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Animals
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Avian Disease Pathogenesis
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Avian Disease Pathogenesis

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Poultry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 8596

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Tamer Sharafeldin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (ADRDL), South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD 57006, USA
Interests: veterinary diagnostic pathology; avian pathology; avian reovirus

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The scope of this Special Issue includes topics related to the diseases of birds which result from viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, nutritional imbalance, and/or management defects. Authors are expected to submit their research focus on pathogenesis, disease experimental models, innovative lesion-scoring techniques, immune response to diseases, vaccination and protection, and/or the role of genes in diseases’ pathogenicity/immune response (pure genetic research is not in the scope of this Issue). We encourage authors to submit their innovative diagnostic research that determines the pathotype and the serogroups of avian pathogens. The evaluation of different vaccination approaches and other strategies to mitigate avian diseases falls within the scope of this Special Issue. Neoplastic and surgical biopsy case reports in raptors and pet birds with detailed pathologic descriptions of the innovative findings and conclusions are welcomed in this Special Issue.

Dr. Tamer Sharafeldin
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • avian
  • diseases
  • pathogenesis
  • immunity
  • vaccine
  • virus
  • bacteria
  • fungus
  • protozoa
  • neoplasm

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 636 KiB  
Article
An Explorative Study of the Causal Pathogenesis of Green Liver Discoloration in Organically Reared Female Bronze Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) Considering the Infectious Risk Factors
by Larissa Cuta, Christoph Georg Baums, Kerstin Cramer, Maxi Harzer, Jutta Hauptmann, Kristin Heenemann, Maria-Elisabeth Krautwald-Junghanns, Ines Stegmaier, Thomas W. Vahlenkamp and Volker Schmidt
Animals 2023, 13(5), 918; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13050918 - 03 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1464
Abstract
A recent study revealed that organically raised Bronze turkeys showed a high prevalence of green liver discoloration. This alteration is commonly associated with the Turkey Osteomyelitis Complex and potentially caused by opportunistic bacteria. Therefore, 360 organically fattened Bronze turkeys were examined post-mortem throughout [...] Read more.
A recent study revealed that organically raised Bronze turkeys showed a high prevalence of green liver discoloration. This alteration is commonly associated with the Turkey Osteomyelitis Complex and potentially caused by opportunistic bacteria. Therefore, 360 organically fattened Bronze turkeys were examined post-mortem throughout two fattening trials with two examinations each to determine possible infectious risk factors and reduce disease prevalence. Clinical and pathoanatomical examinations were performed on every hen. Histopathological, bacteriological, parasitological, and virological examinations were performed on at least six hens without and, if applicable, six hens with green livers on each examination date. Overall, 9.0% of all hens had a green liver without a correlation with bacterial or parasitological findings but multiple health impairments. The discoloration correlated significantly with the detection of immunosuppressive turkey hemorrhagic enteritis virus at the early stage and macro- and histological joint/bone lesions at the late fattening stage, indicating the presence of two different predisposing pathogeneses. Flocks not being vaccinated against hemorrhagic enteritis but having a virus-positive sample showed the highest prevalence of green liver discoloration and developed worse in various parameters. In conclusion, an adequate vaccination schedule and the prevention of field infections may lead to a decreased risk of performance reduction and improved animal health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Disease Pathogenesis)
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15 pages, 7096 KiB  
Article
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N8 Outbreak in Backyard Chickens in Serbia
by Biljana Djurdjević, Vladimir Polaček, Marko Pajić, Tamaš Petrović, Ivana Vučićević, Dejan Vidanović and Sanja Aleksić-Kovačević
Animals 2023, 13(4), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040700 - 16 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2348
Abstract
In winter 2016/2017, the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 was detected in backyard poultry in Serbia for the first time. The second HPAI outbreak case in backyard poultry was reported in 2022, caused by subtype H5N1. This is the first study that [...] Read more.
