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5 pages, 189 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Big and Deep Hype and Hope: On the Special Issue for Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare

by José Luis Rojo-Álvarez

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(20), 4452; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9204452 - 20 Oct 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3055

Abstract

Deep Learning networks are revolutionizing both the academic and the industrial scenarios of information and communication technologies [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

16 pages, 918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mining Sequential Patterns of Diseases Contracted and Medications Prescribed before the Development of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome in Taiwan

by Chao Ou-Yang, Shih-Chung Chou, Yeh-Chun Juan and Han-Cheng Wang

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(12), 2434; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9122434 - 14 Jun 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3032

Abstract

Medication is designed to cure diseases, but serious risks can arise from severe adverse drug reactions (ADRs). ADRs can lead to emergency room visits and hospitalization, straining healthcare resources and, thus, they have strong implications for public health. Stevens–Johnson Syndrome (SJS) is one [...] Read more.

Medication is designed to cure diseases, but serious risks can arise from severe adverse drug reactions (ADRs). ADRs can lead to emergency room visits and hospitalization, straining healthcare resources and, thus, they have strong implications for public health. Stevens–Johnson Syndrome (SJS) is one ADR and comprises the highest proportion of all drug relief cases in Taiwan. Pharmacovigilance involves the collection, detection, assessment, monitoring, and prevention of ADRs, including SJS. Most medical specialists are not fully aware of the risk of drug-induced SJS. Consequently, various drugs may be prescribed to susceptible patients for a great variety of diseases and, in turn, cause SJS. In this research, medical records of SJS patients were retrieved from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, and the Generalized Sequential Patterns (GSP) algorithm was used to find the sequential patterns of diseases before SJS onset. Then we mined the sequential patterns of medications prescribed in each disease pattern. Afterwards, we detected significant associations of each pattern of diseases and medications prescribed among age groups with statistical analysis. We found that, first, most patients developed SJS after being prescribed the causative medications fewer than four times. Second, Respiratory System Diseases (RSDs) appeared in disease sequential patterns of all lengths. Patterns involving RSDs were more frequent than others. Third, NSAIDs, H2-antagonists for peptic ulcer, penicillin antibiotics, theophylline bronchodilators, and cephalosporin antibiotics were the most frequent medications prescribed. Fourth, we found that patients in certain age groups had higher risks of developing SJS. This study aimed to mine the sequential patterns of diseases contracted and medications prescribed before patients developed SJS in Taiwan. This useful information can be provided to physicians so that they can stop the administration of suspected drugs to avoid evolution towards more severe cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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15 pages, 1683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Region-Based Automated Localization of Colonoscopy and Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Polyps

by Sudhir Sornapudi, Frank Meng and Steven Yi

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(12), 2404; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9122404 - 13 Jun 2019

Cited by 65 | Viewed by 7374

Abstract

The early detection of polyps could help prevent colorectal cancer. The automated detection of polyps on the colon walls could reduce the number of false negatives that occur due to manual examination errors or polyps being hidden behind folds, and could also help [...] Read more.

The early detection of polyps could help prevent colorectal cancer. The automated detection of polyps on the colon walls could reduce the number of false negatives that occur due to manual examination errors or polyps being hidden behind folds, and could also help doctors locate polyps from screening tests such as colonoscopy and wireless capsule endoscopy. Losing polyps may result in lesions evolving badly. In this paper, we propose a modified region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN) by generating masks around polyps detected from still frames. The locations of the polyps in the image are marked, which assists the doctors examining the polyps. The features from the polyp images are extracted using pre-trained Resnet-50 and Resnet-101 models through feature extraction and fine-tuning techniques. Various publicly available polyp datasets are analyzed with various pertained weights. It is interesting to notice that fine-tuning with balloon data (polyp-like natural images) improved the polyp detection rate. The optimum CNN models on colonoscopy datasets including CVC-ColonDB, CVC-PolypHD, and ETIS-Larib produced values (F1 score, F2 score) of (90.73, 91.27), (80.65, 79.11), and (76.43, 78.70) respectively. The best model on the wireless capsule endoscopy dataset gave a performance of (96.67, 96.10). The experimental results indicate the better localization of polyps compared to recent traditional and deep learning methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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13 pages, 2934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Classification of Tibetan Medical Syndrome in Chronic Atrophic Gastritis

by Xiaolan Zhu, Lei Zhang, Yuan Zhang, Lu Wang, Shiying Wang and Ping Liu

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(8), 1664; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9081664 - 22 Apr 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2996

Abstract

Classification association rules that integrate association rules with classification are playing an important role in data mining. However, the time cost on constructing the classification model, and predicting new instances, will be long, due to the large number of rules generated during the [...] Read more.

