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Open AccessEditorial

Preface of the 9th International Horticulture Conference & Expo: Horticultural Transformation for Sustainable Food Safety and Security

by Muhammad Azam Khan, Muhammad Naveed Anjum, Umer Habib, Saddam Hussain, M. Tahir Akram and Rashid Mehmood Rana

Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2025, 51(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2025051020 - 30 Apr 2026

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Abstract

The 9th International Horticulture Conference (IHC-2025) was held at PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from 15 to 17 April 2025 [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 9th International Horticulture Conference & Expo)

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7 pages, 217 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effects of Deficit Irrigation on Growth, Yield, and Quality of Tomato Under Semi-Arid Regions

by Muhammad Sanwal Bakhsh, Maha Sarfraz, Noor Ilahi, Mujeeb Ur Rehman, Hasnain Shamshad, Muhammad Usman, Iqra Mobin and Maryam Bibi

Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2025, 51(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2025051001 - 6 Nov 2025

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Abstract

This research evaluated deficit irrigation effects on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth, yield, and quality in semi-arid Pakistan during 2023–2024. Four treatments were applied: 100% ETc (control), 80% ETc, 60% ETc, and 40% ETc used a randomized complete block design. The treatment [...] Read more.

This research evaluated deficit irrigation effects on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth, yield, and quality in semi-arid Pakistan during 2023–2024. Four treatments were applied: 100% ETc (control), 80% ETc, 60% ETc, and 40% ETc used a randomized complete block design. The treatment with 80% ETc maintained similar yields as full irrigation. It improved water use efficiency from 1.25 kg/m³ to 1.39 kg/m³. Plant height, SPAD values, and leaf area decreased with increasing water stress. Fruit quality parameters, including total soluble solids, improved under moderate deficit conditions. Moderate deficit irrigation (80% ETc) represents an optimal strategy for sustainable tomato production in water-scarce environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 9th International Horticulture Conference & Expo)

9 pages, 1065 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Analyzing Winter Snow Cover Dynamics and Climate Change Projection Using Remote Sensing Products in the Almond-Growing Region of Neelum Watershed, Pakistan

by Waseem Iqbal, Muhammad Saqlain, Omer Farooq, Saima Qureshi, Muhammad Naveed Anjum, Muhammad Suleman, Zainab Ali, Saif Ullah, Sajjad Bashir and Ghulam Rasool

Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2025, 51(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2025051002 - 7 Nov 2025

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Abstract

This study analyses the dynamics of snow cover in the Neelum Watershed of Pakistan and the expected changes in temperature and precipitation. Google Earth Engine was used to analyze the variability of winter snow cover with the help of MODIS 8-day data from [...] Read more.

This study analyses the dynamics of snow cover in the Neelum Watershed of Pakistan and the expected changes in temperature and precipitation. Google Earth Engine was used to analyze the variability of winter snow cover with the help of MODIS 8-day data from 2000 to 2020. Two model combinations totaling five CMIP6 General Circulation Models were used to interpret future climate projections based on three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) for 2021–2050. The modified Mann–Kendall test was used to identify trends, and the Theil–Sen estimator was used to analyze the impact. The results demonstrate that the extent of snow-covered area increased significantly between 2000 and 2020, and approximately 6448.83 km² (approximately 87% of the watershed) was covered by snow in winter. All SSP scenarios indicated positive trends in winter precipitation with average rates of 1.87, 0.44, and 0.80 mm/yr under SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5. In all the scenarios, the minimum temperature (0.0405 °C yr⁻¹) and maximum temperature (0.0305 °C yr⁻¹) are consistently growing, as per temperature predictions. These projected changes indicate the danger of more frequent extreme weather events that will put a strain on the region’s ecosystems, agriculture, and hydropower operations. The findings offer the necessary information to inform strategies regarding climate adaptation and mitigation in the Neelum River basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 9th International Horticulture Conference & Expo)

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6 pages, 527 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effects of Nitrogen Rates and Split Applications on Maize Yield in Semi-Arid Conditions

by Muhammad Shaheryar, Muhammad Umer Iqbal, Atique Ur Rehman, Momna Hayat, Muhammad Nadeem Shah and Bushra Hussain

Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2025, 51(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2025051003 - 21 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Efficient nitrogen management is crucial for maize productivity in semi-arid regions. A field experiment was conducted in Autumn 2023 at Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, using RCBD with three replications to assess nitrogen rates (0, 80, 160, 240, 320 kg ha⁻¹) and [...] Read more.

Efficient nitrogen management is crucial for maize productivity in semi-arid regions. A field experiment was conducted in Autumn 2023 at Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, using RCBD with three replications to assess nitrogen rates (0, 80, 160, 240, 320 kg ha⁻¹) and application methods (two vs. three splits). Growth and yield traits were recorded. The results showed significant effects of nitrogen, with the highest grain yield (7.35 t ha⁻¹) at 240 kg ha⁻¹ in three splits, enhancing nutrient use efficiency. Higher nitrogen content (320 kg ha⁻¹) reduced yield, indicating diminishing returns. The optimized nitrogen rate and timing improved maize productivity in water-limited environments. Full article

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8 pages, 934 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparative Assessment of Fruit Quality Attributes and Bioactive Compounds of Apple (Malus domestica) Genotypes Grown in Gilgit-Baltistan

by Feroz Ahmed Tipu, Muhammad Tahir Akram, Muhammad Azam Khan, Umer Habib, Muhammad Ahsan Khatana, Rashad Qadri, Muhammad Mumtaz Khan, Hina Nawaz, Muhammad Nisar Jabbar and Muhammad Hashir Khan

Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2025, 51(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2025051004 - 8 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Apple (Malus domestica) is a deciduous perennial tree that belongs to the family “Rosaceae”. Due to the highly suitable agro-climatic conditions for apple cultivation, it is among the widely cultivated fruits in Gilgit-Baltistan (GB). This study aims to evaluate elite apple [...] Read more.

