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Applied Sciences
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Alloys: Evolution of Microstructure and Texture
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Alloys: Evolution of Microstructure and Texture

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2024) | Viewed by 7698

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Rajib Kalsar

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA
Interests: texture evolution; orientation imaging microscopy; crystal plasticity
Dr. Vineet V. Joshi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99354, USA
Interests: corrosion; oxidation of metals; thermal barrier coatings; light weight materials; nuclear materials; joining technologies; brazing; materials processing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. David Field

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University Pullman, Pullman, WA, USA
Interests: physical and mechanical metallurgy; metal deformation and recrystallization; grain boundary structure
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue in Applied Sciences is devoted to the latest research articles related to crystallographic texture and microstructural characterizations of metallic materials. Anisotropic properties due to crystallographic orientation are well known in all kinds of materials produced through various routes, such as casting, sheet forming, forging, extrusion, additive manufacturing, electro-deposition, CVD, PVD, sputtering, etc. Understanding as well as controlling textures and microstructures are critical to the design properties and performance characteristics of materials in a broad spectrum of applications, such as in the automotive industry, aerospace, and power generation. The demands for decarbonization in energy sectors and pathways towards the transition to renewable energy are further accelerated by materials design through microstructural engineering, especially in light weighting, battery, and photovoltaic cells. Currently, a wide spectrum of advanced characterization tools is being used to study nano- to meso-scale texture and microstructural features, such as TEM-OIM, EBSD, XRD, synchrotron, etc. In recent developments, 3D microscopy and stereology take the discipline one step forward for the construction, understanding, and prediction of 3D microstructure in different-length scales. From nano to meso scale, characterizations combined with various modelling tools are the recent research trends to design microstructures and assist in the prediction of properties in structural to multi-functional materials.

Dr. Rajib Kalsar
Dr. Vineet V. Joshi
Prof. Dr. David Field
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • texture and microstructure
  • in situ characterization and modelling: X-ray diffraction, synchrotron, and EBSD
  • 3D microstructural characterizations and stereology
  • texture and microstructure evolution during processing: casting, rolling, extrusion, wire drawing, forging, SPD, and 3D printing
  • texture and microstructure evolution in functional materials produced through electro-deposition, sputtering, CVD, and PVD

