug inserted with an earmuff worn. A sound localization test was performed for each condition. The sound presentation levels were 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, and 70 dB SPL, and the results were evaluated using root mean square and d-values. Results: Both values showed little difference in masking Condition 2, regardless of the sound presentation level, whereas in masking Condition 1, the values were at their minimum at 55 dB SPL. In addition, comparing the differences between masking Conditions 1 and 2 for each sound presentation level, the greatest difference was observed at 55 dB SPL for both values. Conclusions: The optimal sound presentation level for sound localization testing to assess hearing intervention effects in UCHL was 55 dB. This result may be attributed to the effect of input from the non-masked ear, accounting for interaural attenuation; the effect was considered minimal at 55 dB SPL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hearing)

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16 pages, 506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Link Between Sound Quality Perception, Music Perception, Music Engagement, and Quality of Life in Cochlear Implant Recipients

by Ayşenur Karaman Demirel, Ahmet Alperen Akbulut, Ayşe Ayça Çiprut and Nilüfer Bal

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040094 - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study investigated the association between cochlear implant (CI) users’ assessed perception of musical sound quality and their subjective music perception and music-related quality of life (QoL). The aim was to provide a comprehensive evaluation by integrating a relatively objective Turkish [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study investigated the association between cochlear implant (CI) users’ assessed perception of musical sound quality and their subjective music perception and music-related quality of life (QoL). The aim was to provide a comprehensive evaluation by integrating a relatively objective Turkish Multiple Stimulus with Hidden Reference and Anchor (TR-MUSHRA) test and a subjective music questionnaire. Methods: Thirty CI users and thirty normal-hearing (NH) adults were assessed. Perception of sound quality was measured using the TR-MUSHRA test. Subjective assessments were conducted with the Music-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire (MuRQoL). Results: TR-MUSHRA results showed that while NH participants rated all filtered stimuli as perceptually different from the original, CI users provided similar ratings for stimuli with adjacent high-pass filter settings, indicating less differentiation in perceived sound quality. On the MuRQoL, groups differed on the Frequency subscale but not the Importance subscale. Critically, no significant correlation was found between the TR-MUSHRA scores and the MuRQoL subscale scores in either group. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that TR-MUSHRA is an effective tool for assessing perceived sound quality relatively objectively, but there is no relationship between perceiving sound quality differences and measures of self-reported musical engagement and its importance. Subjective music experience may represent different domains beyond the perception of sound quality. Therefore, successful auditory rehabilitation requires personalized strategies that consider the multifaceted nature of music perception beyond simple perceptual judgments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hearing Beyond Words: Advancements in Music Perception and Enjoyment for the Hearing-Impaired Population)

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2 pages, 126 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Bone and Cartilage Conduction—Volume II

by Tadashi Nishimura and Takanori Nishiyama

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040093 - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

Air conduction is the primary pathway for hearing sounds and is widely utilized in various hearing devices [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone and Cartilage Conduction—Volume II)

12 pages, 205 KiB

Open AccessProject Report

The A.BA.CO. Project and Efforts to Optimize Access to the Sounds of Learning

by Eva Orzan, Valeria Gambacorta and Giampietro Ricci

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040092 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Despite its significant impact on learning, classroom acoustics and students’ hearing difficulties are often overlooked compared with more visible issues like lighting. Hearing loss—frequently underestimated and invisible—affects both students and teachers, potentially leading to fatigue, reduced participation, and academic challenges. The [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Despite its significant impact on learning, classroom acoustics and students’ hearing difficulties are often overlooked compared with more visible issues like lighting. Hearing loss—frequently underestimated and invisible—affects both students and teachers, potentially leading to fatigue, reduced participation, and academic challenges. The A.BA.CO. project in Italy was developed to address these issues by promoting improved classroom design, technological solutions, and better auditory communication accessibility in schools. Objective: This article presents the A.BA.CO. project, offering context and an overview of the preliminary analyses conducted by its multidisciplinary team. The goal is to share insights and propose organizational frameworks, technical solutions, and best practices concerning the hearing, communication, and auditory learning challenges experienced by students with hearing impairments. Results: The A.BA.CO. team’s analyses identified key barriers to inclusion for students with (or without) hearing impairments, such as poor classroom acoustics, excessive noise, and suboptimal seating arrangements. The project underscores the importance of improved acoustic environments and the integration of assistive technologies, including speech-to-text systems. The findings highlight the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to design accessible and inclusive educational settings for all learners. Conclusions: Embedding educational audiology within school systems—alongside enhancements in classroom acoustics and the use of assistive technologies and other technological solutions—is essential to ensure that all students, regardless of hearing ability, have equitable access to learning and full participation in educational life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breaking Down Listening Barriers for Students with Hearing Difficulties)

