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Animals
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Common Infectious Diseases in Poultry
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Common Infectious Diseases in Poultry

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Poultry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 July 2025 | Viewed by 8906

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Nitish Boodhoo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
Interests: immunology of infectious diseases; zoonotic diseases; t-cell immunology; immunometabolism; immunity; viral transmission; probiotics; ectopic gene expression; host-microbe interactions; gut immunology
Dr. Dagmara Bialy

E-Mail
Guest Editor
The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, UK
Interests: respiratory viruses; zoonoses; viral co infections; influenza viruses; antiviral resistance

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Although many diseases have been reported in domestic poultry and wild bird species, certain diseases are now more commonly encountered in large poultry operation and small backyard poultry flocks as a result of interaction between reservoir (infected) and susceptible hosts. Understanding the pathogen burden in various reservoir species and its subsequent transmissibility is key. Because of this reality, disease burden in a barn is higher than before due to presence of a previously unrecognized pathogen or late recognition of early disease signs. Treating chickens for an infectious disease can be extremely challenging. Therefore, the optimal goal is disease prevention by application of vaccines, and use of various antivirals or immunostimulants like pre- or probiotics. Some common infectious pathogens are listed but not limited to the following: Bacterial diseases that frequently occur in poultry flocks include Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Clostridial species, pasteurellosis (fowl cholera), mycoplasmosis, bordetellosis (turkey coryza), stapy-loccosis, and infection with Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). Fungal diseases, including aspergillosis and candidiasis, are usually seen as secondary infections. Viral diseases of importance include Marek's disease (MDV), Avian influenza (HPAIV and LPAIV), lymphoid leukosis, infectious bronchitis, infectious laryngotracheitis, and Fowl adenovirus infection. Coccidiosis and histomoniasis (Blackhead, infectious enterohepatitis) are protozoal diseases that can cause significant problems that lead to secondary infections.

In this Special Issue, we would like to invite our colleagues working on a broad range of aspects related to diseases of poultry to submit manuscripts in the form of original research articles or reviews. We encour-age articles within the fields of general virology, bacteriology, parasitology, immunology, host-pathogen interactions, epidemiology, wildlife surveillance, and disease control and prevention. We especially en-courage articles that focus on a one health approach.

Dr. Nitish Boodhoo
Dr. Dagmara Bialy
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • one health
  • zoonotic pathogens
  • epidemiology
  • pathogenesis
  • immune response
  • host–pathogen interactions
  • wildlife surveillance
  • disease prevention
  • transmission