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 5480 KiB  
Article
Parametric Investigation of Parallel Deposition Passes on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 7075 Aluminum Alloy Processed with Additive Friction Stir Deposition
by L. P. Cahalan, M. B. Williams, L. N. Brewer, M. M. McDonnell, M. R. Kelly, A. D. Lalonde, P. G. Allison and J. B. Jordon
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(1), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010457 - 04 Jan 2024
Viewed by 854
Abstract
Large-scale metal additive manufacturing (AM) provides a unique solution to rapidly develop prototype components with net-shape or near-net shape geometries. Specifically, additive friction stir deposition (AFSD) is a solid-state method for large-scale metal AM that produces near-net shape depositions capable of high deposition [...] Read more.
Large-scale metal additive manufacturing (AM) provides a unique solution to rapidly develop prototype components with net-shape or near-net shape geometries. Specifically, additive friction stir deposition (AFSD) is a solid-state method for large-scale metal AM that produces near-net shape depositions capable of high deposition rates. As AFSD is utilized for a broader range of applications, there is a need to understand deposition strategies for larger and more complex geometries. In particular, components with larger surface areas will require overlapping deposition passes within a single layer. In this study, the AFSD process was used to create depositions utilizing multiple passes with a varying deposition path overlap width. The effects of overlapping parallel pass depositions on the mechanical and microstructural properties of aluminum alloy 7075 were examined. The grain size and microstructural features of the deposited material were analyzed to evaluate material mixing and plastic flow in the observed overlap regions. Additionally, hardness and tensile experiments were conducted to observe the relationship between the overlap width and as-deposited material behavior. In this study, an ideal overlap width was found that produced acceptable as-deposited material properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alloys: Evolution of Microstructure and Texture)
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16 pages, 12314 KiB  
Article
Low-Temperature Sintering and Infiltration of High-W Contacts
by Jincheng Zhao, Ming Xie and Hongmei Li
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(17), 9608; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179608 - 25 Aug 2023
Viewed by 661
Abstract
AgW materials exhibit excellent properties and are widely used as contact materials in low- and medium-voltage switches. In this study, a pre-sintering and infiltration method was employed to pre-sinter W powder with Cu, Ni, and (Cu+Ni) additions in the low temperature range of [...] Read more.
AgW materials exhibit excellent properties and are widely used as contact materials in low- and medium-voltage switches. In this study, a pre-sintering and infiltration method was employed to pre-sinter W powder with Cu, Ni, and (Cu+Ni) additions in the low temperature range of 950–1050 °C. The low-temperature sintering behaviours of W skeletons with different additives were investigated. Subsequently, AgW (70 wt%), AgW (75 wt%), AgW (80 wt%), and AgW (85 wt%) materials were prepared through infiltration at 1050 °C. The microstructure morphology and physical properties of high-W contact materials were investigated using a metallographic microscope and scanning electron microscope. The mechanism of low-temperature sintering–infiltration of high-W contact materials was elucidated. The results indicate that pure W and 1% Cu-added W skeletons experience minimal linear shrinkage within the temperature range of 950–1050 °C. The linear shrinkage curves of W skeletons with different additives coincided under the conditions of 950–1000 °C/90 min. At 1050 °C, after sintering for 150 min, the particle boundaries in the W skeleton were fully spheroidised, with a dihedral angle of 120°. At 1050 °C and after 150 min of infiltration, cross-sectional micrographs of the AgW material revealed the presence of irregular Ni layers, where Ni spatially enveloped/encapsulated Ag. With an increase in the W content, the electrical conductivity and relative density of AgW (70–85) materials decreased, whereas the hardness of the materials increased. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alloys: Evolution of Microstructure and Texture)
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12 pages, 8726 KiB  
Article
Hot Rolling of ZK60 Magnesium Alloy with Isotropic Tensile Properties from Tubing Made by Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion (ShAPE)
by William E. Frazier, Nicole Overman, Benjamin Schuessler, Sridhar Niverty, Timothy Roosendaal, Scott Whalen and Vineet V. Joshi
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 5343; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095343 - 25 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1160
Abstract
In the present work, we utilized Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion (ShAPE), a solid-phase processing technique, to extrude hollow tubes of ZK60 Mg alloy. Hot rolling was performed on these as-extruded tubes (after slitting them longitudinally) to thickness reductions of 37%, 68%, and [...] Read more.
In the present work, we utilized Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion (ShAPE), a solid-phase processing technique, to extrude hollow tubes of ZK60 Mg alloy. Hot rolling was performed on these as-extruded tubes (after slitting them longitudinally) to thickness reductions of 37%, 68%, and 93% to investigate their viability as rolling feedstock material. EBSD analysis showed the formation of twinned grains in the ShAPE processed material and a gradual re-orientation of the basal texture parallel to the extrusion direction with each rolling step. Moreover, an equiaxed grain size of 5.15 ± 3.39 μm was obtained in the ShAPE extruded material, and the microstructure was retained even after 93% rolling reduction. The rolled sheets also showed excellent tensile strengths and no mechanical anisotropy, a critical characteristic for formability. The unique microstructures developed and their excellent mechanical properties, combined with the ease of scalability of the process, make ShAPE a promising alternative to existing methods for producing rolling feedstock material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alloys: Evolution of Microstructure and Texture)
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11 pages, 3799 KiB  
Article
