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Applied Radiation Chemistry: Theory, Methods and Applications
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Applied Radiation Chemistry: Theory, Methods and Applications

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical and Molecular Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 39456

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Dorota Swiatla-Wojcik

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
Interests: computational and theoretical radiation chemistry; diffusion-kinetic simulation of radiation-track chemistry; modeling chemical kinetics in complex reaction systems; mechanistic understanding of high-temperature water radiolysis; numerical simulation of LWR coolant chemistry; molecular dynamic simulation of aqueous solutions
Prof. Dr. Yosuke Katsumura

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Nuclear Systems Association, Tokyo 105-0001, Japan
Interests: ultra-fast processes in radiation chemistry; radiation chemistry of high-temperature and supercritical water; ion beam radiation chemistry; free-radical chemistry of antioxidants and drugs; radiation chemistry in nuclear engineering
Dr. Radosław A. Wach

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
Interests: basic and applied radiation chemistry of polymers; radiation-induced degradation and crosslinking of polysaccharides; hydrogels; natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers for medical applications; sterilization; pulse radiolysis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Radiation chemistry deals with chemical processes induced by ionizing radiation. Since the first application on industrial scale over 60 years ago, radiation technologies have been proven to be reliable, efficient, versatile, economical, and environmentally friendly. Major high-volume application fields include sterilization and polymer processing, but new directions leading to products of high added value are being currently developed. New experimental and simulation tools make it possible to get more detailed insight into the physical and chemical phenomena underlying these developments. Understanding radiation chemistry is also essential for the sustainable development of the nuclear power industry, in particular for processing the nuclear fuel, handling radioactive waste, and maintaining the integrity of materials in currently operating nuclear power reactors.

Fast progress and rising interest in technologies involving interactions of ionizing radiation with matter encouraged us to lead a Special Issue on “Applied Radiation Chemistry: Theory, Methods and Applications”. Original papers and reviews (the latter should be agreed upon with Guest Editors in advance) on current and emerging applications of radiation chemistry are very welcome. Suitable for this Issue are contributions on(but not limited to): radiation synthesis and processing of advanced polymeric and non-polymeric materials, including biomaterials; electron beam (EB) lithography; radiation chemistry applications in nuclear power engineering; radiation technologies for environment protection and water purification; applications of ionizing radiation in nanotechnology, green processing and product design, biorefinery, processing of biobased resources, sterilization, food irradiation, and conservation of cultural heritage; advances in dosimetry and process control; new irradiation equipment and facilities, including low-energy devices and EB conversion to X-ray, heavy ion accelerators, and gamma sources; as well as the development of experimental tools and simulation methods for radiation chemistry applications. Contributions on medical applications (radiology, radiotherapy) and radiochemistry are not suitable for this Issue.

Prof. Dr. Dorota Swiatla-Wojcik
Prof. Dr. Yosuke Katsumura
Dr. Radosław A. Wach
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • Radiation technology
  • Radiation synthesis
  • Radiation crosslinking
  • Radiation grafting
  • Radiation-induced degradation of materials
  • Elementary processes in radiation chemistry
  • Radiation chemistry in nuclear technology
  • Sources of ionizing radiation
  • Dosimetry

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Published Papers (16 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review, Other

4 pages, 199 KiB  
Editorial
Applied Radiation Chemistry: Theory, Methods and Applications
by Dorota Swiatla-Wojcik, Yosuke Katsumura and Radoslaw A. Wach
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3781; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063781 - 16 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1545
Abstract
Radiation chemistry deals with chemical processes initiated by the interaction of high-energy photons (X-rays) or charged particles (electrons, protons, alpha or heavy ions) with matter [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Radiation Chemistry: Theory, Methods and Applications)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review, Other

19 pages, 2270 KiB  
Article
Dual Stimuli-Responsive Polysaccharide Hydrogels Manufactured by Radiation Technique
by Radoslaw A. Wach, Giorgia Palmeri, Agnieszka Adamus-Wlodarczyk, Bozena Rokita, Alicja K. Olejnik, Clelia Dispenza and Piotr Ulanski
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(22), 11764; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122211764 - 19 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1403
Abstract
This paper describes the results of the radiation-induced crosslinking of polysaccharides modified with hydroxypropyl and carboxymethyl functional groups, hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), respectively, without and with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) as a crosslinking agent, to obtain dual stimuli-responsive hydrogels. The gels were [...] Read more.
