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14 pages, 6871 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Wood Densification and GFRP Reinforcement on the Embedment Strength of Poplar CLT

by Akbar Rostampour-Haftkhani, Farshid Abdoli, Mohammad Arabi, Vahid Nasir and Maria Rashidi

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(22), 12249; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132212249 - 12 Nov 2023

Viewed by 819

Embedment strength is an important factor in the design and performance of connections in timber structures. This study assesses the embedment strength of lag screws in three-ply cross-laminated timber (CLT) composed of densified poplar wood with densification ratios of 25% and 50%, under [...] Read more.

Embedment strength is an important factor in the design and performance of connections in timber structures. This study assesses the embedment strength of lag screws in three-ply cross-laminated timber (CLT) composed of densified poplar wood with densification ratios of 25% and 50%, under both longitudinal (L) and transverse (T) loading conditions. The embedment strength was thereafter compared with that of CLT reinforced with glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP). The experimental data was compared with results obtained using different models for calculating embedment strength. The findings indicated that the embedment strength of CLT specimens made of densified wood and GFRP was significantly greater than that of control specimens. CLT samples loaded in the L direction showed higher embedment strength compared to those in the T direction. In addition, 50% densification had the best performance, followed by 25% densification and GFRP reinforcement. Modelling using the NDS formula yielded the highest accuracy (mean absolute percentage error = 10.31%), followed by the Ubel and Blub (MAPE = 21%), Kennedy (MAPE = 28.86%), CSA (MAPE = 32.68%), and Dong (MAPE = 40.07%) equations. Overall, densification can be considered as an alternative to GFRP reinforcement in order to increase the embedment strength in CLT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Processing Technology)

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14 pages, 2542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Surface Characteristics and Combustion Behavior of Black Poplar Wood through Varied Impregnation Techniques

by Abdullah Beram

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11482; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011482 - 19 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 787

Abstract

The objective of this work was to improve the thermal stability, flame resistance, and surface properties of black poplar (Populus nigra L.) wood via different impregnation methods. The impregnation methods were employed through two distinct modalities: vacuum impregnation and immersion impregnation. Here, [...] Read more.

The objective of this work was to improve the thermal stability, flame resistance, and surface properties of black poplar (Populus nigra L.) wood via different impregnation methods. The impregnation methods were employed through two distinct modalities: vacuum impregnation and immersion impregnation. Here, poplar wood was impregnated with calcium oxide solutions (1%, 3% and 5%). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic analysis revealed a shift in the typical peaks of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin depending on the impregnation method and solution ratio. Thermogravimetric analysis and the limiting oxygen index indicated that the samples impregnated with lime solutions exhibited higher thermal stability than the unimpregnated wood. Both impregnation methods caused a decrease in water absorption and thickness swelling of the sample groups. Using a scanning electron microscope, the effect of the impregnation process on the structure of the wood was examined. In terms of surface properties, it was determined that the surface roughness value increased. On the contrary, it was observed that the contact angle value also increased. A significant difference emerged between the applied methods. In conclusion, the applied lime minerals are suitable substances to increase the flame resistance and thermal stability of black poplar wood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Processing Technology)

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11 pages, 4254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Evaluation of Glulam Made from Portuguese Eucalyptus

by Aiuba Suleimana, Bárbara C. Peixoto, Jorge M. Branco and Aires Camões

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(12), 6866; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13126866 - 06 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 766

Abstract

Engineered wood products (EWPs) have evolved over time to become a popular and sustainable alternative to traditional lumber by offering design flexibility, increased strength, and improved quality control. This work analyzes the potential of Portuguese eucalyptus wood (Eucalyptus globulus) to produce [...] Read more.

Engineered wood products (EWPs) have evolved over time to become a popular and sustainable alternative to traditional lumber by offering design flexibility, increased strength, and improved quality control. This work analyzes the potential of Portuguese eucalyptus wood (Eucalyptus globulus) to produce glued-laminated timber (glulam) for structural applications. Currently, this hardwood is used for less noble applications in Portugal’s construction industry. To promote the use of this species of timber in construction, an experimental campaign was conducted to characterize its compression parallel to the grain and bending strength. The results demonstrated that this hardwood presents a compression parallel to the grain strength of 73 N/mm² and a bending strength of 151 N/mm² with a global value of elastic modulus equal to 24,180 N/mm². Based on those strength values obtained from the glulam produced with eucalyptus, one can conclude that the test results presented here are higher than the ones declared by the current glulam made of softwoods; thus, additional studies are encouraged. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Processing Technology)

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15 pages, 5191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Granulometric Characterization of Wood Particles from CNC Machining of Chipboard

by Pavol Koleda, Peter Koleda, Mária Hrčková, Martin Júda and Áron Hortobágyi

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 5484; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095484 - 28 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 982

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to determine the particle size composition of the wood particles obtained from CNC milling the chipboard using an experimental optical granulometric method. Composite materials (chipboard) are the most-used materials in the woodworking and furniture industries. The proposed [...] Read more.