Classification association rules that integrate association rules with classification are playing an important role in data mining. However, the time cost on constructing the classification model, and predicting new instances, will be long, due to the large number of rules generated during the mining of association rules, which also will result in the large system consumption. Therefore, this paper proposed a classification model based on atomic classification association rules, and applied it to construct the classification model of a Tibetan medical syndrome for the common plateau disease called Chronic Atrophic Gastritis. Firstly, introduce the idea of “relative support”, and use the constraint-based Apriori algorithm to mine the strong atomic classification association rules between symptoms and syndrome, and the knowledge base of Tibetan medical clinics will be constructed. Secondly, build the classification model of the Tibetan medical syndrome after pruning and prioritizing rules, and the idea of “partial classification” and “first easy to post difficult” strategy are introduced to realize the prediction of this Tibetan medical syndrome. Finally, validate the effectiveness of the classification model, and compare with the CBA algorithm and four traditional classification algorithms. The experimental results showed that the proposed method can realize the construction and classification of the classification model of the Tibetan medical syndrome in a shorter time, with fewer but more understandable rules, while ensuring a higher accuracy with 92.8%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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9 pages, 3330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving RNN Performance by Modelling Informative Missingness with Combined Indicators

by Frans J. Rodenburg, Yoshihide Sawada and Nobuhiro Hayashi

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(8), 1623; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9081623 - 18 Apr 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3256

Abstract

Daily questionnaires from mobile applications allow large amounts of data to be collected with relative ease. However, these data almost always suffer from missing data, be it due to unanswered questions, or simply skipping the survey some days. These missing data need to [...] Read more.

Daily questionnaires from mobile applications allow large amounts of data to be collected with relative ease. However, these data almost always suffer from missing data, be it due to unanswered questions, or simply skipping the survey some days. These missing data need to be addressed before the data can be used for inferential or predictive purposes. Several strategies for dealing with missing data are available, but most are prohibitively computationally intensive for larger models, such as a recurrent neural network (RNN). Perhaps even more important, few methods allow for data that are missing not at random (MNAR). Hence, we propose a simple strategy for dealing with missing data in longitudinal surveys from mobile applications, using a long-term-short-term-memory (LSTM) network with a count of the missing values in each survey entry and a lagged response variable included in the input. We then propose additional simplifications for padding the days a user has skipped the survey entirely. Finally, we compare our strategy with previously suggested methods on a large daily survey with data that are MNAR and conclude that our method worked best, both in terms of prediction accuracy and computational cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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15 pages, 2606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

3D U-Net for Skull Stripping in Brain MRI

by Hyunho Hwang, Hafiz Zia Ur Rehman and Sungon Lee

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(3), 569; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9030569 - 8 Feb 2019

Cited by 92 | Viewed by 12856

Abstract

Skull stripping in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an essential step to analyze images of the brain. Although manual segmentation has the highest accuracy, it is a time-consuming task. Therefore, various automatic segmentation algorithms of the brain in MRI have been devised [...] Read more.

Skull stripping in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an essential step to analyze images of the brain. Although manual segmentation has the highest accuracy, it is a time-consuming task. Therefore, various automatic segmentation algorithms of the brain in MRI have been devised and proposed previously. However, there is still no method that solves the entire brain extraction problem satisfactorily for diverse datasets in a generic and robust way. To address these shortcomings of existing methods, we propose the use of a 3D-UNet for skull stripping in brain MRI. The 3D-UNet was recently proposed and has been widely used for volumetric segmentation in medical images due to its outstanding performance. It is an extended version of the previously proposed 2D-UNet, which is based on a deep learning network, specifically, the convolutional neural network. We evaluated 3D-UNet skull-stripping using a publicly available brain MRI dataset and compared the results with three existing methods (BSE, ROBEX, and Kleesiek’s method; BSE and ROBEX are two conventional methods, and Kleesiek’s method is based on deep learning). The 3D-UNet outperforms two typical methods and shows comparable results with the specific deep learning-based algorithm, exhibiting a mean Dice coefficient of 0.9903, a sensitivity of 0.9853, and a specificity of 0.9953. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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9 pages, 770 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Convolutional Neural Network for HEp-2 Fluorescence Intensity Classification

by Donato Cascio, Vincenzo Taormina and Giuseppe Raso

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(3), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9030408 - 26 Jan 2019

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3579

Abstract

Indirect ImmunoFluorescence (IIF) assays are recommended as the gold standard method for detection of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), which are of considerable importance in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Fluorescence intensity analysis is very often complex, and depending on the capabilities of the operator, [...] Read more.

Indirect ImmunoFluorescence (IIF) assays are recommended as the gold standard method for detection of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), which are of considerable importance in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Fluorescence intensity analysis is very often complex, and depending on the capabilities of the operator, the association with incorrect classes is statistically easy. In this paper, we present a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) system to classify positive/negative fluorescence intensity of HEp-2 IIF images, which is important for autoimmune diseases diagnosis. The method uses the best known pre-trained CNNs to extract features and a support vector machine (SVM) classifier for the final association to the positive or negative classes. This system has been developed and the classifier was trained on a database implemented by the AIDA (AutoImmunité, Diagnostic Assisté par ordinateur) project. The method proposed here has been tested on a public part of the same database, consisting of 2080 IIF images. The performance analysis showed an accuracy of fluorescent intensity around 93%. The results have been evaluated by comparing them with some of the most representative state-of-the-art works, demonstrating the quality of the system in the intensity classification of HEp-2 images. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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14 pages, 2918 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Classification of Heart Sound Signal Using Multiple Features

by Yaseen, Gui-Young Son and Soonil Kwon

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(12), 2344; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122344 - 22 Nov 2018

Cited by 279 | Viewed by 20879

Abstract

Cardiac disorders are critical and must be diagnosed in the early stage using routine auscultation examination with high precision. Cardiac auscultation is a technique to analyze and listen to heart sound using electronic stethoscope, an electronic stethoscope is a device which provides the [...] Read more.