This paper describes the results of the radiation-induced crosslinking of polysaccharides modified with hydroxypropyl and carboxymethyl functional groups, hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), respectively, without and with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) as a crosslinking agent, to obtain dual stimuli-responsive hydrogels. The gels were characterized in terms of water uptake and gel fraction, parameters that mainly depend on the HPC–CMC compositions, but also on the macromer crosslinker content and the absorbed dose. The swelling of hydrogels is controlled by both the temperature, due to the amphiphilic character of HPC and pH, due to the anionic functional groups of CMC. In spite of a similar degree of substitution in both cellulose derivatives, 1.4 for HPC and 1.2 for CMC, the pH response of hydrogels with an equal content of both polysaccharides is considerably higher—a reduction in swelling of up to 95% with a decrease in the pH to 2 was recorded—than the response to thermal-stimulus—wherein a reduction in swelling of less than 70% with an increasing in temperature to 55 °C was found. These biopolymers-based hydrogels of specific, stimuli-responsive swelling properties are anticipated in applications where a combination of two stimuli is essential and biodegradation may be required. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Radiation Chemistry: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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20 pages, 7014 KiB  
Article
Cationic Curing of Epoxy–Aromatic Matrices for Advanced Composites: The Assets of Radiation Processing
by Guillaume Ranoux, Gabriela Tataru and Xavier Coqueret
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(5), 2355; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052355 - 24 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2138
Abstract
Cross-linking polymerization of multifunctional aromatic monomers initiated by exposure to high energy radiation continues to be explored as a promising alternative to thermal curing for the production of high-performance composite materials. High-energy radiation processing offers several advantages over thermosetting technology by allowing for [...] Read more.
Cross-linking polymerization of multifunctional aromatic monomers initiated by exposure to high energy radiation continues to be explored as a promising alternative to thermal curing for the production of high-performance composite materials. High-energy radiation processing offers several advantages over thermosetting technology by allowing for fast and out-of-autoclave curing operations and for its adaptability in the manufacturing of large and complex structures at reduced energy costs. The present article covers the basic aspects of radiation curing by cationic polymerization of epoxy resins, providing a status report on recent investigations conducted in our group to improve the properties of epoxy matrices and gain better control over the process for producing composites. A selection of results based on blends prepared with different composition of epoxy aromatics, transfer agents, thermoplastic toughening agents and onium salt initiators exemplifies the importance of the composition on polymerization kinetics and on the properties of resulting materials. The superiority of radiation-triggered polymerization-induced phase separation of thermoplastic additives is emphasized by the obtained morphology of toughened materials. The low initial temperature and fast curing of the reactive blends limits the expansion of phase-separated thermoplastic domains, resulting in an enhancement of the toughness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Radiation Chemistry: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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16 pages, 3712 KiB  
Article
On the Mechanism of Electron Beam Radiation-Induced Modification of Poly(lactic acid) for Applications in Biodegradable Food Packaging
by Eleanor C. Grosvenor, Justin C. Hughes, Cade W. Stanfield, Robert L. Blanchard, Andrea C. Fox, Olivia L. Mihok, Kristen Lee, Jonathan R. Brodsky, Ann Hoy, Ananya Uniyal, Sydney M. Whitaker, Chris Acha, Kalina Gibson, Lilly Ding, Catherine A. Lewis, Lorelis González López, Charlotte M. Wentz, Lawrence R. Sita and Mohamad Al-Sheikhly
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 1819; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12041819 - 10 Feb 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3798
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer used for food packaging. The effects of electron beam radiation on the chemical and physical properties of amorphous PLA were studied. In this study, amorphous, racemic PLA was irradiated at doses of 5, 10, 15, and [...] Read more.