19 pages, 1579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Occupational Noise Exposure, Aging, and Gender and Hearing Loss: A Cross-Sectional Study in China

by Yixiao Wang, Peng Mei, Yunfei Zhao, Jie Lu, Hongbing Zhang, Zhi Zhang, Yuan Zhao, Baoli Zhu and Boshen Wang

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040091 - 23 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Hearing loss is increasingly prevalent and poses a significant public health concern. While both aging and occupational noise exposure are recognized contributors, their interactive effects and gender-specific patterns remain underexplored. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 135,251 employees in Jiangsu Province, [...] Read more.

Background: Hearing loss is increasingly prevalent and poses a significant public health concern. While both aging and occupational noise exposure are recognized contributors, their interactive effects and gender-specific patterns remain underexplored. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 135,251 employees in Jiangsu Province, China. Demographic information, noise exposure metrics, and hearing thresholds were obtained through field measurements, questionnaires, and audiometric testing. Multivariate logistic regression, restricted cubic spline modeling, and interaction analyses were conducted. Machine learning models were employed to assess feature importance. Results: A nonlinear relationship between age and high-frequency hearing loss (HFHL) was identified, with a critical inflection point at 37.8 years. Noise exposure significantly amplified HFHL risk, particularly in older adults (OR = 2.564; 95% CI: 2.456–2.677, p < 0.001), with consistent findings across genders. Men exhibited greater susceptibility at high frequencies, even after adjusting for age and co-exposures. Aging and noise exposure have a joint association with hearing loss (OR = 2.564; 95% CI: 2.456–2.677, p < 0.001) and an interactive association (additive interaction: RERI = 2.075, AP = 0.502, SI = 2.967; multiplicative interaction: OR = 1.265; 95% CI: 1.176–1.36, p < 0.001). And machine learning also confirmed age, gender, and noise exposure as key predictors. Conclusions: Aging and occupational noise exert synergistic effects on auditory decline, with distinct gender disparities. These findings highlight the need for integrated, demographically tailored occupational health strategies. Machine learning approaches further validate key risk factors and support targeted screening for hearing loss prevention. Full article

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12 pages, 474 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Round Window Niche and Membrane Dimensions: A Systematic Review

by Mathieu Marx, Pauline Nieto, Olivier Sagot, Guillaume de Bonnecaze and Yohan Gallois

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040090 - 23 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: To review the dimensions of the round window region (round window niche, bony structures surrounding the niche, and the membrane itself). Methods: Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were searched by two independent reviewers. Anatomical and radiological studies [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: To review the dimensions of the round window region (round window niche, bony structures surrounding the niche, and the membrane itself). Methods: Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were searched by two independent reviewers. Anatomical and radiological studies on the round window region were screened. Studies reporting at least one dimension for the round window (RW) niche and/or the RW membrane were included. Results: Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria (13 anatomical and 3 radiological studies) for a total number of 808 temporal bones with at least one dimension reported. The structures measured varied across the different studies with 12 reporting RW membrane dimensions (area and/or at least one distance), 8 detailing RW niche dimensions (height, width or depth) and 6 which measured at least one element of the RW bony overhangs (posterior or anterior pillar, RW tegmen). Surface area of the RW membrane varied between 0.32 mm² and 2.89 mm², with a minimum dimension (minimum diameter or height or width) comprising between 0.51 mm and 2.1 mm. When the bony overhangs surrounding the membrane were not considered, the minimum diameter was between 1.65 mm and 1.97 mm. Conclusions: The dimensions of the RW region are intrinsically variable, but the heterogeneity of the measurements reported also contributes to these variations. Posterior pillar, RW tegmen, anterior pillar, and their relative development probably account for a large part of this variability. The future RW membrane devices should be ≤1 mm in their maximum dimension, whether or not individually tailored, to fit most of the RW membranes. Full article

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18 pages, 697 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lip-Reading: Advances and Unresolved Questions in a Key Communication Skill

by Martina Battista, Francesca Collesei, Eva Orzan, Marta Fantoni and Davide Bottari

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040089 - 21 Jul 2025

Abstract

Lip-reading, i.e., the ability to recognize speech using only visual cues, plays a fundamental role in audio-visual speech processing, intelligibility, and comprehension. This capacity is integral to language development and functioning; it emerges in early development, and it slowly evolves. By linking psycholinguistics, [...] Read more.