Cardiac disorders are critical and must be diagnosed in the early stage using routine auscultation examination with high precision. Cardiac auscultation is a technique to analyze and listen to heart sound using electronic stethoscope, an electronic stethoscope is a device which provides the digital recording of the heart sound called phonocardiogram (PCG). This PCG signal carries useful information about the functionality and status of the heart and hence several signal processing and machine learning technique can be applied to study and diagnose heart disorders. Based on PCG signal, the heart sound signal can be classified to two main categories i.e., normal and abnormal categories. We have created database of 5 categories of heart sound signal (PCG signals) from various sources which contains one normal and 4 are abnormal categories. This study proposes an improved, automatic classification algorithm for cardiac disorder by heart sound signal. We extract features from phonocardiogram signal and then process those features using machine learning techniques for classification. In features extraction, we have used Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCCs) and Discrete Wavelets Transform (DWT) features from the heart sound signal, and for learning and classification we have used support vector machine (SVM), deep neural network (DNN) and centroid displacement based k nearest neighbor. To improve the results and classification accuracy, we have combined MFCCs and DWT features for training and classification using SVM and DWT. From our experiments it has been clear that results can be greatly improved when Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient and Discrete Wavelets Transform features are fused together and used for classification via support vector machine, deep neural network and k-neareast neighbor(KNN). The methodology discussed in this paper can be used to diagnose heart disorders in patients up to 97% accuracy. The code and dataset can be accessed at “https://github.com/yaseen21khan/Classification-of-Heart-Sound-Signal-Using-Multiple-Features-/blob/master/README.md”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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23 pages, 980 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Ventricular Fibrillation Using the Image from Time-Frequency Representation and Combined Classifiers without Feature Extraction

by Azeddine Mjahad, Alfredo Rosado-Muñoz, Juan F. Guerrero-Martínez, Manuel Bataller-Mompeán, Jose V. Francés-Villora and Malay Kishore Dutta

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(11), 2057; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8112057 - 25 Oct 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4217

Abstract

Due the fact that the required therapy to treat Ventricular Fibrillation (

V F

) is aggressive (electric shock), the lack of a proper detection and recovering therapy could cause serious injuries to the patient or trigger a ventricular fibrillation, or even death. [...] Read more.

Due the fact that the required therapy to treat Ventricular Fibrillation (

V F

) is aggressive (electric shock), the lack of a proper detection and recovering therapy could cause serious injuries to the patient or trigger a ventricular fibrillation, or even death. This work describes the development of an automatic diagnostic system for the detection of the occurrence of

V F

in real time by means of the time-frequency representation (

T F R

) image of the ECG. The main novelties are the use of the

T F R

image as input for a classification process, as well as the use of combined classifiers. The feature extraction stage is eliminated and, together with the use of specialized binary classifiers, this method improves the results of the classification. To verify the validity of the method, four different classifiers in different combinations are used: Regression Logistic with L2 Regularization (

L 2 R L R

), adaptive neural network (

A N N C

), Bagging (

B A G G

), and K-nearest neighbor (

K N N

). The Hierarchical Method (HM) and Voting Majority Method (VMM) combinations are used. ECG signals used for evaluation were obtained from the standard MIT-BIH and AHA databases. When the classifiers were combined, it was observed that the combination of

B A G G

,

K N N

, and

A N N C

using the Hierarchical Method (HM) gave the best results, with a sensitivity of 95.58 ± 0.41%, a 99.31 ± 0.08% specificity, a 98.6 ± 0.04% of overall accuracy, and a precision of 98.25 ± 0.29% for

V F

. Whereas a sensitivity of 94.02 ± 0.58%, a specificity of 99.31 ± 0.08%, an overall accuracy of 99.14 ± 0.43%, and a precision of 98.59 ± 0.09% was obtained for

V T

with a run time between 0.07 s and 0.12 s. Results show that the use of

T F R

image data to feed the combined classifiers yields a reduction in execution time with performance values above to those obtained by individual classifiers. This is of special utility for

V F

detection in real time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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36 pages, 8764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thin Cap Fibroatheroma Detection in Virtual Histology Images Using Geometric and Texture Features

by Zahra Rezaei, Ali Selamat, Arash Taki, Mohd Shafry Mohd Rahim, Mohammed Rafiq Abdul Kadir, Marek Penhaker, Ondrej Krejcar, Kamil Kuca, Enrique Herrera-Viedma and Hamido Fujita

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(9), 1632; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091632 - 12 Sep 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4965

Abstract

Atherosclerotic plaque rupture is the most common mechanism responsible for a majority of sudden coronary deaths. The precursor lesion of plaque rupture is thought to be a thin cap fibroatheroma (TCFA), or “vulnerable plaque”. Virtual Histology-Intravascular Ultrasound (VH-IVUS) images are clinically available for [...] Read more.