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer used for food packaging. The effects of electron beam radiation on the chemical and physical properties of amorphous PLA were studied. In this study, amorphous, racemic PLA was irradiated at doses of 5, 10, 15, and 20 kGy in the absence of oxygen. Utilizing electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry, it was found that alkoxyl radicals are initially formed as a result of C-O-C bond scissions on the backbone of the PLA. The dominant radiation mechanism was determined to be H-abstraction by alkoxyl radicals to form C-centered radicals. The C-centered radicals undergo a subsequent peroxidation reaction with oxygen. The gel permeation chromatography (GPC) results indicate reduction in polymer molecular mass. The differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction results showed a subtle increase in crystallinity of the irradiated PLA. Water vapor transmission rates were unaffected by irradiation. In conclusion, these results support that irradiated PLA is a suitable material for applications in irradiation of food packaging, including food sterilization and biodegradation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Radiation Chemistry: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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13 pages, 2752 KiB  
Article
A Numerical Simulation of Radiation Chemistry for Controlling the Oxidising Environment in Water-Cooled Nuclear Power Reactors
by Dorota Swiatla-Wojcik
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 947; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12030947 - 18 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1705 | Correction
Abstract
Maintaining the integrity of materials of light-water nuclear power reactors requires the development of effective methods to control and minimise the corrosive environment associated with the radiolysis of a coolant. In this study, the behaviour of the oxidising environment is simulated using a [...] Read more.
Maintaining the integrity of materials of light-water nuclear power reactors requires the development of effective methods to control and minimise the corrosive environment associated with the radiolysis of a coolant. In this study, the behaviour of the oxidising environment is simulated using a hybrid method. The hybrid method has advantages in that the production of radiolytic species under exposure of the coolant to ionising radiation is simulated while providing material and charge balances. Steady-state concentrations of stable and transient oxidising agents are calculated as a function of radiation composition and dose rate by numerical integration of the system of kinetic equations describing radiation chemistry of neutral water, the alkaline solution, and the hydrogenated systems at 300 °C. The importance of the reactions and equilibria constituting the radiolysis scheme of the coolant is assessed. The influence of the presence of a base and the injected H2 on the yield of key reactions responsible for the formation of the main oxidants H2O2 and O2 are discussed. Simulation indicated the synergic effect of H2 gas and base added to the coolant on diminishment of the steady-state concentration of oxidants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Radiation Chemistry: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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17 pages, 2253 KiB  
Article
Advanced Electron Beam (EB) Wastewater Treatment System with Low Background X-ray Intensity Generation
by Urszula Gryczka, Zbigniew Zimek, Marta Walo, Dagmara Chmielewska-Śmietanko and Sylwester Bułka
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(23), 11194; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311194 - 25 Nov 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3317
Abstract
Electron beam wastewater treatment is a very effective method for the destruction of organic and microbiological pollutants. The technology was implemented for municipal and textile industry wastewater treatment. Availability of electron accelerators characterized with different operation parameters make the technology applicable for different [...] Read more.
Electron beam wastewater treatment is a very effective method for the destruction of organic and microbiological pollutants. The technology was implemented for municipal and textile industry wastewater treatment. Availability of electron accelerators characterized with different operation parameters make the technology applicable for different end-users and also for installation in confined spaces. In such a case, the design of wastewater irradiation room has to take into account the limited space available for shielding construction, which must restrict X-ray emission. Considering construction of an irradiation room for water treatment facility, it is important to focus not only on a stream formation for irradiation to achieve the desired electron penetration, but also on the reduction in x-ray generation. In the presented work, the X-ray field was tested, using modelling and experimental methods. The final results gave an advanced solution, which can be used in the installation of wastewater treatment, ballast and other types of origin, providing low cost shield and good radiation protection measures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Radiation Chemistry: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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18 pages, 3122 KiB  
Article
Recombination of Poly(Acrylic Acid) Radicals in Acidic Aqueous Solutions: A Pulse Radiolysis Study
by Małgorzata Matusiak, Sławomir Kadłubowski and Piotr Ulański
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 10142; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112110142 - 29 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2258
Abstract
Carbon-centered radicals have been randomly generated on the chains of poly(acrylic acid), PAA, the simplest synthetic anionic polyelectrolyte, by pulse-irradiating its dilute, oxygen-free aqueous solutions by 6 MeV electron beam. In some experiments, oligo(acrylic acid), OAA, and propionic acid, PA, were used as [...] Read more.