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 3660 KiB  
Article
Epidemiological Investigation and Genetic Analysis of Duck Circovirus in Korea from 2013 to 2022
by Cheng-Dong Yu, Sang-Won Kim, Cun-Xia Liu, Yue-Hua Gao, Yu-Feng Li, Jong-Yeol Park, Se-Yeoun Cha, Hyung-Kwan Jang, Min Kang and Bai Wei
Animals 2024, 14(24), 3630; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14243630 - 16 Dec 2024
Viewed by 828
Abstract
Duck circovirus (DuCV) infections cause immunosuppression in ducks, potentially leading to significant economic losses for the duck farming industry. This study investigates the prevalence, genetic characteristics, and evolutionary trends of DuCV in Korea between 2013 and 2022. Samples from 184 farms across seven [...] Read more.
Duck circovirus (DuCV) infections cause immunosuppression in ducks, potentially leading to significant economic losses for the duck farming industry. This study investigates the prevalence, genetic characteristics, and evolutionary trends of DuCV in Korea between 2013 and 2022. Samples from 184 farms across seven provinces were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The overall DuCV infection rate was 29.4% (54/184), with Jeollanam-do showing the highest prevalence (37.5%, 15/40). Ducks aged 3–6 weeks were most susceptible to infection, while ducklings younger than one week were rarely infected. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 24 positive samples with phylogenetic analysis revealing that DuCV-1b is the predominant subtype in Korea (23/24 strains). Notably, a Korean DuCV-1a subtype strain was identified for the first time, showing close genetic relatedness to Chinese DuCV 1a strains. Novel subtype-specific amino acid variations in ORF1 and ORF2 were statistically analyzed and classified. Recombination analysis suggested some Korean DuCV-1b strains may have resulted from recombination events involving strains from different countries. This comprehensive study provides crucial insights into the current prevalence, genetic diversity, and evolutionary dynamics of DuCV in Korea, offering valuable data for developing effective control strategies and understanding the global epidemiology of this economically important avian pathogen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Common Infectious Diseases in Poultry)
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17 pages, 18039 KiB  
Article
RNA-Seq Analysis of Glycolysis Regulation of Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J Replication
by Ting Yang, Lingling Qiu, Shihao Chen, Zhixiu Wang, Yong Jiang, Hao Bai, Yulin Bi and Guobin Chang
Animals 2024, 14(17), 2500; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172500 - 28 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1095
Abstract
Avian Leukosis virus (ALV) is a widely spread virus that causes major economic losses to the global poultry industry. This study aims to investigate the effect of glycolysis on the replication of the ALV-J virus and identify the key circular RNAs that regulate [...] Read more.
Avian Leukosis virus (ALV) is a widely spread virus that causes major economic losses to the global poultry industry. This study aims to investigate the effect of glycolysis on the replication of the ALV-J virus and identify the key circular RNAs that regulate the replication of the ALV-J virus. We found that glucose uptake, pyruvate content, and lactate content in DF1 cells were increased after ALV-J infection. Moreover, inhibiting the glycolysis of ALV-J-infected DF1 cells reduced the replication of the ALV-J virus. To further study the mechanism of glycolysis in the replication of the ALV-J virus, we performed RNA-seq on ALV-J-infected and ALV-J-infected cells treated with glycolysis inhibition. RNA-seq results show that a total of 10,375 circular RNAs (circRNAs) were identified, of which the main types were exonic circular RNAs, and 28 circRNAs were differentially expressed between ALV-J-infected and ALV-J-infected cells treated with glycolysis inhibition. Then, we performed functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed circRNA source and target genes. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that some circRNAs might be involved in regulating the replication of the ALV-J virus by influencing some pathways like glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, Insulin signaling pathway, and Apoptosis. This study revealed the effect of glycolysis on the replication of the ALV-J virus in DF1 cells and its possible regulatory mechanism, which provided a basis for understanding the factors influencing the replication of the ALV-J virus and reducing the rate of infection of the ALV-J virus in poultry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Common Infectious Diseases in Poultry)
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11 pages, 2951 KiB  
Article
Clinicopathological and Molecular Investigation of Newcastle Disease Outbreaks in Vaccinated and Non-Vaccinated Broiler Chicken Flocks in Nepal
by Subash Regmi, Rajesh Bhatta, Pushkar Pal, Arvindra Shrestha, Tamás Mató, Bikash Puri and Surya Paudel
Animals 2024, 14(16), 2423; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162423 - 21 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1754
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease caused by the paramyxovirus, which is a single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus. This study was conducted to investigate ND outbreaks in 10 vaccinated or non-vaccinated broiler farms, collectively housing 9840 birds of various ages [...] Read more.
Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease caused by the paramyxovirus, which is a single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus. This study was conducted to investigate ND outbreaks in 10 vaccinated or non-vaccinated broiler farms, collectively housing 9840 birds of various ages in the Chitwan and Nawalpur districts of Nepal from July to December 2021. Clinically, the affected birds exhibited symptoms such as limb paralysis, greenish diarrhea (seven out of ten flocks), torticollis (two out of ten flocks), inappetence, and drowsiness (ten out of ten flocks). Birds that succumbed during the clinical course underwent a necropsy for gross pathology and samples were collected for the histopathology and molecular diagnosis. The gross and microscopic examination revealed hemorrhages in the proventriculus, erosions and ulcers in the small intestine, congestion, as well as sero-mucosal hemorrhages in the trachea of affected birds, which are typical of ND. Rapid test kits further confirmed the presence of the ND virus antigen while excluding the avian influenza virus. Furthermore, M gene-based real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed in the pooled samples from the affected birds and the presence of a velogenic strain of the ND virus was identified. The phylogenetic analysis of the RT-PCR positive strain based on the partial F gene nucleotide sequence revealed these strains as genotype VII.2 (formerly VIIi). The findings highlight the occurrence of clinical ND outbreaks in farms despite adherence to recommended vaccination protocols in broiler flocks, underscoring the need for a regular comprehensive investigation involving in-depth examinations of available vaccines and genetic analyses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Common Infectious Diseases in Poultry)
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Review