Atherosclerotic plaque rupture is the most common mechanism responsible for a majority of sudden coronary deaths. The precursor lesion of plaque rupture is thought to be a thin cap fibroatheroma (TCFA), or “vulnerable plaque”. Virtual Histology-Intravascular Ultrasound (VH-IVUS) images are clinically available for visualising colour-coded coronary artery tissue. However, it has limitations in terms of providing clinically relevant information for identifying vulnerable plaque. The aim of this research is to improve the identification of TCFA using VH-IVUS images. To more accurately segment VH-IVUS images, a semi-supervised model is developed by means of hybrid K-means with Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) and a minimum Euclidean distance algorithm (KMPSO-mED). Another novelty of the proposed method is fusion of different geometric and informative texture features to capture the varying heterogeneity of plaque components and compute a discriminative index for TCFA plaque, while the existing research on TCFA detection has only focused on the geometric features. Three commonly used statistical texture features are extracted from VH-IVUS images: Local Binary Patterns (LBP), Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM), and Modified Run Length (MRL). Geometric and texture features are concatenated in order to generate complex descriptors. Finally, Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN), kNN (K-Nearest Neighbour), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers are applied to select the best classifier for classifying plaque into TCFA and Non-TCFA. The present study proposes a fast and accurate computer-aided method for plaque type classification. The proposed method is applied to 588 VH-IVUS images obtained from 10 patients. The results prove the superiority of the proposed method, with accuracy rates of 98.61% for TCFA plaque. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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13 pages, 2991 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pattern Recognition of Human Postures Using the Data Density Functional Method

by Shin-Jhe Huang, Chi-Jui Wu and Chien-Chang Chen

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(9), 1615; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091615 - 11 Sep 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4233

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a new approach to recognize the motional patterns of human postures by introducing the data density functional method. Under the framework of the proposed method, sensed time signals will be mapped into specific physical spaces. The most probable [...] Read more.

In this paper, we propose a new approach to recognize the motional patterns of human postures by introducing the data density functional method. Under the framework of the proposed method, sensed time signals will be mapped into specific physical spaces. The most probable cluster number within the specific physical space can be determined according to the principle of energy stability. Then, each corresponding cluster boundary can be measured by searching for the local lowest energy level. Finally, the configuration of the clusters in the space will characterize the most probable states of the motional patterns. The direction of state migration and the corresponding transition region between these states then constitute a significant motional feature in the specific space. Differing from conventional methods, only a single tri-axial gravitational sensor was employed for data acquirement in our hardware scheme. By combining the motional feature and the sensor architecture as prior information, experimental results verified that the most probable states of the motional patterns can be successfully classified into four common human postures of daily life. Furthermore, error motions and noise only offer insignificant influences. Eventually, the proposed approach was applied on a simulation of turning-over situations, and the results show its potential on the issue of elderly and infant turning-over monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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19 pages, 3523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decision Support System for Medical Diagnosis Utilizing Imbalanced Clinical Data

by Huirui Han, Mengxing Huang, Yu Zhang and Jing Liu

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(9), 1597; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091597 - 9 Sep 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7494

Abstract

The clinical decision support system provides an automatic diagnosis of human diseases using machine learning techniques to analyze features of patients and classify patients according to different diseases. An analysis of real-world electronic health record (EHR) data has revealed that a patient could [...] Read more.

The clinical decision support system provides an automatic diagnosis of human diseases using machine learning techniques to analyze features of patients and classify patients according to different diseases. An analysis of real-world electronic health record (EHR) data has revealed that a patient could be diagnosed as having more than one disease simultaneously. Therefore, to suggest a list of possible diseases, the task of classifying patients is transferred into a multi-label learning task. For most multi-label learning techniques, the class imbalance that exists in EHR data may bring about performance degradation. Cross-Coupling Aggregation (COCOA) is a typical multi-label learning approach that is aimed at leveraging label correlation and exploring class imbalance. For each label, COCOA aggregates the predictive result of a binary-class imbalance classifier corresponding to this label as well as the predictive results of some multi-class imbalance classifiers corresponding to the pairs of this label and other labels. However, class imbalance may still affect a multi-class imbalance learner when the number of a coupling label is too small. To improve the performance of COCOA, a regularized ensemble approach integrated into a multi-class classification process of COCOA named as COCOA-RE is presented in this paper. To provide disease diagnosis, COCOA-RE learns from the available laboratory test reports and essential information of patients and produces a multi-label predictive model. Experiments were performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed multi-label learning approach, and the proposed approach was implemented in a developed system prototype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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10 pages, 523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Preoperative Blood Preparation for Orthopedic Surgery Patients: A Supervised Learning Approach

by Chia-Mei Chang, Jeng-Hsiu Hung, Ya-Han Hu, Pei-Ju Lee and Cheng-Che Shen

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(9), 1559; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091559 - 5 Sep 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4953

Abstract

Blood transfusion is a common and often necessary medical procedure during surgery. However, most physicians rely on their personal clinical experience to determine whether a patient requires a transfusion. This generally involves considering the risk of blood loss during surgery, and the preparation [...] Read more.