Lip-reading, i.e., the ability to recognize speech using only visual cues, plays a fundamental role in audio-visual speech processing, intelligibility, and comprehension. This capacity is integral to language development and functioning; it emerges in early development, and it slowly evolves. By linking psycholinguistics, psychophysics, and neurophysiology, the present narrative review explores the development and significance of lip-reading across different stages of life, highlighting its role in human communication in both typical and atypical development, e.g., in the presence of hearing or language impairments. We examined how relying on lip-reading becomes crucial when communication occurs in noisy environments and, on the contrary, the impacts that visual barriers can have on speech perception. Finally, this review highlights individual differences and the role of cultural and social contexts for a better understanding of the visual counterpart of speech. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breaking Down Listening Barriers for Students with Hearing Difficulties)

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13 pages, 852 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Lung Function, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease on Hearing Impairment: Evidence for Causal Effects and Clinical Implications

by Lanlai Yuan, Feipeng Cui, Ge Yin, Mengwen Shi, Nadida Aximu, Yaohua Tian and Yu Sun

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040088 - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Objectives: Observational studies have shown that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with an increased risk of hearing impairment. However, causality remains unclear, including with respect to lung function. This study aimed to investigate the associations of lung function and COPD [...] Read more.

Objectives: Observational studies have shown that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with an increased risk of hearing impairment. However, causality remains unclear, including with respect to lung function. This study aimed to investigate the associations of lung function and COPD with hearing impairment in the UK Biobank and confirm potential causalities using Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods: Cross-sectional analyses were performed using logistic regression models in a subsample of the UK Biobank. Two-sample MR analyses were performed on summary statistics for forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), COPD, and sensorineural hearing loss. Results: FEV1 and FVC were negatively associated with hearing impairment, with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 0.80 (0.77, 0.84) and 0.80 (0.76, 0.83), respectively. COPD was positively associated with hearing impairment, with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.10 (1.02, 1.18). In the MR analyses, a negative association was found between FVC and sensorineural hearing loss, with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.91 (0.83, 0.99). For FVE1 and COPD, no significant associations were found. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that FVC was causally associated with hearing impairment, suggesting a potential protective effect of FVC on hearing impairment. Full article

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22 pages, 1492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Embedded Mixed-Methods Study with a Dominant Quantitative Strand: The Knowledge of Jordanian Mothers About Risk Factors for Childhood Hearing Loss

by Shawkat Altamimi, Mohamed Tawalbeh, Omar Shawkat Al Tamimi, Tariq N. Al-Shatanawi, Saba’ Azzam Jarrar, Eftekhar Khalid Al Zoubi, Aya Shawkat Altamimi and Ensaf Almomani

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040087 - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Childhood hearing loss is a public health problem of critical importance associated with speech development, academic achievement, and quality of life. Parents’ awareness and knowledge about risk factors contribute to early detection and timely intervention. Objective: This study aims to [...] Read more.

Background: Childhood hearing loss is a public health problem of critical importance associated with speech development, academic achievement, and quality of life. Parents’ awareness and knowledge about risk factors contribute to early detection and timely intervention. Objective: This study aims to examine Jordanian mothers’ knowledge of childhood hearing loss risk factors and investigate the impact of education level and socioeconomic status (SES) on the accuracy and comprehensiveness of this knowledge with the moderating effect of health literacy. Material and Methods: The approach employed an embedded mixed-methods design with a dominant quantitative strand supported by qualitative data, utilizing quantitative surveys (n = 250), analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) in SmartPLS, and qualitative interviews (n = 10), analyzed thematically to expand upon the quantitative findings by exploring barriers to awareness and healthcare-seeking behaviors. Results: The accuracy and comprehensiveness of knowledge of hearing loss risk factors were also positively influenced by maternal knowledge of hearing loss risk factors. Maternal knowledge was significantly associated with both education level and socioeconomic status (SES). Furthermore, maternal knowledge and accuracy were significantly moderated by health literacy, such that mothers with higher health literacy exhibited a stronger relationship between knowledge and accuracy. Qualitative findings revealed that individuals encountered barriers to accessing reliable information and comprehending medical advice and faced financial difficulties due to limited options for healthcare services. Conclusions: These results underscore the need for maternal education programs that address specific issues, provide simplified healthcare communication, and enhance access to pediatric audiology services. Future research should explore longitudinal assessments and intervention-based strategies to enhance mothers’ awareness and detect early childhood hearing loss. Full article

