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Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Small and Large Animals
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Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Small and Large Animals

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Clinical Studies".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 31965

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Marco Quartuccio

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Unit of Physiopathology and Clinic of Reproduction, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy
Interests: veterinary medicine; ultrasonography; contrast-enhanced ultrasound; reproduction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Massimo De Majo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy
Interests: veterinary Medicine; ultrasonography; contrast-enhanced ultrasound; internal medicine
Prof. Santo Cristarella

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Unit of Physiopathology and Clinic of Reproduction, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy
Interests: veterinary medicine

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is focused on “Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in small and large animals” and therefore welcomes novel research or insightful reviews on this ultrasound technique. Conventional grayscale ultrasonography is a common imaging technique used in veterinary medicine; however, there are situations in which complex diagnosis requires the use of more sophisticated examination methods such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). From the beginning of the millennium, CEUS applications have been reported not only for pathological diagnosis, but also for the attainment of anatomical and physiological information through evaluation of vascularization of organs or lesions. The technique allows the real-time evaluation and quantification of microcirculation, without impairment due to slow flow and angle dependency of Doppler investigation. However, despite some research papers regarding the use of CEUS in different organs in small as well as equine animals, veterinary literature is scarce and based on a low number of cases and type of diseases observed. This last limitation has impaired the obtainment of distinctive contrast perfusion patterns for the different type of lesions. Preliminary results of CEUS evaluation, if not univocal or certainly as substitute for hystological or cytological exams, might be useful as a direct guide for sampling procedures or as an alternative diagnostic tool, when sampling is difficult. We welcome submissions of original research or review papers focused on different aspects of the CEUS application in veterinary clinical settings in small and large animals as well as on new investigations or insights into organs or injuries not fully clarified.

Prof. Marco Quartuccio
Prof. Massimo De Majo
Prof. Santo Cristarella
Guest Editors

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • image enhancement
  • ultrasonography
  • contrast media
  • microbubbles
  • vascular perfusion
  • small animals
  • large animals