The aim of this paper is to determine the particle size composition of the wood particles obtained from CNC milling the chipboard using an experimental optical granulometric method. Composite materials (chipboard) are the most-used materials in the woodworking and furniture industries. The proposed optical method of measuring particles’ dimensions is compared to the sieving technique. The researched experimental method allows for the determination of not only the size of the fraction of an individual particle’s fraction but also more detailed information about the analyzed wood dust emission, for example, the largest and smallest dimension of each single particle; its circularity, area, perimeter, eccentricity, and convex hull major and minor axis length; or the color of the particle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Processing Technology)

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15 pages, 5110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Milling Parameters on Amplitude Spectrum of Vibrations during Milling Materials Based on Wood

by Áron Hortobágyi, Peter Koleda, Pavol Koleda and Richard Kminiak

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 5061; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13085061 - 18 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1262

Abstract

Milling with use of CNC machines is a well-established method and much research was concluded on this topic. However, when it comes to wood and wood composites, the material non-homogeneity brings a lot of variability into cutting conditions. As a part of research [...] Read more.

Milling with use of CNC machines is a well-established method and much research was concluded on this topic. However, when it comes to wood and wood composites, the material non-homogeneity brings a lot of variability into cutting conditions. As a part of research into potential signals for nesting milling, material vibrations at clamping points were examined in this study. The main goal was to conclude if cutting parameters have a statistically significant effect on measurement. The place of measurement was analyzed so it was accessible to the machine operator. Medium density fiberboard and particleboard specimens were cut through by razor and spiral mill, with spindle rotating 10,000 and 20,000 min⁻¹ and feed rates 2, 6, 10 m·min⁻¹. Vibrations were measured at vacuum grippers, and were then processed by fast Fourier transform. Then, frequency spectrum maxima were compared, as well as amplitude sizes. Main frequencies were of roughly 166 Hz and multiples, suggesting their origin in tool rotation. When maxima were compared, tool use, spindle rotation, and feed rate seemed to affect the result. Frequency spectrum amplitudes were subjected to analysis of variance, significant effect was found on spindle speed, tool, and specimen material. No significant effect was found with differing feed rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Processing Technology)

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13 pages, 5865 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Efficiency of Edge Banding Module in a Mass Customized Line for Wooden Doors Production

by Zdzisław Kwidziński, Luďka Hanincová, Eryka Tyma, Joanna Bednarz, Łukasz Sankiewicz, Bartłomiej Knitowski, Marta Pędzik, Jiří Procházka and Tomasz Rogoziński

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(24), 12510; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122412510 - 07 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1440

Abstract

The TechnoPORTA technology line is a fully automated smart line ensuring the highest quality and efficiency of production wooden doors. The aim of the study was to experimentally determine the performance of the edge banding module in the TechnoPORTA line on particular working [...] Read more.

The TechnoPORTA technology line is a fully automated smart line ensuring the highest quality and efficiency of production wooden doors. The aim of the study was to experimentally determine the performance of the edge banding module in the TechnoPORTA line on particular working days and to determine the possible influence of organizational and technological factors characterizing the line’s operation, which can be defined and determined by analyzing the temporal technological data obtained from the IT systems controlling the line’s operation. The research was conducted on the edge banding module, which is crucial to the performance of the entire TechnoPORTA line. During the study, data on door leaf machining were collected such as the mean time of production per one working cycle, mean time of retooling, number of retooling, number of door leaves leaving in a series, and most frequent time of series. The data collected by the IT system controlling the line indicates that this module is flexible and its performance is not related to the control parameters. The results can be used to improve the operation of the module and the replication of the work schedule to subsequent modules of the technological line. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Processing Technology)

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12 pages, 1169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of the Effect of CO₂ Laser Cutting Conditions on Spruce Wood Cut Characteristics Using an Artificial Neural Network

by Ivan Ružiak, Rastislav Igaz, Ivan Kubovský, Milada Gajtanska and Andrej Jankech

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(22), 11355; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122211355 - 09 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1432

Abstract

In addition to traditional chip methods, performance lasers are often used in the field of wood processing. When cutting wood with CO₂ lasers, it is primarily the area of optimization of parameters that is important, which include mainly laser performance and cutting [...] Read more.