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23 pages, 1181 KiB  
Review
Biosensors for Monitoring, Detecting, and Tracking Dissemination of Poultry-Borne Bacterial Pathogens Along the Poultry Value Chain: A Review
by Nitish Boodhoo, Janan Shoja Doost and Shayan Sharif
Animals 2024, 14(21), 3138; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14213138 - 1 Nov 2024
Viewed by 2604
Abstract
The poultry industry plays a crucial role in global food production, with chickens being the most widely consumed as a rich protein source. However, infectious diseases pose significant threats to poultry health, underscoring the need for rapid and accurate detection to enable timely [...] Read more.
The poultry industry plays a crucial role in global food production, with chickens being the most widely consumed as a rich protein source. However, infectious diseases pose significant threats to poultry health, underscoring the need for rapid and accurate detection to enable timely intervention. In recent years, biosensors have emerged as essential tools to facilitate routine surveillance on poultry farms and rapid screening at slaughterhouses. These devices provide producers and veterinarians with timely information, thereby promoting proactive disease management. Biosensors have been miniaturized, and portable platforms allow for on-site testing, thereby enhancing biosecurity measures and bolstering disease surveillance networks throughout the poultry supply chain. Consequently, biosensors represent a transformative advancement in poultry disease management, offering rapid and precise detection capabilities that are vital for safeguarding poultry health and ensuring sustainable production systems. This section offers an overview of biosensors and their applications in detecting poultry diseases, with a particular emphasis on enteric pathogens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Common Infectious Diseases in Poultry)
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Other

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7 pages, 1118 KiB  
Case Report
Co-Infection of Chickens with Staphylococcus lentus and Staphylococcus aureus from an Outbreak of Arthritis, Synovitis, and Osteomyelitis Argues for Detailed Characterisation of Isolates
by Miguel Matos, Peter Mitsch, Dieter Liebhart, Michael Hess and Claudia Hess
Animals 2024, 14(17), 2574; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172574 - 4 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1484
Abstract
Staphylococcus species are widespread in poultry environments and can cause various infections, often when the host’s defences are compromised. This manuscript reports on a co-infection of chickens with Staphylococcus lentus and Staphylococcus aureus associated with an outbreak of arthritis, synovitis, and osteomyelitis in [...] Read more.
Staphylococcus species are widespread in poultry environments and can cause various infections, often when the host’s defences are compromised. This manuscript reports on a co-infection of chickens with Staphylococcus lentus and Staphylococcus aureus associated with an outbreak of arthritis, synovitis, and osteomyelitis in an organic broiler breeder flock in Austria. Clinically, the affected flock showed weakness, lethargy, lameness, and increased mortality. Post-mortem examinations identified purulent arthritis and femoral head necrosis. Bacteriological analysis using MALDI-TOF MS identified both S. aureus and S. lentus in the affected joints. Antibiotic resistance testing revealed significant resistance, particularly in S. lentus. Histological analysis showed severe inflammation and bacterial colonies in the joints. While S. aureus is a common pathogen in poultry, S. lentus is less frequently reported. This study emphasises the need for detailed bacterial characterisation in outbreaks to better understand the role of less common pathogens like S. lentus. Further research is necessary to elucidate the impact of S. lentus on poultry health and its role in causing arthritis and synovitis, highlighting the importance of comprehensive investigation in such outbreaks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Common Infectious Diseases in Poultry)
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