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Advanced Research in Activated Carbon Adsorption
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Advanced Research in Activated Carbon Adsorption

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 January 2025) | Viewed by 9363

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ewa Okoniewska

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Częstochowa University of Technology, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
Interests: activated carbon; adsorption; wastewater; wastewater treatment; dyes; industrial wastewater; pollutants
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Małgorzata Worwa̧g

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Częstochowa University of Technology, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
Interests: wastewater; wastewater treatment; dyes; adsorption; adsorbents; activated carbons; industrial wastewater; pollutant impact; sustainable wastewater treatment; advanced water treatment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Concern for the environment has been growing significantly in recent years. This is related to both legal requirements and the elimination of hazards that cause direct exposure to human health. Various pollutants can accumulate in living organisms, causing permanent cell damage and disorders leading to disease or even death. Nowadays, human activity leads to the generation of significant amounts of waste, which is one of the greatest threats to the environment, including natural waters. These mainly include industrial, agricultural and domestic wastewater. Among the pollutants entering the water, heavy metals are a particularly dangerous group of substances. They pose a great threat to the health and life of organisms due to their high toxicity and bioaccumulation capacity.

Due to their availability, unique porosity and environmental neutrality, activated carbons are used in many areas of life. The processes of greatest industrial and applied importance include the removal of hydrogen sulphide from natural gas, purification of drinking and wastewater, recovery of volatile organic solvent vapours, removal of SO2 and nitrogen oxides from flue gases, removal of mercury vapours from air, and purification of air in air-conditioning systems.

Dr. Ewa Okoniewska
Dr. Małgorzata Worwa̧g
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • activated carbon
  • adsorption
  • wastewater
  • pollutants

