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Advances and Application of Lithium Niobate
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Advances and Application of Lithium Niobate

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Optics and Lasers".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 July 2022) | Viewed by 10307

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Alexander V. Syuy

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow 141701, Russia
Interests: nanotechnology; nanoscience; nanomaterials; nanoparticles; nanostructures; synthesis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are inviting submissions to the Special Issue on Advances and Application of Lithium Niobate.

Ferroelectric lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is widely used in integrated and guided-wave optics because of its favorable optical, piezoelectric, electro-optic, elastic, photoelastic, and photorefractive properties. The widespread use of lithium niobate in acousto-optics and nonlinear optics is well known. Various photo-, thermo-, pyrosensors, lasers, frequency doublers, and switches are made on the basis of lithium niobate. Lithium niobate is also widely used in fiber optics. Due to its electro-optical characteristics and resistance to the external environment, lithium niobate is an excellent material for electro-optics. The optical anisotropy of lithium niobate allows us to consider it as a material for polarizing filters.

In this Special Issue, we invite submissions exploring cutting-edge research and recent advances in the fields of nonlinear optics, acousto-optics, nanophotonics using lithium niobate. Both theoretical and experimental studies are welcome, as well as comprehensive review and survey papers.

Dr. Alexander V. Syuy
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

  • nonlinear optics
  • acousto-optics
  • nanophotonics using lithium niobate

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 5812 KiB  
Article
Applicability of the Effective Index Method for the Simulation of X-Cut LiNbO3 Waveguides
by Dmitrii Moskalev, Andrei Kozlov, Uliana Salgaeva, Victor Krishtop and Anatolii Volyntsev
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(11), 6374; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13116374 - 23 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2645
Abstract
Photonic integrated circuits (PIC) find applications in the fields of microwaves, telecoms and sensing. Generally, PICs are fabricated on a base of isotropic materials such as SOI, Si3N4, etc. However, for some applications, anisotropic substrates such as LiNbO3 [...] Read more.
Photonic integrated circuits (PIC) find applications in the fields of microwaves, telecoms and sensing. Generally, PICs are fabricated on a base of isotropic materials such as SOI, Si3N4, etc. However, for some applications, anisotropic substrates such as LiNbO3 are used. A thin film of LiNbO3 on an insulator (LNOI) is a promising material platform for complex high-speed PICs. The design and simulation of PICs on anisotropic materials should be performed using rigorous numerical methods based on Maxwell’s equations. These methods are characterized by long calculation times for one simulation iteration. Since a large number of simulation iterations are performed during the PIC design, simulation methods based on approximations should be used. The effective index method (EIM) is an approximation-based method and is widely applied for simulations of isotropic waveguides. In this study, the applicability of EIM for simulations of anisotropic waveguides is analyzed. The results obtained by EIM are compared with the calculation results of a rigorous finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) method for evaluation of the EIM’s applicability limits. In addition, radiation losses in waveguides with rough sidewalls are estimated using the Payne–Lacey model and EIM. The results demonstrate the applicability of EIM for the simulation of anisotropic LNOI-based waveguides with cross-section parameters specified in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Application of Lithium Niobate)
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14 pages, 2845 KiB  
Article
Reactive Ion Etching of X-Cut LiNbO3 in an ICP/TCP System for the Fabrication of an Optical Ridge Waveguide
by Andrei Kozlov, Dmitrii Moskalev, Uliana Salgaeva, Anna Bulatova, Victor Krishtop, Anatolii Volyntsev and Alexander Syuy
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(4), 2097; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042097 - 6 Feb 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2852
Abstract
In this study, the technology for producing ridge waveguides with a minimal roughness of the sidewalls and material surface in a near-waveguide region was developed with the purpose of fabricating miniature photonic integrated circuits on a LiNbO3 substrate. Plasma etching processes were [...] Read more.