Blood transfusion is a common and often necessary medical procedure during surgery. However, most physicians rely on their personal clinical experience to determine whether a patient requires a transfusion. This generally involves considering the risk of blood loss during surgery, and the preparation of blood is thus regularly requested before surgery. However, unused blood is a particularly severe problem, especially in orthopedic procedures, which not only increases medical resource wastage but also places a burden on medical personnel. This study collected the records of 1396 patients who received an orthopedic surgery in a regional teaching hospital. Data mining techniques, namely support vector machine, C4.5 decision tree, classification and regression tree, and logistic regression (LGR) were employed to predict whether patients undergoing an orthopedic surgery required an intraoperative blood transfusion. The LGR classifier, which was constructed using the CfsSubsetEval module and GeneticSearch method, exhibited optimal prediction accuracy (area under the curve: 78.7%). This study investigated major variables involved in blood transfusions to provide a clear reference for evaluating the necessity of preparing blood for surgical procedures. Data mining techniques can be used to simplify unnecessary blood preparation procedures, thereby reducing the workload of medical staff and minimizing the wastage of medical resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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18 pages, 2404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unsupervised Novelty Detection Using Deep Autoencoders with Density Based Clustering

by Tsatsral Amarbayasgalan, Bilguun Jargalsaikhan and Keun Ho Ryu

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(9), 1468; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091468 - 27 Aug 2018

Cited by 97 | Viewed by 9554

Abstract

Novelty detection is a classification problem to identify abnormal patterns; therefore, it is an important task for applications such as fraud detection, fault diagnosis and disease detection. However, when there is no label that indicates normal and abnormal data, it will need expensive [...] Read more.

Novelty detection is a classification problem to identify abnormal patterns; therefore, it is an important task for applications such as fraud detection, fault diagnosis and disease detection. However, when there is no label that indicates normal and abnormal data, it will need expensive domain and professional knowledge, so an unsupervised novelty detection approach will be used. On the other hand, nowadays, using novelty detection on high dimensional data is a big challenge and previous research suggests approaches based on principal component analysis (PCA) and an autoencoder in order to reduce dimensionality. In this paper, we propose deep autoencoders with density based clustering (DAE-DBC); this approach calculates compressed data and error threshold from deep autoencoder model, sending the results to a density based cluster. Points that are not involved in any groups are not considered a novelty; the grouping points will be defined as a novelty group depending on the ratio of the points exceeding the error threshold. We have conducted the experiment by substituting components to show that the components of the proposed method together are more effective. As a result of the experiment, the DAE-DBC approach is more efficient; its area under the curve (AUC) is shown to be 13.5 percent higher than state-of-the-art algorithms and other versions of the proposed method that we have demonstrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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14 pages, 3251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Load Variation on the Accuracy of Gait Recognition from Surface EMG Signals

by Xianfu Zhang, Shouqian Sun, Chao Li and Zhichuan Tang

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(9), 1462; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091462 - 25 Aug 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3752

Abstract

As lower-limb exoskeleton and prostheses are developed to become smarter and to deploy man–machine collaboration, accurate gait recognition is crucial, as it contributes to the realization of real-time control. Many researchers choose surface electromyogram (sEMG) signals to recognize the gait and control the [...] Read more.

As lower-limb exoskeleton and prostheses are developed to become smarter and to deploy man–machine collaboration, accurate gait recognition is crucial, as it contributes to the realization of real-time control. Many researchers choose surface electromyogram (sEMG) signals to recognize the gait and control the lower-limb exoskeleton (or prostheses). However, several factors still affect its applicability, of which variation in the loads is an essential one. This study aims to (1) investigate the effect of load variation on gait recognition; and to (2) discuss whether a lower-limb exoskeleton control system trained by sEMG from different loads works well in multi-load applications. In our experiment, 10 male college students were selected to walk on a treadmill at three different speeds (V3 = 3 km/h, V5 = 5 km/h, and V7 = 7 km/h) with four different loads (L0 = 0, L20 = 20%, L30 = 30%, L40 = 40% of body weight, respectively), and 50 gait cycles were performed. Back propagation neural networks (BPNNs) were used for gait recognition, and a support vector machine (SVM) and k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) were used for comparison. The result showed that (1) load variation has significant effects on the accuracy of gait recognition (p < 0.05) under the three speeds when the loads range in L0, L20, L30, or L40, but no significant impact is found when the loads range in L0, L20, or L30. The least significant difference (LSD) post hoc, which can explore all possible pair-wise comparisons of means that comprise a factor using the equivalent of multiple t-tests, reveals that there is a significant difference between the L40 load and the other three loads (L0, L20, L30), but no significant difference was found among the L0, L20, and L30 loads. The total mean accuracy of gait recognition of the intra-loads and inter-loads was 91.81%, and 69.42%, respectively. (2) When the training data was taken from more types of loads, a higher accuracy in gait recognition was obtained at each speed, and the statistical analysis shows that there was a substantial influence for the kinds of loads in the training set on the gait recognition accuracy (p < 0.001). It can be concluded that an exoskeleton (or prosthesis) control system that is trained in a single load or the parts of loads is insufficient in the face of multi-load applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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20 pages, 7638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Classification of Children’s Sitting Postures Using Machine Learning Algorithms

by Yong Min Kim, Youngdoo Son, Wonjoon Kim, Byungki Jin and Myung Hwan Yun

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(8), 1280; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8081280 - 1 Aug 2018

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 7548

Abstract

Sitting on a chair in an awkward posture or sitting for a long period of time is a risk factor for musculoskeletal disorders. A postural habit that has been formed cannot be changed easily. It is important to form a proper postural habit [...] Read more.

