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Advanced Physical Therapy for Rehabilitation
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Advanced Physical Therapy for Rehabilitation

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 November 2025 | Viewed by 3513

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Seong-Gil Kim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physical Therapy, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong, Republic of Korea
Interests: exercise; electromyography; gait analysis; posture; biomechanics; healthcare
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue, "Advanced Physical Therapy for Rehabilitation", focuses on innovative and advanced approaches in physical therapy that improve rehabilitation outcomes for diverse patient populations. This Special Issue invites original research and review articles on cutting-edge interventions, novel therapeutic techniques, and emerging technologies that are transforming the field of rehabilitation. Topics may include advancements in manual therapy, exercise science, telehealth applications, wearable technology, and insights into biomechanics, motor control, and tailored rehabilitation programs. The aim is to provide a comprehensive view of advanced methodologies in physical therapy that optimize patient recovery, enhance functional mobility, and improve quality of life.

Dr. Seong-Gil Kim
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • physical therapy
  • rehabilitation
  • telehealth
  • wearable technology
  • biomechanics
  • motor control
  • manual therapy
  • exercise science
  • patient recovery
  • functional mobility

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 929 KiB  
Article
Usability Test for an Over-Ground Walking Assistance Robotic Device Based on the Mecanum Wheel
by Daon Hwang, EunPyeong Choi and KiHun Cho
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 5294; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105294 - 9 May 2025
Viewed by 216
Abstract
Robotic walking assistance devices support the rehabilitation of patients with neurological impairments. However, most commercialized systems rely on treadmill-based walking, which may not reflect real-world environments. This study aimed to evaluate the usability of a newly developed over-ground walking assistance robot (OWAR-MW) based [...] Read more.
Robotic walking assistance devices support the rehabilitation of patients with neurological impairments. However, most commercialized systems rely on treadmill-based walking, which may not reflect real-world environments. This study aimed to evaluate the usability of a newly developed over-ground walking assistance robot (OWAR-MW) based on mecanum wheels compared with a commercial system (Andago) from the perspectives of physical therapists and patients with stroke. Nine physical therapists and nine stroke patients participated. Each participant walked 100 m using both the OWAR-MW and Andago systems. Subsequently, a satisfaction survey was conducted across three categories—safety, operability and functionality, and convenience—using a questionnaire adapted from the standard usability testing guidelines for walking assistive devices. Additionally, in-depth interviews were conducted to explore user experience and improvement needs. In both participant groups, the OWAR-MW showed a tendency for lower satisfaction scores than Andago across all categories. Stroke patients reported significantly lower scores in all three categories (safety: 4.90 vs. 4.04, operability and functionality: 4.83 vs. 4.33, convenience: 4.87 vs. 4.49, p < 0.05), whereas therapists noted a significant difference only in safety (4.02 vs. 3.37, p < 0.05). Key issues identified included a lack of handles, delay in actuator response, low motion detection sensitivity, non-intuitive controls, and discomfort caused by the harness, particularly the thigh straps. OWAR-MW demonstrated usability limitations in its current prototype form. Technical improvements in user interface, control accuracy, and harness design are necessary before clinical application. This study provides valuable feedback for the future development of user-centered rehabilitation robotics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical Therapy for Rehabilitation)
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13 pages, 2299 KiB  
Article
Machine Learning Introduces Electrophysiology Assessment as the Best Predictor for the Recovery Prognosis of Spinal Cord Injury Patients for Personalized Rehabilitation Approaches
by Dionysia Chrysanthakopoulou, Charalampos Matzaroglou, Eftychia Trachani and Constantinos Koutsojannis
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 4578; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084578 - 21 Apr 2025
Viewed by 584
Abstract
The strong correlation between evoked potentials (EPs) and American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) scores in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) suggests that EPs may serve as reliable predictive markers for rehabilitation progress. Numerous studies have confirmed a relationship between variations in somatosensory [...] Read more.
The strong correlation between evoked potentials (EPs) and American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) scores in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) suggests that EPs may serve as reliable predictive markers for rehabilitation progress. Numerous studies have confirmed a relationship between variations in somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and ASIA scores, especially in the early stages of SCI. Machine learning’s (ML’s) increasing importance in medicine is driven by the growing availability of health data and improved algorithms. It enables the creation of predictive models for disease diagnosis, progression prediction, personalized treatment, and improved healthcare efficiency. Data-driven approaches can significantly improve patient care, reduce costs, and facilitate personalized medicine. The meticulous analysis of medical data is crucial for timely disease identification, leading to effective symptom management and appropriate treatment. This study applies artificial intelligence to identify predictors of SCI progression, as measured by the disability index, ASIA impairment scale (AIS), and final motor recovery. We aim to clarify the prognostic role of electrophysiological testing (SSEPs, MEPs, and nerve conduction studies (NCSs)) in SCI. We analyzed data from a medical database of 123 records. We developed an ML-based intelligent system, utilizing ensemble algorithms combining decision trees and neural network approaches, to predict SCI recovery. Our evaluation showed SEP accuracies of 90% for motor recovery prediction and 80% for AIS scale determination, comparable to full electrophysiology evaluation accuracies of 93% and 89%, respectively, and generally superior results compared to MEP and NCS results. EPs emerged as the best predictors, comparable to a comprehensive electrophysiology assessment, significantly improving accuracy compared to clinical findings alone. An electrophysiological assessment, when available, increased overall accuracy for final motor recovery prediction to 93% (from a maximum of 75%) and, for ASIA score determination, to 89% (from a maximum of 66%). Further validation is needed with a larger dataset. Future research should validate that sensory electrophysiology assessment is a less expensive, portable, and simpler alternative to other prognostic tests and more effective than clinical assessments, like the AIS, biomarker for SCI, and personalized rehabilitation planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical Therapy for Rehabilitation)
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11 pages, 1149 KiB  
Article
Effect of Low-Frequency Magnetic Field Stimulation on Physical Performance and Inflammation in Post-Stroke Patients: A Feasibility and Safety Study
by Renata Marchewka, Tomasz Trzmiel and Katarzyna Hojan
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 3182; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063182 - 14 Mar 2025
Viewed by 552
Abstract
Background: Strokes are a major public health concern, responsible for high mortality and long-term disability rates. Rehabilitation techniques aim to harness neuroplasticity—brain self-repair mechanisms that restore lost functions. Beyond traditional methods, therapies like Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) and Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields [...] Read more.
Background: Strokes are a major public health concern, responsible for high mortality and long-term disability rates. Rehabilitation techniques aim to harness neuroplasticity—brain self-repair mechanisms that restore lost functions. Beyond traditional methods, therapies like Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) and Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields (ELF-MFs) show promise in enhancing neuroplasticity. This pilot study explored the feasibility and safety of ELF-MFs in stroke rehabilitation. Methods: The study involved 44 patients randomized into three groups: magnetotherapy applied to the head (MT1), pelvis (MT2), or standard rehabilitation (control). Assessments included functional measures (FIM, Barthel Index, Tinetti Scale, SPPB, and Berg Balance Scale) and inflammatory markers (CRP, PCT). Results: All groups showed functional improvement, with CRP and PCT reductions highlighting potential benefits of ELF-MFs. No adverse effects or changes in blood or organ function were observed. Conclusions: ELF-MFs could be safely conducted in this group allowing for further research to confirm their efficacy in larger studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical Therapy for Rehabilitation)
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17 pages, 1705 KiB  
Article
Exploring Positional Performance and Force Control in a Bimanual Lifting Task Among Children with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Haowei Guo, Caroline H. G. Bastiaenen, Jeanine A. M. C. F. Verbunt and Eugene A. A. Rameckers
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 2872; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15062872 - 7 Mar 2025
Viewed by 525
Abstract
Children with neurodevelopmental disabilities often struggle with motor control and stability, impacting their ability to perform functional tasks such as lifting and carrying objects. This study explores positional performance during bimanual box-lifting tasks in children aged 9–18 years with neurodevelopmental disabilities. A total [...] Read more.
Children with neurodevelopmental disabilities often struggle with motor control and stability, impacting their ability to perform functional tasks such as lifting and carrying objects. This study explores positional performance during bimanual box-lifting tasks in children aged 9–18 years with neurodevelopmental disabilities. A total of 83 participants, including 62 with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy and 21 with non-unilateral spastic cerebral palsy, performed tasks using the Activity of Daily Living Testing and Training Device. Tasks were conducted at maximal (80–100% force) and submaximal (40–80% force) levels of force control, with positional performance measured in six directions using Inertial Measurement Unit sensors. Statistical analyses included the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for levels of force control comparisons, Kruskal–Wallis tests for group differences, and Spearman correlations to assess relationships between maximal and submaximal performance. The results revealed that four of six positional parameters were worse in the maximal zone than in the submaximal zone (p<0.05), highlighting the challenges of higher force demands. Additionally, positive correlations between maximal and submaximal performance suggest consistency across levels of force control. Maximal levels of force control increased variability, with submaximal performance proven to be a reliable predictor of maximal capabilities. This finding offers a safer and more efficient method for assessing motor performance. Overall, these results underscore the importance of targeted rehabilitation strategies focused on improving stability and precision in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities so they can perform daily tasks more independently. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical Therapy for Rehabilitation)
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Review