In addition to traditional chip methods, performance lasers are often used in the field of wood processing. When cutting wood with CO₂ lasers, it is primarily the area of optimization of parameters that is important, which include mainly laser performance and cutting speed. They have a significant impact on the production efficiency and cut quality. The article deals with the use of an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict spruce wood cut characteristics using CO₂ lasers under several conditions. The mutual impact of the laser performance (P) and the number of annual circles (AR) for prediction of the characteristics of the cutting kerf and the heat affected zone (HAZ) were examined. For this purpose, the artificial neural network in Statistica 12 software was used. The predicted parameters can be used to qualitatively characterize the cutting kerf properties of the spruce wood cut by CO₂ lasers. All the predictions are in good agreement with the results from the available literary sources. The laser power P = 200 W provides a good cutting quality in terms of cutting kerf widths ratio defined as the ratio of cutting kerf width at the lower board to the cutting kerf width at upper board and, therefore, they are optimal for cutting spruce wood at 1.210⁻² ms⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Processing Technology)

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14 pages, 6249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Indentation Hardness and Elastic Recovery of Some Hardwood Species

by Maciej Sydor, Grzegorz Pinkowski, Martin Kučerka, Richard Kminiak, Petar Antov and Tomasz Rogoziński

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 5049; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12105049 - 17 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1855

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to measure the Brinell hardness (HB) of six wood species and evaluate the ability to recover the depth of the imprint (self-re-deformation). Straight-grain clear samples of ash, beech, alder, birch, iroko, and linden wood were prepared. Measurements [...] Read more.

The purpose of the study was to measure the Brinell hardness (HB) of six wood species and evaluate the ability to recover the depth of the imprint (self-re-deformation). Straight-grain clear samples of ash, beech, alder, birch, iroko, and linden wood were prepared. Measurements were made in the three main reference timber cross-sections: radial (R), tangential (T), and axial/longitudinal (L) and with two measuring loads of 30 kG and 100 kG (294.2 N and 980.7 N). The tested wood species could be classified into hard (ash, beech), medium-hard (alder, birch, iroko), and soft (linden) wood species. The HBs of each tested wood species differed in the cross-sections, i.e., side hardness (R, T) and end hardness (L). Higher HB values were obtained at 100 kG load in all species and all three cross-sections. The lowest influence of the measurement force value on the HB value was revealed for the soft wood species (linden: 107–118%). This influence was visible for the other five medium-hard and hard wood species, ranging from 125% to 176%. The percentage of temporary imprint in total imprint depth (x/H) varied from 12 to 33% (linden 12–18%—the lowest self-re-deformation ability; beech 25–33%—the highest self-re-deformation ability). The results of this study underline that the higher the density of the wood, the higher the Brinell hardness, and, simultaneously, the greater the measurement force used, the higher the Brinell hardness measured. The ability of self-re-deformation in wood’s R and T cross-sections depends on the wood density and the measuring force used. In contrast, this ability only depends on the wood density in the L cross-section. Those observations imply that the compaction of the cell structure during side compression is mainly non-destructive, while the longitudinal deformation of the cell structure (the buckling of cell walls and fracture of ends of the cells) is to a great degree destructive and irreversible. These results can be used in the construction and furniture sectors, especially when designing products and planning the woodworking of highly loaded wood floors and furniture elements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Processing Technology)

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Review

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19 pages, 2612 KiB

Open AccessReview

Surface Engineering of Woodworking Tools, a Review

by Bogdan Warcholinski and Adam Gilewicz

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(20), 10389; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122010389 - 15 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3025

Abstract

The wide range of applications of wood are due to its strength properties. The mechanical properties of wood in various parts or directions are different. The complex structure of wood and its hygroscopicity prevent the use of coolants and lubricants, resulting in rapid [...] Read more.

The wide range of applications of wood are due to its strength properties. The mechanical properties of wood in various parts or directions are different. The complex structure of wood and its hygroscopicity prevent the use of coolants and lubricants, resulting in rapid tool wear disproportionate to the hardness of the processed material. This significantly affects machining efficiency and the quality of the processed surface. It seems that an effective method of reducing tool wear is its modification with a thin hard coating produced by the Physical Vapor Deposition or Chemical Vapor Deposition methods. The article presents tool materials used for woodworking, areas for improving the efficiency of their work, and the impact of thin hard coatings on the increase in tool durability, including binary coatings and also doping with various elements and multilayer coatings. Scientific centers dealing with the above-mentioned subject are also mentioned. A brief review of the effects of surface modifications of woodworking tools in the context of their durability is presented. It was found that the most promising coatings on tools for woodworking were multilayer coatings, especially based on chromium. Higher wear resistance was demonstrated by coatings with a lower coefficient of friction. This value was more important than hardness in predicting the service life of the coated tool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Processing Technology)

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