Sitting on a chair in an awkward posture or sitting for a long period of time is a risk factor for musculoskeletal disorders. A postural habit that has been formed cannot be changed easily. It is important to form a proper postural habit from childhood as the lumbar disease during childhood caused by their improper posture is most likely to recur. Thus, there is a need for a monitoring system that classifies children’s sitting postures. The purpose of this paper is to develop a system for classifying sitting postures for children using machine learning algorithms. The convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm was used in addition to the conventional algorithms: Naïve Bayes classifier (NB), decision tree (DT), neural network (NN), multinomial logistic regression (MLR), and support vector machine (SVM). To collect data for classifying sitting postures, a sensing cushion was developed by mounting a pressure sensor mat (8 × 8) inside children’s chair seat cushion. Ten children participated, and sensor data was collected by taking a static posture for the five prescribed postures. The accuracy of CNN was found to be the highest as compared with those of the other algorithms. It is expected that the comprehensive posture monitoring system would be established through future research on enhancing the classification algorithm and providing an effective feedback system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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14 pages, 2526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unsupervised Learning for Concept Detection in Medical Images: A Comparative Analysis

by Eduardo Pinho and Carlos Costa

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(8), 1213; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8081213 - 24 Jul 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3823

Abstract

As digital medical imaging becomes more prevalent and archives increase in size, representation learning exposes an interesting opportunity for enhanced medical decision support systems. On the other hand, medical imaging data is often scarce and short on annotations. In this paper, we present [...] Read more.

As digital medical imaging becomes more prevalent and archives increase in size, representation learning exposes an interesting opportunity for enhanced medical decision support systems. On the other hand, medical imaging data is often scarce and short on annotations. In this paper, we present an assessment of unsupervised feature learning approaches for images in biomedical literature which can be applied to automatic biomedical concept detection. Six unsupervised representation learning methods were built, including traditional bags of visual words, autoencoders, and generative adversarial networks. Each model was trained, and their respective feature spaces evaluated using images from the ImageCLEF 2017 concept detection task. The highest mean

F_{1}

score of

0.108

was obtained using representations from an adversarial autoencoder, which increased to

0.111

when combined with the representations from the sparse denoising autoencoder. We conclude that it is possible to obtain more powerful representations with modern deep learning approaches than with previously popular computer vision methods. The possibility of semi-supervised learning as well as its use in medical information retrieval problems are the next steps to be strongly considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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19 pages, 1638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Learning Eligibility in Cancer Clinical Trials Using Deep Neural Networks

by Aurelia Bustos and Antonio Pertusa

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(7), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8071206 - 23 Jul 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6668

Abstract

Interventional cancer clinical trials are generally too restrictive, and some patients are often excluded on the basis of comorbidity, past or concomitant treatments, or the fact that they are over a certain age. The efficacy and safety of new treatments for patients with [...] Read more.

Interventional cancer clinical trials are generally too restrictive, and some patients are often excluded on the basis of comorbidity, past or concomitant treatments, or the fact that they are over a certain age. The efficacy and safety of new treatments for patients with these characteristics are, therefore, not defined. In this work, we built a model to automatically predict whether short clinical statements were considered inclusion or exclusion criteria. We used protocols from cancer clinical trials that were available in public registries from the last 18 years to train word-embeddings, and we constructed a dataset of 6M short free-texts labeled as eligible or not eligible. A text classifier was trained using deep neural networks, with pre-trained word-embeddings as inputs, to predict whether or not short free-text statements describing clinical information were considered eligible. We additionally analyzed the semantic reasoning of the word-embedding representations obtained and were able to identify equivalent treatments for a type of tumor analogous with the drugs used to treat other tumors. We show that representation learning using deep neural networks can be successfully leveraged to extract the medical knowledge from clinical trial protocols for potentially assisting practitioners when prescribing treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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10 pages, 2242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Behavioral Characteristics of Smartphone Addiction Using Data Mining

by MyungSuk Lee, MuMoungCho Han and JuGeon Pak

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(7), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8071191 - 20 Jul 2018

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 9402

Abstract

In 2016, the number of mobile phone subscriptions worldwide had surpassed the total world population; moreover, the number of smartphone addicts is increasing each year. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze smartphone addiction by considering the differences between smartphone usage [...] Read more.