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 879 KiB  
Article
Intra- and Inter-Observer Variability of Quantitative Parameters Used in Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of Kidneys of Healthy Cats
by Amber Hillaert, Emmelie Stock, Sophie Favril, Luc Duchateau, Jimmy H. Saunders and Katrien Vanderperren
Animals 2022, 12(24), 3557; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12243557 - 15 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1375
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a non-invasive imaging technique which allows qualitative and quantitative assessment of tissue perfusion. Although CEUS offers numerous advantages, a major challenge remains the variability in tissue perfusion quantification. This study aimed to assess intra- and inter-observer variability for quantification [...] Read more.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a non-invasive imaging technique which allows qualitative and quantitative assessment of tissue perfusion. Although CEUS offers numerous advantages, a major challenge remains the variability in tissue perfusion quantification. This study aimed to assess intra- and inter-observer variability for quantification of renal perfusion. Two observers with different levels of expertise performed a quantitative analysis of 36 renal CEUS studies, twice. The CEUS data were collected from 12 healthy cats at 3 different time points with a 7-day interval. The inter- and intra-observer agreement was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient. Within and between observers, a good agreement was demonstrated for intensity-related parameters in the cortex, medulla, and interlobular artery. For some parameters, ICCinter was considerably lower than ICCintra, mostly when the ROI encompassed the entire kidney or medulla. With the exception of time to peak (TTP) and mean transit time (mTTI), time-related and slope-related parameters showed poor agreement among observers. In conclusion, it may be advised against having the quantitative assessment of renal perfusion performed by different observers, especially if their experience levels differ. The cortical mTTI seemed to be the most appropriate parameter as it showed a favorable inter-observer agreement and inter-period agreement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Small and Large Animals)
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13 pages, 1092 KiB  
Article
B-Mode and Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography Aspects of Benign and Malignant Superficial Neoplasms in Dogs: A Preliminary Study
by Amber Hillaert, Emmelie Stock, Luc Duchateau, Hilde de Rooster, Nausikaa Devriendt and Katrien Vanderperren
Animals 2022, 12(20), 2765; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12202765 - 14 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1516
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) is considered a promising technique for differentiation of benign and malignant tumors in humans. However, few studies have assessed superficial neoplasms in dogs by means of CEUS. The aim of this study was to identify ultrasonographic criteria evaluated by B-mode [...] Read more.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) is considered a promising technique for differentiation of benign and malignant tumors in humans. However, few studies have assessed superficial neoplasms in dogs by means of CEUS. The aim of this study was to identify ultrasonographic criteria evaluated by B-mode ultrasound (US) and CEUS that may be used to distinguish benign and malignant superficial neoplasms in dogs. A total of 63 superficial neoplasms from 59 dogs were evaluated using B-mode US and CEUS prior to histopathologic examination. Qualitative and quantitative parameters were compared between benign and malignant neoplasms by Fischer’s exact test or fixed effects model. With B-mode US, a significant difference was found for border definition, echogenicity and echotexture. With CEUS, a significant difference was found for the enhancement pattern at wash-in and the wash-out area under the curve at the center of the neoplasm. Malignant neoplasms had on average a lower regional blood volume during the wash-out phase compared to benign neoplasms. Despite these significant differences, there was a considerable overlap in B-mode and CEUS parameters between benign and malignant neoplasms. In conclusion, B-mode US and CEUS might contribute to malignancy prediction; however, based on individual ultrasonographic parameters, they seem unable to replace cytology or histopathology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Small and Large Animals)
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12 pages, 2335 KiB  
Article
Use of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of the Testes after Non-Surgical Sterilization of Male Dogs with CaCl2 in Alcohol
by Vincenzo Cicirelli, Francesco Macrì, Simona Di Pietro, Raffaella Leoci, Giovanni Michele Lacalandra and Giulio Guido Aiudi
Animals 2022, 12(5), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12050577 - 25 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2373
Abstract
Sterilization by intratesticular injection of chemical agents is a non-surgical alternative to neutering male companion animals. We used contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to monitor vascular alterations to testes immediately after the intratesticular injection of CaCL2 in alcohol. We evaluated the CEUS features of [...] Read more.