Carbon-centered radicals have been randomly generated on the chains of poly(acrylic acid), PAA, the simplest synthetic anionic polyelectrolyte, by pulse-irradiating its dilute, oxygen-free aqueous solutions by 6 MeV electron beam. In some experiments, oligo(acrylic acid), OAA, and propionic acid, PA, were used as PAA models. Recombination kinetics of PAA radicals has been followed by fast spectrophotometry. A strong pH dependence of radical lifetime on pH, and thus on the linear charge density due to deprotonated carboxylate groups, has been confirmed, while a weaker amplitude of pH dependence was observed for OAA and PA. Decay kinetics of PAA radicals in the protonated state, at pH 2, have been studied in some detail. At moderate doses of ionizing radiation, resulting in a moderate average initial number of radicals per chain, ZR0, the decay can be satisfactorily described by a second-order kinetic model, but a somewhat better fit is obtained by using a dispersive kinetics approach. While for a constant polymer concentration the reciprocal half-lives are proportional to the initial radical concentrations, such a data series for different PAA concentrations do not overlap, indicating that the overall radical concentration is not the decisive factor controlling the kinetics. Arranging all data, in the form of second-order rate constants, as a function of the average initial number of radicals per chain allows one to obtain a common dependence. The latter seems to consist of two parts: a horizontal one at low ZR0 and another one of positive slope at higher ZR0. This is interpreted as two kinetic regimes where two distinct reactions dominate, intermolecular and intramolecular recombination, respectively. Comparison of the low ZR0 data with calculations based on the translational diffusion model indicate that the latter is not the rate-controlling process in intermolecular recombination of polymer radicals; segmental diffusion is the more likely candidate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Radiation Chemistry: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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Graphical abstract

11 pages, 2945 KiB  
Article
Development of Environmentally Friendly Cellulose Derivative-Based Hydrogels for Contact Lenses Using a Radiation Crosslinking Technique
by Akihiro Hiroki and Mitsumasa Taguchi
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 9168; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11199168 - 2 Oct 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3212
Abstract
Although they have potential environmental pollution issues, soft contact lenses are value-added biodevices for medical use. Thus, it is important to reconsider starting materials and production methods to achieve sustainable development. In this study, hydrogels composed of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) as an environmentally [...] Read more.
Although they have potential environmental pollution issues, soft contact lenses are value-added biodevices for medical use. Thus, it is important to reconsider starting materials and production methods to achieve sustainable development. In this study, hydrogels composed of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) as an environmentally friendly material were produced by radiation and investigated for use in disposable soft contact lenses. HPC-based hydrogels with good mechanical properties and transparency were prepared by irradiation of electron beams on highly concentrated aqueous solutions containing HPC, polyethylene glycol #1000 dimethacrylate (23G), and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The addition of 23G to HPC aqueous solutions resulted in an increase in the gel fraction as well as improved mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and elongation at break. The tensile strength and the elongation at break of HPC/HEMA/23G hydrogel obtained by the further addition of HEMA with HPC/23G aqueous solutions exhibited 0.2 MPa and 124%, which were approximately 2.0 and 1.8 times larger than these of the pure HPC hydrogel, respectively. The evaluation of the properties of the HPC/HEMA/23G hydrogel demonstrated its potential as a soft contact material with improved mechanical properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Radiation Chemistry: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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9 pages, 2256 KiB  
Communication
pH-Responsive Hollow Polymeric Microspheres from Irradiated Cyclic Ether Aqueous Solution
by Chuhong Yu, Jing Peng, Jiuqiang Li and Maolin Zhai
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(18), 8652; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188652 - 17 Sep 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1518
Abstract
Smart hollow polymeric microspheres have been widely applied in various fields such as controlled release, drug delivery, catalysis, and so on. Herein, a facile, green and one-step template-free method is introduced for preparing pH-responsive hollow polymeric microspheres via gamma irradiation of cyclic ether [...] Read more.