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 3027 KiB  
Article
Adsorptive Removal of Dyes: A Comparison of Graphene Oxide to Granular Activated Carbon and Zeolite NaY
by Niloufar Nekouei Marnani, F. Handan Tezel and Onita D. Basu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(21), 9811; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219811 - 27 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1399
Abstract
Synthetic carbon-based compounds are a prevalent wastewater contaminant that can adversely impact water resources due to their potential carcinogenic and toxic effects on aquatic biota and human health. This research investigates the versatility of graphene oxide (GO) as an alternative to commonly used [...] Read more.
Synthetic carbon-based compounds are a prevalent wastewater contaminant that can adversely impact water resources due to their potential carcinogenic and toxic effects on aquatic biota and human health. This research investigates the versatility of graphene oxide (GO) as an alternative to commonly used adsorbents (zeolite NaY (NaY) and granular activated carbon (GAC)) for removal of synthetic cationic dyes. Rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB), were selected as the target contaminants to represent cationic synthetic dyes with differing molecular sizes and structural compositions. Batch experiments using GO, NaY, and GAC as adsorbents were used to assess both physicochemical interactions between adsorbent surfaces and contaminants, and removal efficiency. GO demonstrated the highest removal efficiency for both target contaminants—at 99% and 86%, respectively—while the lowest removal efficiency was observed for NaY. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and BET isotherm models were used to describe the adsorption isotherms. Overall, GO demonstrated a more robust and higher removal efficiency of cationic dyes compared with GAC and NaY, indicating the potential of graphene oxide for the removal of complex structured organic contaminants in wastewater treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Activated Carbon Adsorption)
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18 pages, 5871 KiB  
Article
Characteristics of Removal of Lead, Cadmium and Chromium from Soil Using Biosorbent and Biochar
by Paweł Staroń, Anita Zawadzka, Piotr Radomski and Jarosław Chwastowski
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(16), 7241; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167241 - 17 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1655
Abstract
The study proposed the use of aspen wood sawdust and biochar derived from this sawdust for the removal of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cr(VI) ions from soil in systems containing single metals as well as a mixture of all the studied metals. The effectiveness [...] Read more.
The study proposed the use of aspen wood sawdust and biochar derived from this sawdust for the removal of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cr(VI) ions from soil in systems containing single metals as well as a mixture of all the studied metals. The effectiveness of the applied sorbents was compared with the sorptive properties of activated carbon. The results showed that all the tested materials reduced the metal content in the soil, and the obtained biochar was able to sorb lead, cadmium, and chromium ions in both studied systems. The influence of the type of sorbent, its dose, process duration, and the impact of metal on the removal efficiency and sorption capacity was analyzed. A statistical analysis of the obtained results was also conducted, determining the influence of process parameters on the removal capabilities of metal ions. The highest Pb, Cd and Cr ion removal efficiencies were obtained in a 36-day process at a sorbent dose of 10%. Aspen sawdust, biochar and activated carbon removed 46%, 50% and 71% of Pb(II), 35%, 43% and 53% of Cd(II) and 15%, 27% and 38% of Cr(VI), respectively. In turn, the highest sorption capacity values were achieved in a 36-day process at a sorbent dose of 2%, obtaining results of 20.2 mg/g, 22.3 mg/g and 23.2 mg/g of Pb(II), 5.1 mg/g, 7.9 mg/g and 11.7 mg/g of Cd(II) and 3.8 mg/g, 5.8 mg/g and 8.5 mg/g of Cr(VI), respectively. It was found that both raw aspen wood sawdust and biochar derived from this wood are effective in removing toxic metal ions from soil, which presents a potential solution to their presence in the natural environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Activated Carbon Adsorption)
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14 pages, 6466 KiB  
Article
The Development of an Efficient Simplified Technique to Estimate Diffusivity in a Completely Mixed Batch Reactor
by Yuya Koike, Huan-Jung Fan, Yoshimi Seida, Noriyoshi Sonetaka and Eiji Furuya
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4903; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114903 - 5 Jun 2024
Viewed by 952
Abstract
Liquid-phase adsorption technology has been widely applied to address environmental problems related to the removal of pollutants from aqueous streams. Simple and effective methods for determining mass transfer parameters, including intra-particle and fluid-to-solid film resistances, are crucial for designing adsorption processes. The efficient [...] Read more.
Liquid-phase adsorption technology has been widely applied to address environmental problems related to the removal of pollutants from aqueous streams. Simple and effective methods for determining mass transfer parameters, including intra-particle and fluid-to-solid film resistances, are crucial for designing adsorption processes. The efficient simplified diffusion technique (ES technique), based on a completely mixed batch reactor (CMBR), is proposed in this study to address these needs. In this study, we compare three diffusivity (Ds) determination methods: the rigorous diffusion technique (R technique), the simplified diffusion technique (S technique), and the ES technique. Although the simulation results from the R technique are excellent, it is a very complicated and time-consuming approach that is not convenient for practical use. The S technique provides a much simpler approach, but its results are only valid in cases where the contribution of fluid film resistance is negligible (Biot number > 40). The ES technique proposed in this study can overcome those limitations. The estimation errors of the ES technique are significantly smaller than that of the S technique when compared with the R technique. The proposed ES technique would be very useful for field applications to determine diffusivity for aqueous adsorption systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Activated Carbon Adsorption)