Sterilization by intratesticular injection of chemical agents is a non-surgical alternative to neutering male companion animals. We used contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to monitor vascular alterations to testes immediately after the intratesticular injection of CaCL2 in alcohol. We evaluated the CEUS features of normal and damaged testes in 20 dogs after the intratesticular injection of CaCl2. The CEUS evaluation was performed at the site of the chemical agent inoculation. In treated testes, qualitative CEUS showed a lower intensity enhancement of the parenchyma than pre-treatment normal testes with a predominantly anechoic pattern and only a few hyperechoic vascular focal spots. Quantitative CEUS showed significantly lower values of time-intensity curve (TIC) parameters, including signal intensity (Peak: 4.72 ± 2.1), regional blood volume (RBV: 134.3 ± 63.7), and regional blood flow (RBF: 4.36 ± 2.18) than normal testes (p < 0.001). Sonographic findings from CEUS showed hypovascularization of the canine testicular parenchyma caused by the hardening agent. This diagnostic technique helps clinicians define testicular vascular alterations achieved by chemical castration more efficiently. Nevertheless, more studies are required to apply this methodology to more subjects with a broader weight range and stray dogs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Small and Large Animals)
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17 pages, 7035 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Testicular Tumor Lesions in Dogs by Different Ultrasound Techniques
by Riccardo Orlandi, Emanuela Vallesi, Cristiano Boiti, Angela Polisca, Paolo Bargellini and Alessandro Troisi
Animals 2022, 12(2), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12020210 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5051
Abstract
In this retrospective study, we assessed the accuracy of different blood flow imaging in diagnosing testicular tumor types in dogs. We recruited 27 dogs with leydigomas (14), seminomas (eight), sertoliomas (six), and mixed cells (five) confirmed histopathologically. In intact dogs, Pampiniform plexus and [...] Read more.
In this retrospective study, we assessed the accuracy of different blood flow imaging in diagnosing testicular tumor types in dogs. We recruited 27 dogs with leydigomas (14), seminomas (eight), sertoliomas (six), and mixed cells (five) confirmed histopathologically. In intact dogs, Pampiniform plexus and marginal arteries were scanned through pulsed Doppler. Blood flow and presence of intralesional/perilesional arteries were assessed by color and power Doppler, B-flow, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Tumor types did not differ by B-Mode ultrasonography characters. Pampiniform and testicular arteries of sertoliomas had higher (p < 0.05) pulsatility and resistive indexes. The proportion of leydigomas with a perilesional and/or perilesional/intralesional blood flow pattern detected by color and pulsed Doppler and B-flow was higher (p < 0.05) than that of the other tumors counted together. This resulted in a sensitivity of 81.8%, 83.3%, and 85.7%, a specificity of 76.5%, 56.3%, and 73.7%, and a correct classification rate of 78.6%, 67.9%, and 78.8%, respectively. While contrast enhanced ultrasound was highly effective in detecting all tumors, qualitative and quantitative parameters did not contribute to their differential diagnosis. In conclusion, results indicate that different testicular tumor types of dogs have subtly different vascular patterns, a condition that could help in identifying leydigomas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Small and Large Animals)
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20 pages, 7309 KiB  
Article
Bidimensional and Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography of the Spleen in Dogs Affected by Leishmaniosis
by Massimo De Majo, Giulia Donato, Marisa Masucci, Cyndi Mangano, Maria Flaminia Persichetti, Luigi Liotta, Giuseppe Mazzullo, Rosanna Visalli, Marco Quartuccio, Nicola Maria Iannelli, Santo Cristarella and Maria Grazia Pennisi
Animals 2021, 11(5), 1437; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051437 - 17 May 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3612
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is responsible for splenic pathological changes. The main features detectable from ultrasound examination are splenomegaly and diffuse alterations of the echostructure. The study aimed to highlight whether these ultrasound changes are related to the severity of the disease or to [...] Read more.
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is responsible for splenic pathological changes. The main features detectable from ultrasound examination are splenomegaly and diffuse alterations of the echostructure. The study aimed to highlight whether these ultrasound changes are related to the severity of the disease or to a modification of splenic microvascularization that can be detected in vivo through contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS). Twenty-five adult dogs tested for CanL were enrolled in this prospective, controlled study and staged according to LeishVet guidelines. Bidimensional ultrasonography revealed that splenomegaly was seen in 50% of the affected dogs, and diffuse parenchymal changes were seen in more than 60% of dogs with splenomegaly, showing a positive correlation with severity of the disease; therefore, splenomegaly could be of prognostic significance. CEUS showed that a persistent heterogeneous distribution pattern appeared only in spleens with diffuse echostructure alterations. The evaluation of quantitative CEUS parameters regarding the volume and velocity of flow in three regions of interest did not show differences between affected and control dogs. Diffuse spleen microvascular modifications evidenced by CEUS were reported for the first time in dogs with CanL. In endemic areas, CanL could be included in the differential diagnoses list when detecting splenic alterations in dogs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Small and Large Animals)
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16 pages, 3711 KiB  
Article
B-Mode and Contrast Enhanced Ultrasonography Features of Gastric Inflammatory and Neoplastic Diseases in Dogs
by Francesco Simeoni, Francesca Del Signore, Giovanni Aste, Paolo Bargellini, Giuseppe Rubini, Rossella Terragni, Roberto Tamburro, Ilaria Falerno, Francesco de Pasquale, Marco Russo and Massimo Vignoli
Animals 2021, 11(3), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030670 - 03 Mar 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3310
Abstract
Canine gastric disorders are common in veterinary clinical practice and among these neoplasms require rapid identification and characterization. Standard ultrasound (US) is the imaging modality of choice for gastric wall assessment. The aim of this prospective study is to describe the specific B-mode [...] Read more.