Smart hollow polymeric microspheres have been widely applied in various fields such as controlled release, drug delivery, catalysis, and so on. Herein, a facile, green and one-step template-free method is introduced for preparing pH-responsive hollow polymeric microspheres via gamma irradiation of cyclic ether aqueous solution. The hollow polymeric microspheres are synthesized by radiation-induced polymerization and following the self-assembly and self-organization of amphiphilic polymer with cyclic ethers as monomers in water. SEM, TEM, micro-FTIR, and NMR confirmed the morphology and structures of the resultant microspheres. The confocal laser scanning microscope was used to investigate the stimuli-responsiveness and release behavior of hollow microspheres using 1-pyrene carboxaldehyde as a hydrophobic molecule model. The well-defined hollow polymeric microspheres with an average diameter of ca. 2.6 μm or 1.6 μm were prepared directly from dicyclohexal-18-crown-6 or tetraphydropyrane aqueous solution, respectively. The prepared hollow microspheres exhibit obvious pH stimuli-responsiveness and can release the encapsulated hydrophobic molecules when pH is higher than 5.0. Moreover, the reversible morphology transition between hollow microspheres and micelles makes the prepared hollow polymeric microspheres potentially suitable for a wide range of applications, including removal of dyes, oil field engineering, and biomedical fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Radiation Chemistry: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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19 pages, 2223 KiB  
Article
An Alternative Conceptual Model for the Spent Nuclear Fuel–Water Interaction in Deep Geologic Disposal Conditions
by Barbara Pastina and Jay A. LaVerne
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(18), 8566; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188566 - 15 Sep 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2309
Abstract
For the long-term safety assessment of direct disposal of spent nuclear fuel in deep geologic repositories, knowledge on the radionuclide release rate from the UO2 matrix is essential. This work provides a conceptual model to explain the results of leaching experiments involving [...] Read more.
For the long-term safety assessment of direct disposal of spent nuclear fuel in deep geologic repositories, knowledge on the radionuclide release rate from the UO2 matrix is essential. This work provides a conceptual model to explain the results of leaching experiments involving used nuclear fuel or simulant materials in confirmed reducing conditions. Key elements of this model are: direct effect of radiation from radiolytic species (including defects and excited states) in the solid and in the first water layers in contact with its surface; and excess H2 may be produced due to processes occurring at the surface of the spent fuel and in confined water volumes, which may also play a role in keeping the spent fuel surface in a reduced state. The implication is that the fractional radionuclide release rate used in most long-term safety assessments (10−7 year−1) is over estimated because it assumes that there is net UO2 oxidation caused by radiolysis, in contrast with the alternative conceptual model presented here. Furthermore, conventional water radiolysis models and radiation chemical yields published in the literature are not directly applicable to a heterogeneous system such as the spent fuel–water interface. Suggestions are provided for future work to develop more reliable models for the long-term safety assessment of spent nuclear fuel disposal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Radiation Chemistry: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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14 pages, 23589 KiB  
Article
Ethylenediamine and Pentaethylene Hexamine Modified Bamboo Sawdust by Radiation Grafting and Their Adsorption Behavior for Phosphate
by Jifu Du, Houhua Xiong, Zhen Dong, Xin Yang, Long Zhao and Jun Yang
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(17), 7854; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11177854 - 26 Aug 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2012
Abstract
Phosphate is an important component for the growth of plants and microorganisms; however, excess phosphate causes serious eutrophication in natural waters. New potential low-loss adsorbents from natural biomass for phosphate removal are desired. Bamboo is one of the most abundant renewable cellulose resources; [...] Read more.
