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Applied Sciences
Special Issues
Isolated Power Systems Targeting 100% Integration of Renewables
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Isolated Power Systems Targeting 100% Integration of Renewables

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Science and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 8312

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Carlos Moreira

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
University of Porto & INESC TEC, Portugal
Interests: integration of distributed generation in electric power systems; converter dominated grids; grid codes; power systems dynamics and stability; microgrids
Prof. Dr. João Peças Lopes

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
University of Porto & INESC TEC, Portugal
Interests: large scale integration of renewable power sources in power systems; power system dynamics; microgrids; smart metering and integration of electric vehicles in electrical grids

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Economic and environmental concerns are leading to the decarbonization of isolated power systems, for which the conventional thermal-based generation portfolio is being progressively replaced by time-variable converter-interfaced renewable energy sources (CI-RES). Increasing shares of CI-RES pose new challenges to islanded power system operators in terms of system dispatching, as well as system security, considering the reduction in the volume of synchronous machines (SM) in operation. This, then, jeopardizes their ability to provide adequate spinning reserve and inertia.

In order to cope with this problem, new grid codes are being envisioned, requiring the active participation of CI-RES in the provision of advanced regulation services. The concerns with minimum synchronous inertia requirements, synchronous inertia dispatching over a given operational horizon, and maximum instantaneous penetration of CI-RES are emerging concepts aiming to mitigate increasing rates of change of frequency and secured system operation with increased CI-RES.

A wide range of energy storage solutions, ranging from reversible hydro power plants to battery energy storage systems are candidate solution for supporting ambitious integration shares of renewable energy sources. Hybrid energy storage solutions may also provide interesting contributions that better match energy and power services in isolated systems. Achieving near-100% RES in isolated power systems necessarily leads to increased shares of system operation with a reduced number (or even without) SM.  In such operating conditions, the power converters interfacing energy storage units to the grids are required to be operated in grid forming mode, thus largely modifying the way grid voltage and frequency are stabilized.

For this Special Issue we are looking for research on advanced concepts and solutions to cope with isolated system dynamics targeting near-100% renewable integration. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

  • advanced grid code requirements;
  • synthetic versus synchronous inertia requirements;
  • advanced solutions for synchronous inertia dispatching;
  • (hybrid) storage system sizing for increased RES integration;
  • dynamics of inverter dominated isolated power systems;
  • modeling of grid-forming converters for isolated system studies in normal and faulted conditions;
  • grid forming converter requirements for normal and faulted operation;
  • interactions between grid forming inverters and synchronous machines in normal and faulted conditions;
  • grid forming versus grid tried operation modes of power converters in energy storage;
  • influence of system loads in grid dynamics and grid forming converter sizing;
  • field or trial experiences in real systems.

Prof. Carlos Moreira
Prof. João Peças Lopes
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • converter dominated grids
  • energy storage systems
  • grid forming units
  • fast frequency control
  • grid codes
  • inertia dispatching
  • inertia-less systems