Microstructure, Magnetic Properties, and Application of FINEMET-Type Alloys with Co Addition
by Agnieszka Łukiewska, Mirosław Łukiewski, Mariusz Hasiak and Hanna Łukiewska
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 4693; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13084693 - 07 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1310
Abstract
The choice of materials for cores of electrotechnical devices is currently related to energy saving and global warming problems. Nanocrystalline alloys are emerging as materials for cores in these devices in addition to amorphous materials already commonly used due to their better magnetic [...] Read more.
The choice of materials for cores of electrotechnical devices is currently related to energy saving and global warming problems. Nanocrystalline alloys are emerging as materials for cores in these devices in addition to amorphous materials already commonly used due to their better magnetic properties at high operating frequencies. The thermal stability of the magnetic properties of cores is also an important criterion. Keeping these criteria in mind, a study of microstructure and magnetic properties was carried out in this work, and FeCoNbBCu-type material was selected for use as the core of a choke operating in a DC/DC converter in interleaved topology. On the basis of the conducted studies, it was found that good magnetic properties and the best thermal stability were shown by Fe58Co25Nb3B13Cu1 alloy. Using RALE software, the technical parameters of the choke core were determined and compared with the same parameters for a choke core made of FINEMET-type alloy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alloys: Evolution of Microstructure and Texture)
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17 pages, 5371 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Deformation Flow in 1050 Aluminum Alloy by the Implementation of Constitutive Model Parameters
by János György Bátorfi, Gyula Pál, Purnima Chakravarty and Jurij J. Sidor
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(7), 4359; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074359 - 29 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1776
Abstract
The behavior of technically pure aluminum was examined, and this investigation allowed the determination of the material constants by various models. The model parameters derived were subsequently used for the finite element simulations (FEM) of a cold rolling process. To determine the tuning [...] Read more.
The behavior of technically pure aluminum was examined, and this investigation allowed the determination of the material constants by various models. The model parameters derived were subsequently used for the finite element simulations (FEM) of a cold rolling process. To determine the tuning parameters such as the strain-hardening coefficient K, strain-hardening exponent n, or elastic constant E, a tensile test was performed on the heat-treated sheet of 1050 Al alloy and the experimentally observed deformation behavior was compared to the simulated counterpart. The results of the FEM calculations reveal that the strain-hardening characteristics can be alternatively derived from the Brinell indentation. Additionally, the determined constitutive model parameters (E = 69.8 GPa, K = 144.6 MPa, and n = 0.3) were verified by simulating both the symmetric and asymmetric rolling processes. The distribution of the equivalent strain across the sheet thickness was computed by the FEM, and it was found that the modeled deformation profiles tend to reproduce the experimentally observed ones with high accuracy for different strain modes inasmuch as the mentioned rolling trials accommodate diverse amounts of shear and normal strain components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alloys: Evolution of Microstructure and Texture)
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15 pages, 36487 KiB  
Article
Examination of the Effect of Cooling Rate after Extrusion to Formability of 6061 Automotive Profiles
by Athanasios Vazdirvanidis, Sofia Papadopoulou, Grigoris Symeonidis, Fivos Aslanis, Andreas Rikos and Eva Stachouli
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3763; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063763 - 15 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1160
Abstract
As part of the present project, an inquiry is being conducted into the impact of the cooling rate subsequent to extrusion on both the mechanical characteristics and microstructure of 6061 alloy extruded profiles tailored for application in the automotive industry. Water quenching, air [...] Read more.
As part of the present project, an inquiry is being conducted into the impact of the cooling rate subsequent to extrusion on both the mechanical characteristics and microstructure of 6061 alloy extruded profiles tailored for application in the automotive industry. Water quenching, air cooling, and step-cooling (combination of air cooling and water quenching) were performed after a solution heat treatment for simulating different cooling processes on the exit of the extrusion press. Microstructure examination was performed after artificial aging for every cooling method accompanied by three-point bending and tensile testing for investigation of differences in formability characteristics in each one of the three cases. Electron fractography, texture, and grain boundary misorientation analysis consisted the main analytical techniques, allowing the correlation between grains orientation resulting from the extrusion process with cracking initiation behavior in mechanical testing and for the determination of the regions which were more prone to cracking. From the examination, the positive role of rapid cooling for improved formability was highlighted. Through the grain boundary misorientation analysis and the formation of Taylor factor maps, it was shown that crack initiation preferably took place at subsurface regions even though “roughening” of the bent surface was obvious and expected to lead to crack initiation in the more ductile samples. Considerable amounts of LAGBs (Low Angle Grain Boundaries) (14.7%) and SGBs (Subgrain Boundaries) (4.5%) were detected in the sample which was subjected to step cooling accompanied by an outer and inner surface layers (surface zone) of 200–250 μm thicknesses exhibiting different orientations. The results of this project will be used for optimization of the automotive extruded profiles production process, ensuring improved mechanical performance and resistance to premature fracture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alloys: Evolution of Microstructure and Texture)
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