In this study, the technology for producing ridge waveguides with a minimal roughness of the sidewalls and material surface in a near-waveguide region was developed with the purpose of fabricating miniature photonic integrated circuits on a LiNbO3 substrate. Plasma etching processes were used for the ridge waveguide fabrication on different material substrates. The specifications of the equipment and plasma source, method of mask fabrication and substrate material determined the process conditions for producing ridge waveguides with minimal sidewall roughness. In this work, for the ridge waveguide fabrication, the processes of reactive ion etching of LiNbO3 with a chromium mask were carried out in a mixture of SF6/Ar with an ICP/TCP plasma source. The process of plasma etching the LiNbO3 with the ICP/TCP plasma source is not well studied, especially for integrated photonics purposes. As a result of our experimental work, the narrow ranges of technological parameters suitable for producing ridge waveguides on LiNbO3 with smooth sidewalls, a slope angle of 60°–75° and a minimal quantity of observed defects in the near-waveguide region were identified. A model explaining the kinetics of the etching process of LiNbO3 in SF6/Ar plasma as a physical–chemical process was proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Application of Lithium Niobate)
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14 pages, 3550 KiB  
Article
Mid-Infrared Highly Efficient, Broadband, and Flattened Dispersive Wave Generation via Dual-Coupled Thin-Film Lithium-Niobate-on-Insulator Waveguide
by Jing Jia, Zhe Kang, Qiangsheng Huang and Sailing He
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(18), 9130; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189130 - 11 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2259
Abstract
We designed a structure of dual-coupled ridge waveguide in thin-film lithium-niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) and numerically studied the highly efficient, broadband, and flattened dispersive wave-enhanced supercontinuum generation in the mid-infrared region. By leveraging the mode coupling of the proposed dual-coupled waveguide structure, one of the [...] Read more.
We designed a structure of dual-coupled ridge waveguide in thin-film lithium-niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) and numerically studied the highly efficient, broadband, and flattened dispersive wave-enhanced supercontinuum generation in the mid-infrared region. By leveraging the mode coupling of the proposed dual-coupled waveguide structure, one of the supermodes, namely the anti-symmetric mode, can produce additional zero-dispersion wavelengths in the mid-infrared region, and consequently multiple normal dispersion regions for dispersive wave emission. Given the rich geometrical degrees of freedom powered by this dual-coupled LNOI waveguide structure, we can tailor the dispersion profile so that a well-established mode-locked fiber laser in the telecommunication band can serve as the pump. Thus, the whole system can potentially be fiber-to-chip integrated and packaged, enabling a compact, cost-effective, and low system-complexity platform. We numerically show that the broadband dispersive wave covering the wavelength range of 1.92~3.55 μm (−20 dB level, near octave-spanning) with spectral flatness of 6.31 dB can be achieved using a 1550 nm, 190 pJ femtosecond pump seed. When the dual hump-shaped spectrum is obtained, the conversion efficiency of the mid-infrared dispersive wave can be up to 19.31%. The influence of the pumping conditions on the performance of mid-infrared dispersive wave generation was also studied. This work provides a competitive candidate for efficient, broadband, and flattened mid-infrared spectrum generation, which can find important applications in spectroscopy, metrology, and communication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Application of Lithium Niobate)
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10 pages, 3349 KiB  
Article
Intramode Brillouin Scattering Properties of Single-Crystal Lithium Niobate Optical Fiber
by Liuyan Feng, Yi Liu, Wenjun He, Yajun You, Linyi Wang, Xin Xu and Xiujian Chou
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(13), 6476; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12136476 - 26 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1960
Abstract
Ordinary step-type fiber usually has only one obvious Brillouin scattering gain peak with a low gain coefficient, resulting in a poor sensing performance. As a promising material for nonlinear photonics, lithium niobate can significantly improve the Brillouin gain due to its higher refractive [...] Read more.
Ordinary step-type fiber usually has only one obvious Brillouin scattering gain peak with a low gain coefficient, resulting in a poor sensing performance. As a promising material for nonlinear photonics, lithium niobate can significantly improve the Brillouin gain due to its higher refractive index when replaced with the core material. Furthermore, the higher-order acoustic modes make the Brillouin gain spectrum exhibit multiple scattering peaks, which could improve the performance of sensors. In this study, we simulated the Brillouin scattering properties of different modes of intramode in step-index lithium niobate core fibers. We analyzed the intramode-stimulated Brillouin scattering properties of different pump–Stokes pairs for nine LP modes (LP01, LP11, LP21, LP02, LP31, LP12, LP41, LP22, and LP03) guided in fiber. The results show that both the effective refractive index and Brillouin scattering frequency shift are decreased with the increase in the nine mode orders, and the values of which are 2.2413 to 2.1963, and 21.17 to 20.73 GHz, respectively. The typical back-stimulated Brillouin scattering gain is obtained at 1.7525 m−1·W−1. These simulation results prove that the Brillouin gain of the LiNbO3 optical fiber structure can be significantly improved, which will pave the way for better distributed Brillouin sensing and for improving the transmission capacity of communication systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Application of Lithium Niobate)
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