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 2483 KiB  
Article
Microgrid for a Cluster of Grid Independent Buildings Powered by Solar and Wind Energy
by Raquel Sandoval Aguilar and Efstathios E. Michaelides
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 9214; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11199214 - 03 Oct 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1648
Abstract
The reduction of CO2 emissions and the avoidance of Global Climate Change necessitate the conversion of the electricity generation industry to rely on non-carbon sources. Additionally, the mitigation of the duck-curve effects in microgrids requires the development of grid-independent buildings. Computations were [...] Read more.
The reduction of CO2 emissions and the avoidance of Global Climate Change necessitate the conversion of the electricity generation industry to rely on non-carbon sources. Additionally, the mitigation of the duck-curve effects in microgrids requires the development of grid-independent buildings. Computations were performed for a cluster of one thousand grid-independent buildings in the North Texas area, where air-conditioning demand is high in the summer months. The electricity demand is balanced with energy supply generated from wind turbines, photovoltaic cells, or stored energy in hydrogen tanks. The results indicate that with one wind turbine operating, each building must be fitted with 10.2 kW rating photovoltaics capacity and a tank with 5.2 m3 of hydrogen storage capacity to satisfy the hourly demand of the buildings’ community. The addition of more wind turbines significantly reduces the needed PV rating but increases the required storage. Investing in energy conservation measures in the buildings significantly reduces both the needed storage capacity and the PV cell ratings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Isolated Power Systems Targeting 100% Integration of Renewables)
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29 pages, 8391 KiB  
Article
Influence of Load Dynamics on Converter-Dominated Isolated Power Systems
by José Gouveia, Carlos L. Moreira and João A. Peças Lopes
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(5), 2341; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052341 - 06 Mar 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1956
Abstract
The operation of isolated power systems with 100% converter-based generation requires the integration of battery energy storage systems (BESS) using grid-forming-type power converters. Under these operating conditions, load dynamics influences the network frequency and voltage following large voltage disturbances. In this sense, the [...] Read more.
The operation of isolated power systems with 100% converter-based generation requires the integration of battery energy storage systems (BESS) using grid-forming-type power converters. Under these operating conditions, load dynamics influences the network frequency and voltage following large voltage disturbances. In this sense, the inclusion of induction motor (IM) load models is required to be properly considered in BESS power converter sizing. Thus, this paper presents an extensive sensitivity analysis, demonstrating how load modeling affects the BESS power converter capacity when adopting conventional control strategies while aiming to assure the successful recovery of all IM loads following a network fault. Furthermore, this work highlights that generators with converter interfaces can actively contribute to mitigate the negative impacts resulting from IM loads following a network fault. Thereby, two distinct control strategies are proposed to be integrated in the power electronic interfaces of the available converter-based generators: one to be adopted in grid-following converters and another one suitable for grid-forming converters. The proposed control strategies provide an important contribution to consolidating insular grid codes, aiming to achieve operational scenarios accommodating 100% penetration of converter-based generation with a significative percentage of the IM load composition without resorting to a significative increase in BESS power converter sizing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Isolated Power Systems Targeting 100% Integration of Renewables)
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22 pages, 61603 KiB  
Article
An Improved Rectifier Circuit for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from Human Motion
by Mahesh Edla, Yee Yan Lim, Ricardo Vasquez Padilla and Mikio Deguchi
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(5), 2008; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052008 - 24 Feb 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3929
Abstract
Harvesting energy from human motion for powering small scale electronic devices is attracting research interest in recent years. A piezoelectric device (PD) is capable of harvesting energy from mechanical motions, in the form of alternating current (AC) voltage. The AC voltage generated is [...] Read more.
Harvesting energy from human motion for powering small scale electronic devices is attracting research interest in recent years. A piezoelectric device (PD) is capable of harvesting energy from mechanical motions, in the form of alternating current (AC) voltage. The AC voltage generated is of low frequency and is often unstable due to the nature of human motion, which renders it unsuitable for charging storage device. Thus, an electronic circuit such as a full bridge rectifier (FBR) is required for direct current (DC) conversion. However, due to forward voltage loss across the diodes, the rectified voltage and output power are low and unstable. In addition, the suitability of existing rectifier circuits in converting AC voltage generated by PD as a result of low frequency human motion induced non-sinusoidal vibration is unknown. In this paper, an improved H-Bridge rectifier circuit is proposed to increase and to stabilise the output voltage. To study the effectiveness of the proposed circuit for human motion application, a series of experimental tests were conducted. Firstly, the performance of the H-Bridge rectifier circuit was studied using a PD attached to a cantilever beam subject to low frequency excitations using a mechanical shaker. Real-life testing was then conducted with the source of excitation changed to a human performing continuous cycling and walking motions at a different speed. Results show that the H-Bridge circuit prominently increases the rectified voltage and output power, while stabilises the voltage when compared to the conventional FBR circuit. This study shows that the proposed circuit is potentially suitable for PEH from human motion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Isolated Power Systems Targeting 100% Integration of Renewables)
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