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19 pages, 514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vestibular Dysfunction and the Leftward Deviation in the New Line Bisection Task Using Three-Dimensionally Transformed Rectangles

by Teru Kamogashira, Shinnosuke Asakura, Hideaki Funayama, Kenji Ito, Noriaki Sunaga, Nao Shikanai, Fumihiko Itagaki, Toshitaka Kataoka, Shizuka Shoji, Megumi Koizumi and Shinichi Ishimoto

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040086 - 15 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The line bisection task (LBT) is a well-known test in which a horizontal line is presented in front of the subject and the subject is asked to draw a mark vertically bisecting the line. We developed the new LBT using three-dimensionally [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The line bisection task (LBT) is a well-known test in which a horizontal line is presented in front of the subject and the subject is asked to draw a mark vertically bisecting the line. We developed the new LBT using three-dimensionally transformed rectangles to enhance the sense of depth and evaluated the influence of vestibular dysfunction on the deviation. Methods: One hundred participants were recruited from patients referred to the vertigo outpatient clinic. The average deviation in the LBT was the leftward deviation in the figures viewed from the right side and the rightward deviation in the figures viewed from the left side, indicating that the figures were perceived three-dimensionally, with the division point deviating to the far side. Results: In multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) analyses, the significant leftward deviation was observed in the group with vestibular dysfunction in caloric testing, and the significant rightward deviation dependent on increasing age was also observed. In univariate analyses, the significant leftward deviation in the figure viewed from the left side (135 degrees) was observed in the group with vestibular dysfunction in caloric testing, and the significant leftward deviation was also observed in figures viewed from the center, left or right side (0, 15 and 165 degrees) in the group with vestibular dysfunction in vHIT evaluation. Conclusions: Vestibular dysfunction can alter the deviation in the new LBT, suggesting the potential of the new LBT as an assessment of vestibular dysfunction. Full article

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18 pages, 4559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Auditory Localization Capabilities in Young Patients with Single-Side Deafness

by Alessandro Aruffo, Giovanni Nicoli, Marta Fantoni, Raffaella Marchi, Edoardo Carini and Eva Orzan

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040085 - 9 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Unilateral hearing loss (UHL), particularly single-sided deafness (SSD), disrupts spatial hearing in children, leading to academic and social challenges. This study aimed to (1) compare azimuthal sound-localization accuracy and compensatory strategies between children with single-sided deafness (SSD) and their normal-hearing (NH) peers [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Unilateral hearing loss (UHL), particularly single-sided deafness (SSD), disrupts spatial hearing in children, leading to academic and social challenges. This study aimed to (1) compare azimuthal sound-localization accuracy and compensatory strategies between children with single-sided deafness (SSD) and their normal-hearing (NH) peers within a virtual reality environment, and (2) investigate sound-localization performance across various azimuths by contrasting left-SSD (L-SSD) and right-SSD (R-SSD) groups. Methods: A cohort of 44 participants (20 NH, 24 SSD) performed sound localization tasks in a 3D virtual environment. Unsigned azimuth error (UAE), unsigned elevation error (UEE), and head movement distance were analyzed across six azimuthal angles (−75° to 75°) at 0°elevation. Non-parametric statistics (Mann–Whitney U tests, Holm–Bonferroni correction) compared performance between NH and SSD groups and within SSD subgroups (L-SSD vs. R-SSD). Results: The SSD group exhibited significantly higher UAE (mean: 22.4° vs. 3.69°, p < 0.0001), UEE (mean: 5.95° vs. 3.77°, p < 0.0001) and head movement distance (mean: 0.35° vs. 0.12°, p < 0.0001) compared with NH peers, indicating persistent localization deficits and compensatory effort. Within the SSD group, elevation performance was superior to azimuthal accuracy (mean UEE: 3.77° vs. mean UAE: 22.4°). Participants with R-SSD exhibited greater azimuthal errors at rightward angles (45°and 75°) and at −15°, as well as increased elevation errors at 75°. Hemifield-specific advantages were strongest at extreme lateral angles (75°). Conclusions: Children with SSD rely on insufficient compensatory head movements to resolve monaural spatial ambiguity in order to localize sounds. Localization deficits and the effort associated with localization task call for action in addressing these issues in dynamic environments such as the classroom. L-SSD subjects outperformed R-SSD peers, highlighting hemispheric specialization in spatial hearing and the need to study its neural basis to develop targeted rehabilitation and classroom support. The hemifield advantages described in this study call for further data collection and research on the topic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breaking Down Listening Barriers for Students with Hearing Difficulties)

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