Canine gastric disorders are common in veterinary clinical practice and among these neoplasms require rapid identification and characterization. Standard ultrasound (US) is the imaging modality of choice for gastric wall assessment. The aim of this prospective study is to describe the specific B-mode and contrast enhanced US (CEUS) features of normal, inflammatory, and neoplastic gastric wall in dogs. B-mode US and CEUS of the stomach were performed in anesthetized dogs with or without gastric disorders. Gastric wall qualitative and quantitative parameters were evaluated on B-mode US and CEUS examination. A total of 41 dogs were included: 6 healthy (HEA) as the control group; 9 gastritis (INF); 8 adenocarcinoma (AC); 8 alimentary lymphoma (AL); 4 leiomyosarcoma (LEIS); 2 gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST); 2 leiomyoma; 1 undifferentiated sarcoma; 1 metastatic gastric hemangiosarcoma. Gastric tumors appear as a marked wall thickness with absent layers definition and possible regional lymphadenopathy (AC and AL) and steatitis (AC) while gastritis generally shows no/mild thickening and no other alterations on B-mode US. On CEUS, neoplasm shows a higher and faster wash in if compared to that of gastritis. B-mode and CEUS assessment may be useful in the evaluation of canine gastric disorders in the distinction between gastritis and gastric neoplasms, even if there are no specific features able to discriminate between the different tumor histotypes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Small and Large Animals)
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11 pages, 1456 KiB  
Article
Use of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography for the Characterization of Tumor Thrombi in Seven Dogs
by Alessia Cordella, Pascaline Pey, Nikolina Linta, Manuela Quinci, Marco Baron Toaldo, Luciano Pisoni, Giuliano Bettini and Alessia Diana
Animals 2020, 10(9), 1613; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091613 - 10 Sep 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2704
Abstract
Tumors of adrenal and thyroid glands have been associated with vascular invasions—so-called tumor thrombi, both in humans and dogs. The detection and characterization of venous thrombi is an important diagnostic step in patients with primary tumors for both surgical planning and prognosis. The [...] Read more.
Tumors of adrenal and thyroid glands have been associated with vascular invasions—so-called tumor thrombi, both in humans and dogs. The detection and characterization of venous thrombi is an important diagnostic step in patients with primary tumors for both surgical planning and prognosis. The aim of this study was to describe the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) for the characterization of tumor thrombi. Dogs with tumor thrombus who underwent bi-dimensional ultrasound (B-mode US) and CEUS were included. Seven dogs were enrolled in this retrospective case series. On B-mode US, all thrombi were visualized, and vascular distension and thrombus-tumor continuity were seen in three and two cases, respectively. On color Doppler examination, all thrombi were identified, seemed non-occlusive and only two presented vascularity. On CEUS, arterial-phase enhancement and washout in the venous phase were observed in all cases. Non-enhancing areas were identified in the tumor thrombi most likely representing non-vascularized tissue that could potentially be embolized in the lungs after fragmentation of the tumor thrombi. On the basis of these preliminary study, CEUS appeared to be useful for the characterization of malignant intravascular invasion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Small and Large Animals)
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11 pages, 2794 KiB  
Article
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia–Pyometra Complex in the Bitch: A Preliminary Study
by Marco Quartuccio, Luigi Liotta, Santo Cristarella, Giovanni Lanteri, Antonio Ieni, Tiziana D’Arrigo and Massimo De Majo
Animals 2020, 10(8), 1368; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10081368 - 07 Aug 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4540
Abstract
In cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)–pyometra syndrome, toxic factors and endometrial remodeling culminate in changes characterized by exudative and degenerative inflammatory reaction. Recent studies on hemodynamic found an increased blood flow and lower vascular resistance in uterine arteries, suggesting color Doppler ultrasound as an [...] Read more.
In cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)–pyometra syndrome, toxic factors and endometrial remodeling culminate in changes characterized by exudative and degenerative inflammatory reaction. Recent studies on hemodynamic found an increased blood flow and lower vascular resistance in uterine arteries, suggesting color Doppler ultrasound as an adjunctive tool for quantitative assessment of endometrial vascularization during pyometra. The aim of this study was to assess, through contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) exam, the vascularization in endometrial microvessels in CEH-pyometra in order to evaluate the possibility of application in this syndrome. In twelve female dogs with clinical symptoms related to pyometra, B-mode, color Doppler and CEUS exams were performed. In CEH-pyometra uteri, histopathological examination revealed severe CEH and pyometra, immunohistochemical stain with CD 34 confirmed the presence of angiogenesis. CEUS exams revealed a widespread, intense and rapidly developing homogeneous enhancement of the hyperplastic endometrium, with absence of signal only in cystic areas. All parameters of the quantitative analysis were not significantly influenced by region of interest dimension and position. CEUS has the potential to improve clinical not invasive evaluations in the CEH-pyometra syndrome and virtually in CEH-mucometra. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Small and Large Animals)
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Review