In 2016, the number of mobile phone subscriptions worldwide had surpassed the total world population; moreover, the number of smartphone addicts is increasing each year. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze smartphone addiction by considering the differences between smartphone usage patterns as well as cognition. Our proposed method involves automatically collecting and analyzing data through an app instead of using the existing self-reporting method, thereby improving the accuracy of data and ensuring data reliability from respondents. Based on the results of our study, we observed that there is a significant cognitive bias between the self-reports and automatically collected data. As a result of applying data mining, among the six criteria out of the total 24 items of the questionnaire, the higher the “recurrence” item, the higher the addiction; further, “forbidden” item 1 had the largest effect on addiction. In addition, the input variables that have the greatest influence on the high-risk users were the number of times the screen was turned on and real-use time/cognitive-use time. However, the amount of data and time of smartphone usage were not related to addiction. In the future, we will modify the app to obtain more accurate data, based on which, we can analyze the effects of smartphone addiction, such as depression, anxiety, stress, self-esteem, and emotional regulation, among others. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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14 pages, 4786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stacked Sparse Autoencoders for EMG-Based Classification of Hand Motions: A Comparative Multi Day Analyses between Surface and Intramuscular EMG

by Muhammad Zia ur Rehman, Syed Omer Gilani, Asim Waris, Imran Khan Niazi, Gregory Slabaugh, Dario Farina and Ernest Nlandu Kamavuako

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(7), 1126; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8071126 - 11 Jul 2018

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 7856

Abstract

Advances in myoelectric interfaces have increased the use of wearable prosthetics including robotic arms. Although promising results have been achieved with pattern recognition-based control schemes, control robustness requires improvement to increase user acceptance of prosthetic hands. The aim of this study was to [...] Read more.

Advances in myoelectric interfaces have increased the use of wearable prosthetics including robotic arms. Although promising results have been achieved with pattern recognition-based control schemes, control robustness requires improvement to increase user acceptance of prosthetic hands. The aim of this study was to quantify the performance of stacked sparse autoencoders (SSAE), an emerging deep learning technique used to improve myoelectric control and to compare multiday surface electromyography (sEMG) and intramuscular (iEMG) recordings. Ten able-bodied and six amputee subjects with average ages of 24.5 and 34.5 years, respectively, were evaluated using offline classification error as the performance matric. Surface and intramuscular EMG were concurrently recorded while each subject performed 11 hand motions. Performance of SSAE was compared with that of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifier. Within-day analysis showed that SSAE (1.38 ± 1.38%) outperformed LDA (8.09 ± 4.53%) using both the sEMG and iEMG data from both able-bodied and amputee subjects (p < 0.001). In the between-day analysis, SSAE outperformed LDA (7.19 ± 9.55% vs. 22.25 ± 11.09%) using both sEMG and iEMG data from both able-bodied and amputee subjects. No significant difference in performance was observed for within-day and pairs of days with eight-fold validation when using iEMG and sEMG with SSAE, whereas sEMG outperformed iEMG (p < 0.001) in between-day analysis both with two-fold and seven-fold validation schemes. The results obtained in this study imply that SSAE can significantly improve the performance of pattern recognition-based myoelectric control scheme and has the strength to extract deep information hidden in the EMG data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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20 pages, 3236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing a File System Structure to Solve Healthy Big Data Storage and Archiving Problems Using a Distributed File System

by Atilla Ergüzen and Mahmut Ünver

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(6), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8060913 - 2 Jun 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 9545

Abstract

Recently, the use of internet has become widespread, increasing the use of mobile phones, tablets, computers, Internet of Things (IoT) devices and other digital sources. In the health sector with the help of new generation digital medical equipment, this digital world also has [...] Read more.

Recently, the use of internet has become widespread, increasing the use of mobile phones, tablets, computers, Internet of Things (IoT) devices and other digital sources. In the health sector with the help of new generation digital medical equipment, this digital world also has tended to grow in an unpredictable way in that it has nearly 10% of the global wide data itself and continues to keep grow beyond what the other sectors have. This progress has greatly enlarged the amount of produced data which cannot be resolved with conventional methods. In this work, an efficient model for the storage of medical images using a distributed file system structure has been developed. With this work, a robust, available, scalable, and serverless solution structure has been produced, especially for storing large amounts of data in the medical field. Furthermore, the security level of the system is extreme by use of static Internet protocol (IP), user credentials, and synchronously encrypted file contents. One of the most important key features of the system is high performance and easy scalability. In this way, the system can work with fewer hardware elements and be more robust than others that use name node architecture. According to the test results, it is seen that the performance of the designed system is better than 97% from a Not Only Structured Query Language (NoSQL) system, 80% from a relational database management system (RDBMS), and 74% from an operating system (OS). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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11 pages, 250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting the Failure of Dental Implants Using Supervised Learning Techniques

by Chia-Hui Liu, Cheng-Jyun Lin, Ya-Han Hu and Zi-Hung You

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(5), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8050698 - 2 May 2018

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6445

Abstract

Prosthodontic treatment has been a crucial part of dental treatment for patients with full mouth rehabilitation. Dental implant surgeries that replace conventional dentures using titanium fixtures have become the top choice. However, because of the wide-ranging scope of implant surgeries, patients’ body conditions, [...] Read more.