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21 pages, 1646 KiB  
Review
Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Management of Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Systematic Review
by Sebastián Eustaquio Martín Pérez, Joel Rodríguez Niebla, Loanne Giraud Pérez, Raquel Campo León, Alejandro López Mejías, David Morales Tejera and Isidro Miguel Martín Pérez
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 4161; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084161 - 10 Apr 2025
Viewed by 989
Abstract
Fibromyalgia syndrome is a chronic pain condition involving altered nociceptive processing, which requires multidisciplinary management. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has recently emerged as a promising non-pharmacological approach, but its clinical effectiveness and optimal application methods remain unclear. This systematic review evaluated the efficacy of [...] Read more.
Fibromyalgia syndrome is a chronic pain condition involving altered nociceptive processing, which requires multidisciplinary management. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has recently emerged as a promising non-pharmacological approach, but its clinical effectiveness and optimal application methods remain unclear. This systematic review evaluated the efficacy of PBMT in managing Fibromyalgia symptoms, including pain, physical function, sleep quality, and overall well-being, while comparing localized and whole-body delivery. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines and previously registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024626368). Literature searches were performed across MEDLINE ((PubMed)), PEDro, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Elsevier (ScienceDirect), and Web of Science (WOS), identifying 17 eligible studies (n = 857 participants). PBMT was applied via low-level laser, infrared, or LED-based devices, delivered either locally or to the whole body. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the PEDro scale, and the risk of bias was evaluated using the RoB 2.0 tool. PBMT showed significant clinical benefits, including reduced pain intensity, improved physical function, decreased fatigue, and enhanced quality of life. Whole-body PBMT showed greater and more sustained effects than localized applications, likely due to its systemic modulation of nociceptive pathways and autonomic regulation. Improvements were also observed in terms of psychological well-being, sleep quality, and reduced kinesiophobia. In conclusion, PBMT appears to be an effective therapeutic option for Fibromyalgia syndrome, with whole-body applications offering superior benefits. However, the variability in treatment parameters and study methodologies underscores the need for standardized protocols and high-quality clinical trials to support its integration into multidisciplinary pain management strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical Therapy for Rehabilitation)
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