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18 pages, 767 KiB  
Review
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography (CEUS) in Imaging of the Reproductive System in Dogs: A Literature Review
by Letizia Sinagra, Riccardo Orlandi, Tiziana Caspanello, Alessandro Troisi, Nicola Maria Iannelli, Emanuela Vallesi, Giorgia Pettina, Paolo Bargellini, Massimo De Majo, Cristiano Boiti, Santo Cristarella, Marco Quartuccio and Angela Polisca
Animals 2023, 13(10), 1615; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13101615 - 11 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2794
Abstract
The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has been widely reported for reproductive imaging in humans and animals. This review aims to analyze the utility of CEUS in characterizing canine reproductive physiology and pathologies. In September 2022, a search for articles about CEUS in [...] Read more.
The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has been widely reported for reproductive imaging in humans and animals. This review aims to analyze the utility of CEUS in characterizing canine reproductive physiology and pathologies. In September 2022, a search for articles about CEUS in canine testicles, prostate, uterus, placenta, and mammary glands was conducted on PubMed and Scopus from 1990 to 2022, showing 36 total results. CEUS differentiated testicular abnormalities and neoplastic lesions, but it could not characterize tumors. In prostatic diseases, CEUS in dogs was widely studied in animal models for prostatic cancer treatment. In veterinary medicine, this diagnostic tool could distinguish prostatic adenocarcinomas. In ovaries, CEUS differentiated the follicular phases. In CEH-pyometra syndrome, it showed a different enhancement between endometrium and cysts, and highlighted angiogenesis. CEUS was shown to be safe in pregnant dogs and was able to assess normal and abnormal fetal–maternal blood flow and placental dysfunction. In normal mammary glands, CEUS showed vascularization only in diestrus, with differences between mammary glands. CEUS was not specific for neoplastic versus non-neoplastic masses and for benign tumors, except for complex carcinomas and neoplastic vascularization. Works on CEUS showed its usefulness in a wide spectrum of pathologies of this non-invasive, reliable diagnostic procedure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Small and Large Animals)
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15 pages, 1970 KiB  
Review
Applications of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Splenic Studies of Dogs and Cats
by Rute Canejo-Teixeira, Ana Lima and Ana Santana
Animals 2022, 12(16), 2104; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12162104 - 17 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2720
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is an emerging technology in veterinary medicine involving the administration of intravenous contrast agents, and it is increasingly recognized for its high potential as a diagnostic imaging tool for small animals. This exam is easy and quick to perform, safe [...] Read more.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is an emerging technology in veterinary medicine involving the administration of intravenous contrast agents, and it is increasingly recognized for its high potential as a diagnostic imaging tool for small animals. This exam is easy and quick to perform, safe and reliable, and allows for the differentiation of lesions. It permits the identification of lesions that may require more invasive procedures, from those that can be safely dismissed to those that can be followed-up with ultrasound imaging. Although it has been extensively reviewed for use in human medicine, there is an overall lack of information about the application of this technique for cats and dogs, particularly in splenic studies, which can be particularly important for small animals. The present review describes and summarizes the CEUS applications used for splenic analysis in cats and dogs, providing a basic overview of CEUS technology with examples of common and uncommon features of focal splenic lesions. It also systematically gathers the results obtained for benign and malignant splenic lesions described in the literature, whilst providing guidelines for their interpretation. Furthermore, it presents the advantages of using CEUS for splenic analysis in cats and dogs and the main factors that may influence the quality of the imaging and the accuracy of the diagnosis. This type of knowledge can be used to provide a framework to help veterinarians make informed decisions regarding the use of this emerging technique for splenic lesions, guiding their interpretation of CEUS findings in the splenic ultrasounds of cats and dogs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Small and Large Animals)
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