In winter 2016/2017, the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 was detected in backyard poultry in Serbia for the first time. The second HPAI outbreak case in backyard poultry was reported in 2022, caused by subtype H5N1. This is the first study that documents the laboratory identification and pathology associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza in poultry in Serbia during the first and second introduction waves. In both cases, the diagnosis was based on real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. The most common observed lesions included subepicardial hemorrhages, congestion and hemorrhages in the lungs, and petechial hemorrhages in coelomic and epicardial adipose tissue. Histologically, the observed lesions were mostly nonpurulent encephalitis accompanied by encephalomalacia, multifocal necrosis in the spleen, pancreas, and kidneys, pulmonary congestion, and myocardial and pulmonary hemorrhages. In H5N8-infected chickens, immunohistochemical examination revealed strong positive IHC staining in the brain and lungs. Following these outbreaks, strict control measures were implemented on farms and backyard holdings to prevent the occurrence and spread of the disease. Extensive surveillance of birds for avian influenza virus did not detect any additional cases in poultry. These outbreaks highlight the importance of a rapid detection and response system in order to quickly suppress outbreaks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Disease Pathogenesis)
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12 pages, 3464 KiB  
Article
Ameliorative Effects of Anti-Clostridial Egg Yolk Antibodies (IgYs) in Experimentally-Induced Avian Necrotic Enteritis
by Zain Ul Abadeen, Muhammad Tariq Javed, Tariq Jamil and Azam Ali Nasir
Animals 2022, 12(10), 1307; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12101307 - 20 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1986
Abstract
The present study was planned to evaluate the ameliorative effects of egg yolk antibodies (EYAs) in broiler chicken. For this purpose, 80-day-old broiler chickens were divided into four groups (A–D), where group A was kept as negative control. Experimental infection with C. perfringens [...] Read more.
The present study was planned to evaluate the ameliorative effects of egg yolk antibodies (EYAs) in broiler chicken. For this purpose, 80-day-old broiler chickens were divided into four groups (A–D), where group A was kept as negative control. Experimental infection with C. perfringens (1 × 108 cfu/mL) was induced via oral route on days 17, 18 and 19 of the experiment in groups B, C and D. Groups C and D were passively immunized by anti-clostridial IgYs @ 1 mL per bird via oral and oral and intramuscular (I/M) routes respectively, on days 21 to 24, and on days 22 and 24 of the experiment, respectively. Two necropsies were performed (the first on day 26th and the second on day 35th). Birds in group B showed behavioral signs e.g., laziness, depression and diarrhea, gross post-mortem lesions e.g., increase in the relative weights (RW), due to acute swelling and congestion of liver and kidneys and ballooning and hemorrhages of jejunum and microscopic lesions e.g., congestion and necrosis in liver and kidneys’ parenchyma and disrupted epithelium with fewer goblet cells in jejunum, compared to the group A. Birds in groups C and D, showed significant improvements in clinical and behavioral signs, RW of liver, kidneys and jejunum, swelling, congestion and mononuclear cells’ infiltration in liver and kidneys and damages in the jejunal-wall, compared to group B. The most significant changes were found in birds of group C. Our study revealed ameliorative effects of EYAs on certain biological parameters however, further studies would be needed to justify a safer production and a reliable application of EYAs in NE outbreaks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Disease Pathogenesis)
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12 pages, 2949 KiB  
Article
Transcription Regulator YgeK Affects the Virulence of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli
by Jian Tu, Dandan Fu, Yi Gu, Ying Shao, Xiangjun Song, Mei Xue and Kezong Qi
Animals 2021, 11(11), 3018; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113018 - 20 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1663
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the responsible pathogen for colibacillosis in poultry, and is a potential gene source for human extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli type III secretion system 2 (ETT2) is widely distributed in human and animal ExPEC isolates, [...] Read more.
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the responsible pathogen for colibacillosis in poultry, and is a potential gene source for human extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli type III secretion system 2 (ETT2) is widely distributed in human and animal ExPEC isolates, and is crucial for the virulence of ExPEC. Transcriptional regulator YgeK, located in the ETT2 gene cluster, was identified as an important regulator of gene expression in enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). However, the role of YgeK in APEC has not been reported. In this study, we performed amino acid alignment analysis of YgeK among different E. coli strains and generated ygeK mutant strain AE81ΔygeK from clinical APEC strain AE81. Flagellar formation, bacterial motility, serum sensitivity, adhesion, and virulence were all significantly reduced following the inactivation of YgeK in APEC. Then, we performed transcriptome sequencing to analyze the functional pathways involved in the biological processes. Results suggested that ETT2 transcriptional regulator YgeK plays a crucial role in APEC virulence. These findings thus contribute to our understanding of the function of the ETT2 cluster, and clarify the pathogenic mechanism of APEC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Disease Pathogenesis)
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