Prosthodontic treatment has been a crucial part of dental treatment for patients with full mouth rehabilitation. Dental implant surgeries that replace conventional dentures using titanium fixtures have become the top choice. However, because of the wide-ranging scope of implant surgeries, patients’ body conditions, surgeons’ experience, and the choice of implant system should be considered during treatment. The higher price charged by dental implant treatments compared to conventional dentures has led to a rush among medical staff; therefore, the future impact of surgeries has not been analyzed in detail, resulting in medial disputes. Previous literature on the success factors of dental implants is mainly focused on single factors such as patients’ systemic diseases, operation methods, or prosthesis types for statistical correlation significance analysis. This study developed a prediction model for providing an early warning mechanism to reduce the chances of dental implant failure. We collected the clinical data of patients who received artificial dental implants at the case hospital for a total of 8 categories and 20 variables. Supervised learning techniques such as decision tree (DT), support vector machines, logistic regressions, and classifier ensembles (i.e., Bagging and AdaBoost) were used to analyze the prediction of the failure of dental implants. The results show that DT with both Bagging and Adaboost techniques possesses the highest prediction performance for the failure of dental implant (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, AUC: 0.741); the analysis also revealed that the implant systems affect dental implant failure. The model can help clinical surgeons to reduce medical failures by choosing the optimal implant system and prosthodontics treatments for their patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

34 pages, 1352 KiB

Open AccessReview

Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare: A Double Review for Critical Beginners

by Luis Bote-Curiel, Sergio Muñoz-Romero, Alicia Gerrero-Curieses and José Luis Rojo-Álvarez

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(11), 2331; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9112331 - 6 Jun 2019

Cited by 84 | Viewed by 14296

Abstract

In the last few years, there has been a growing expectation created about the analysis of large amounts of data often available in organizations, which has been both scrutinized by the academic world and successfully exploited by industry. Nowadays, two of the most [...] Read more.

In the last few years, there has been a growing expectation created about the analysis of large amounts of data often available in organizations, which has been both scrutinized by the academic world and successfully exploited by industry. Nowadays, two of the most common terms heard in scientific circles are Big Data and Deep Learning. In this double review, we aim to shed some light on the current state of these different, yet somehow related branches of Data Science, in order to understand the current state and future evolution within the healthcare area. We start by giving a simple description of the technical elements of Big Data technologies, as well as an overview of the elements of Deep Learning techniques, according to their usual description in scientific literature. Then, we pay attention to the application fields that can be said to have delivered relevant real-world success stories, with emphasis on examples from large technology companies and financial institutions, among others. The academic effort that has been put into bringing these technologies to the healthcare sector are then summarized and analyzed from a twofold view as follows: first, the landscape of application examples is globally scrutinized according to the varying nature of medical data, including the data forms in electronic health recordings, medical time signals, and medical images; second, a specific application field is given special attention, in particular the electrocardiographic signal analysis, where a number of works have been published in the last two years. A set of toy application examples are provided with the publicly-available MIMIC dataset, aiming to help the beginners start with some principled, basic, and structured material and available code. Critical discussion is provided for current and forthcoming challenges on the use of both sets of techniques in our future healthcare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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15 pages, 1013 KiB

Open AccessReview

Wearables, Biomechanical Feedback, and Human Motor-Skills’ Learning & Optimization

by Xiang Zhang, Gongbing Shan, Ye Wang, Bingjun Wan and Hua Li

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(2), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9020226 - 10 Jan 2019

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 11476

Abstract

Biomechanical feedback is a relevant key to improving sports and arts performance. Yet, the bibliometric keyword analysis on Web of Science publications reveals that, when comparing to other biofeedback applications, the real-time biomechanical feedback application lags far behind in sports and arts practice. [...] Read more.

Biomechanical feedback is a relevant key to improving sports and arts performance. Yet, the bibliometric keyword analysis on Web of Science publications reveals that, when comparing to other biofeedback applications, the real-time biomechanical feedback application lags far behind in sports and arts practice. While real-time physiological and biochemical biofeedback have seen routine applications, the use of real-time biomechanical feedback in motor learning and training is still rare. On that account, the paper aims to extract the specific research areas, such as three-dimensional (3D) motion capture, anthropometry, biomechanical modeling, sensing technology, and artificial intelligent (AI)/deep learning, which could contribute to the development of the real-time biomechanical feedback system. The review summarizes the past and current state of biomechanical feedback studies in sports and arts performance; and, by integrating the results of the studies with the contemporary wearable technology, proposes a two-chain body model monitoring using six IMUs (inertial measurement unit) with deep learning technology. The framework can serve as a basis for a breakthrough in the development. The review indicates that the vital step in the development is to establish a massive data, which could be obtained by using the synchronized measurement of 3D motion capture and IMUs, and that should cover diverse sports and arts skills. As such, wearables powered by deep learning models trained by the massive and diverse datasets can supply a feasible, reliable, and practical biomechanical feedback for athletic and artistic training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning and Big Data in Healthcare)

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