Phosphate is an important component for the growth of plants and microorganisms; however, excess phosphate causes serious eutrophication in natural waters. New potential low-loss adsorbents from natural biomass for phosphate removal are desired. Bamboo is one of the most abundant renewable cellulose resources; however, the pure bamboo cellulose is poor to adsorb phosphate. To enhance the adsorption capacity, in this work, bamboo sawdust (BS) was chemically modified by two kinds of amines. First, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was grafted on BS using radiation induced graft polymerization. Then, the GMA-grafted BS was further modified by a ring-opening reaction with amines, including ethylenediamine (EDA) and pentaethylene hexamine (PEHA). The amine groups were then quaternized to prepare the BS-GMA-EDA-Q and BS-GMA-PEHA-Q adsorbents. The adsorbents were characterized by FTIR, SEM, TG, and XPS analysis. The adsorption performances of the adsorbents for phosphate were evaluated through batch experiments. The adsorption by BS-GMA-EDA-Q and BS-GMA-PEHA-Q both well obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating that the adsorption process was chemical monomolecular layer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacities for BS-GMA-EDA-Q and BS-GMA-PEHA-Q calculated by the Langmuir model were 85.25 and 152.21 mg/g, respectively. A total of 1 mol/L HCl was used to elute the saturated adsorbents. A negligible decrease in adsorption capacity was found after five adsorption–desorption cycles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Radiation Chemistry: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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21 pages, 3504 KiB  
Article
Use of Terbium Doped Phosphate Glasses for High Dose Radiation Dosimetry—Thermoluminescence Characteristics, Dose Response and Optimization of Readout Method
by Andrzej Gasiorowski, Piotr Szajerski and Jose Francisco Benavente Cuevas
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7221; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167221 - 5 Aug 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2288
Abstract
The phosphate glass samples doped with Tb2O3 oxide (general formula: P2O5-Al2O3-Na2O-Tb2O3) were synthesized and studied for usage in high-dose radiation dosimetry (for example, in high-activity nuclear [...] Read more.
The phosphate glass samples doped with Tb2O3 oxide (general formula: P2O5-Al2O3-Na2O-Tb2O3) were synthesized and studied for usage in high-dose radiation dosimetry (for example, in high-activity nuclear waste disposals). The influence of terbium concentration on thermoluminescent (TL) signals was analyzed. TL properties of glasses were investigated using various experimental techniques such as direct measurements of TL response vs. radiation dose, Tmax–Tstop and VHR (various heating rate) methods, and glow curve deconvolution analysis. The thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) technique was used as the main investigation tool to study detectors’ dose responses. It has been proved that increasing the concentration of terbium oxide in glass matrices significantly increases the thermoluminescence yield of examined material. For the highest dose range (up to 35 kGy), the dependence of the integrated thermoluminescent signals vs. dose can be considered as a saturation-type curve. Additional preheating of samples improves linearity of signal vs. dose dependencies and leads to a decrease of the signal loss over time. All obtained data suggest that investigated material can be used in high-dose radiation dosimetry. Additional advantages of the investigated dosimetric system are its potential ability to re-use the same dosimeters multiple times and the fact that reading dosimeters only requires usage of a basic TL reader without any modifications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Radiation Chemistry: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research, Other

23 pages, 1925 KiB  
Review
Application of Radiation Technology in Removing Endocrine Micropollutants from Waters and Wastewaters—A Review
by Anna Bojanowska-Czajka
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(24), 12032; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112412032 - 17 Dec 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3186
Abstract
Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are increasingly being adopted as a post-treatment after conventional wastewater treatment, mainly due to the efficient removal of biodegradable organic micropollutants. Endocrine disruptors are a specific group of such micropollutants. Many scientific studies demonstrate their extremely harmful effects on [...] Read more.
Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are increasingly being adopted as a post-treatment after conventional wastewater treatment, mainly due to the efficient removal of biodegradable organic micropollutants. Endocrine disruptors are a specific group of such micropollutants. Many scientific studies demonstrate their extremely harmful effects on living organisms, even at low concentrations in water and wastewater. AOPs based on the generation of reactive species using radiation technologies, these being gamma radiation and electron beam, are still not being used to their full potential. This publication presents the application possibilities of using ionizing radiation for the degradation of selected endocrine micropollutants in water and wastewater. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Radiation Chemistry: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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26 pages, 5962 KiB  
Review
Resurgence of a Nation’s Radiation Science Driven by Its Nuclear Industry Needs
by Laura Leay, Aliaksandr Baidak, Christopher Anderson, Choen May Chan, Aaron Daubney, Thomas Donoclift, Gemma Draper, Ruth Edge, Jeff Hobbs, Luke Jones, Nicholas J. S. Mason, Darryl Messer, Mel O’Leary, Robin Orr, Simon M. Pimblott, Samir de Moraes Shubeita, Andrew D. Smith, Helen Steele, Paul Wady and Frederick Currell
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(23), 11081; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311081 - 23 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2643
Abstract
This article describes the radiation facilities and associated sample preparation, management, and analysis equipment currently in place at the Dalton Cumbrian Facility, a facility which opened in 2011 to support the UK’s nuclear industry. Examples of measurements performed using these facilities are presented [...] Read more.
This article describes the radiation facilities and associated sample preparation, management, and analysis equipment currently in place at the Dalton Cumbrian Facility, a facility which opened in 2011 to support the UK’s nuclear industry. Examples of measurements performed using these facilities are presented to illustrate their versatility and the breadth of research they make possible. Results are presented from research which furthers our understanding of radiation damage to polymeric materials, radiolytic yield of gaseous products in situations relevant to nuclear materials, radiation chemistry in light water reactor cooling systems, material chemistry relevant to immobilization of nuclear waste, and radiation-induced corrosion of fuel cladding elements. Applications of radiation chemistry relevant to health care are also described. Research concerning the mechanisms of radioprotection by dietary carotenoids is reported. An ongoing open-labware project to develop a suite of modular sample handling components suited to radiation research is described, as is the development of a new neutron source able to provide directional beams of neutrons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Radiation Chemistry: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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17 pages, 780 KiB  
Review
Radiation-Assisted Synthesis of Polymer-Based Nanomaterials
by Olgun Güven
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(17), 7913; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11177913 - 27 Aug 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3162
Abstract
Radiation technology has long been proven as a simple, rapid, green and sustainable technology with macroscale applications in healthcare, industry and environment. Its merits, however, have not been fully utilized in today’s ever growing nanotechnology. Ionizing radiation has beneficial effects for the synthesis [...] Read more.
Radiation technology has long been proven as a simple, rapid, green and sustainable technology with macroscale applications in healthcare, industry and environment. Its merits, however, have not been fully utilized in today’s ever growing nanotechnology. Ionizing radiation has beneficial effects for the synthesis and modification of structure and properties of nanomaterials. This paper intends to update the application of ionizing radiation in the development of various nanomaterials under the categories: (i) carbon-based nanomaterials, (ii) metal-based nanomaterials, (iii) polymer-based nanomaterials, (iv) polymer nanocomposites and (v) nano-scale grafting for advanced membrane applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Radiation Chemistry: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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9 pages, 2252 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Swiatla-Wojcik, D. A Numerical Simulation of Radiation Chemistry for Controlling the Oxidising Environment in Water-Cooled Nuclear Power Reactors. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 947
by Dorota Swiatla-Wojcik
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010001 - 20 Dec 2022
Viewed by 974
Abstract
The author wishes to make the following corrections to this paper [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Radiation Chemistry: Theory, Methods and Applications)
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