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19 pages, 4295 KiB  
Article
Activated Carbons as Effective Adsorbents of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
by Małgorzata Wasilewska and Elżbieta Grządka
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(2), 743; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14020743 - 15 Jan 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1724
Abstract
In this study, the adsorption of naproxen sodium, ibuprofen sodium, and diclofenac sodium on activated carbon is investigated. Comprehensive studies of adsorption equilibrium and kinetics were performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Thermal analysis and zeta potential measurements were also performed for pure activated carbon [...] Read more.
In this study, the adsorption of naproxen sodium, ibuprofen sodium, and diclofenac sodium on activated carbon is investigated. Comprehensive studies of adsorption equilibrium and kinetics were performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Thermal analysis and zeta potential measurements were also performed for pure activated carbon and hybrid materials (activated carbon–drug) obtained after adsorption of naproxen sodium, ibuprofen sodium, and diclofenac sodium. The largest amount and rate of adsorption was demonstrated for naproxen sodium. A significant impact of temperature on the adsorption of the tested salts of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was also indicated. Faster kinetics and larger amounts of adsorption were recorded at higher temperatures. Thermodynamic parameters were also determined, based on which it was indicated that adsorption in the tested experimental systems is an endothermic, spontaneous, and thermodynamically privileged process of a physical nature. The generalized Langmuir isotherm was used to study the equilibrium data. The adsorption rate data were analyzed using numerous adsorption kinetics equations, including FOE, SOE, MOE, f-FOE-, f-SOE, f-MOE, and m-exp. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Activated Carbon Adsorption)
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18 pages, 2639 KiB  
Article
Co-Action of Ionic Liquids with Alternative Sorbents for Removal of Reactive Azo Dyes from Polluted Wastewater Streams
by Barbora Kamenická, Kateřina Maňásková, Miloslav Pouzar and Tomáš Weidlich
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(2), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14020673 - 12 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1279
Abstract
In this study, the facile removal of the chromium-complex-based reactive azo dye C. I. Reactive Black 8 (RB8) from model wastewaters by the co-action of alternative sorbents—biochar (BC) and bentonite (BT)—with ionic liquids such as benzalkonium chloride (BAC) or Aliquat 336 (A336) was [...] Read more.
In this study, the facile removal of the chromium-complex-based reactive azo dye C. I. Reactive Black 8 (RB8) from model wastewaters by the co-action of alternative sorbents—biochar (BC) and bentonite (BT)—with ionic liquids such as benzalkonium chloride (BAC) or Aliquat 336 (A336) was studied. The experiments using model RB8-containing wastewater proved that the co-action of BAC with BC is the most promising method of RB8 separation from wastewater containing 1 g L−1 of RB8 dye. The application of 2 g L−1 BC in co-action with 1.5 g L−1 BAC or 1 g L−1 BT in co-action with 2 g L−1 BAC enables the removal of more than 98% of contaminant RB8 after 30 min of action. Similar removal efficiency (RE) was achieved using 40 g L−1 of powdered activated carbon (PAC) after 180 min of action. To reach the same RE using real RB8-containing wastewater, a four times higher dose of BC and a four times higher dose of BAC per gram of removed RB8 were required. The proposed mechanism of RB8 removal by the co-action of alternative sorbents with BAC comprises a parallel effect of (i) sorption, (ii) the formation of less polar ion pairs accompanied by their sorption on an alternative sorbent and (iii) the separation of used alternative sorbents covered with ion pairs. The removal efficiency of organic contaminant(s) from both model and real wastewater was evaluated by VIS spectroscopy applying the Lambert–Beer law and by the determination of chemical oxidation demand (COD) and/or adsorbable organically bound halogen (AOX) parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Activated Carbon Adsorption)
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22 pages, 4068 KiB  
Article
Yeast-Based Magnetic Biocomposite for Efficient Sorption of Organic Pollutants
by Paweł Staroń and Jarosław Chwastowski
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(2), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14020655 - 12 Jan 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1454
Abstract
The study aimed to prepare a biocomposite containing Yarrowia lipolytica yeast cells with magnetic properties. The work proposes the use of this biocomposite as a sorbent for the removal of organic pollutants like methylene blue from liquids. The sorption process was conducted in [...] Read more.
The study aimed to prepare a biocomposite containing Yarrowia lipolytica yeast cells with magnetic properties. The work proposes the use of this biocomposite as a sorbent for the removal of organic pollutants like methylene blue from liquids. The sorption process was conducted in a periodic process through which different parameters were analyzed such as initial concentration (50–250 mg/dm3), time of the process (0.167–24 h), and temperature (25–40 °C). To fit the experimental data to theoretical models, the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich models were used. In addition, pseudo-first-rate, pseudo-second-rate order, Weber–Morris and Elovich kinetic models were evaluated. The highest fit was the Freundlich isotherm model (R2 = 0.9959 and ARE = 3.41%) and the pseudo-second-rate order model (R2 = 0.9989 and ARE = 1.14%). It has been shown that the process of removing methylene blue using a biocomposite is exothermic and its usefulness decreases with an increase in temperature (from 32.10 mg/g to 23.64 mg/g). To acquire information about the material characteristics, different instrumental methods were applied: FTIR, SEM-EDX, TGA, and VSM. This study provides new information on the possibility of using composites made of biochar, yeast, and magnetic particles in the process of removing dyes from an aqueous environment. The obtained biocomposite is effective in removing contaminants and is easily separated after the performed process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Activated Carbon Adsorption)
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