Apple (Malus domestica) is a deciduous perennial tree that belongs to the family “Rosaceae”. Due to the highly suitable agro-climatic conditions for apple cultivation, it is among the widely cultivated fruits in Gilgit-Baltistan (GB). This study aims to evaluate elite apple genotypes in GB based on morphological and biochemical traits. Five- to six-year-old plants were selected for this study. The research employed a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications, and mean differences were analyzed using the LSD test. In this study, five genotypes were assessed based on morphological (fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, and firmness) and biochemical attributes (TSS, TA, ascorbic acid, total phenolic content, and flavonoid content). The results revealed significant variation among apple cultivars in both phytochemical and fruit quality attributes. The cultivar ‘Red Delicious’ exhibited the highest fruit weight (146.18 g), total soluble solids (TSS) (15.4 °Brix), and flavonoid content (105.75 mg 100 g⁻¹ FW). In contrast, ‘Red Full Star’ demonstrated superior firmness (7.19 kg cm⁻²), along with the highest total phenolic content (TPC) (4.00 mg GAE g⁻¹ FW) and ascorbic acid content (26.45 mg 100 g⁻¹ FW). Although the indigenous variety ‘Nus Khushu’ exhibited lower values in commercial traits, it holds substantial potential for conservation due to its unique local adaptation. The findings indicate that the “Red Delicious” and “Red Full Star” cultivars cultivated in GB are enriched with a variety of bioactive compounds that offer notable health benefits and may be utilized for future crop enhancement and breeding initiatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 9th International Horticulture Conference & Expo)

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10 pages, 1468 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Gürağaç Village, Giresun (Türkiye) Determination of Phenotypic Diversity in Wild Pear Genotypes by Pomological and Biochemical Analyses

by Semanur Kırca and Levent Kırca

Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2025, 51(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2025051005 - 22 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Pear (Pyrus spp.) is a globally significant fruit crop with high economic and nutritional value. This study was conducted in 2024 to determine the pomological and chemical characteristics of 16 wild pear genotypes growing in Gürağaç village, located in the Güce district [...] Read more.

Pear (Pyrus spp.) is a globally significant fruit crop with high economic and nutritional value. This study was conducted in 2024 to determine the pomological and chemical characteristics of 16 wild pear genotypes growing in Gürağaç village, located in the Güce district of Giresun province. The fruit weight of the investigated genotypes ranged from 60.30 to 98.50 g, fruit diameter from 40.92 to 59.14 mm, and fruit length from 58.32 to 97.42 mm. Fruit flesh firmness was found to be between 4.39 and 7.79 kg/cm², soluble solids content between 8.95 and 13.05%, pH value between 3.69 and 4.90, and titratable acidity between 0.74 and 1.85%. Correlation analyses revealed strong positive relationships between fruit weight, diameter, length, soluble solids content, and color parameters. Hierarchical cluster analysis divided the genotypes into two main clusters based on their phenotypic traits, with some genotypes standing out in terms of fruit quality and size. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that a large portion of the phenotypic diversity among the genotypes could be explained by two components. The findings provide important information for the evaluation of wild pear genotypes in the region as genetic resources. Specifically, genotypes G-10 through G-16 were identified as superior candidates for future breeding programs aimed at improving fruit quality and size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 9th International Horticulture Conference & Expo)

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8 pages, 755 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of Nutritional and Popping Quality of Popcorn Genotypes Under Rainfed Conditions

by Sharif Ullah, Fahad Masoud Wattoo, Rashid Mehmood Rana, Kainat Faiz Ullah, Sabreena Khaliq, Ahmad Ali Khan and Shahab Ud Din

Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2025, 51(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2025051006 - 23 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Popcorn (Zea mays everta) is a special type of flint maize that boasts several unique popping characteristics highly valued worldwide. Water-limiting conditions strongly influence the major popcorn quality attributes: expansion volume, popability, and nutritional composition. The objectives of this study were [...] Read more.

Popcorn (Zea mays everta) is a special type of flint maize that boasts several unique popping characteristics highly valued worldwide. Water-limiting conditions strongly influence the major popcorn quality attributes: expansion volume, popability, and nutritional composition. The objectives of this study were to identify rainfed popcorn genotypes with superior popping quality, nutritional quality, and agronomic performance. Seven diverse popcorn genotypes, including a check cultivar, were evaluated for two consecutive years (2023–2024) using a randomized complete block design with three replications at the university research farm, PMAS-AAUR. Significant genetic variations were observed across all morphological, physiological, and quality-related traits. Among the evaluated materials, Pop-2 consistently exhibited outstanding performance in key agronomic and physiological attributes as well as in popping quality, while Pop-5 and Pop-3 also showed promising potential. Overall, Pop-2, Pop-5, and Pop-3 were identified as the most suitable genotypes for cultivation and are recommended as candidates for future breeding programs targeting improved popcorn performance under rainfed conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 9th International Horticulture Conference & Expo)

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9 pages, 1124 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

From Harvest to Market: Postharvest Technologies for Reducing Waste and Enhancing Food Security

by Ashra Khadim Hussain, Saddam Hussain, Mubashra Khadim Hussain, Madiha Javed and Rana Muhammad Aadil

Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2025, 51(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2025051007 - 23 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Postharvest technologies and supply chain management are critical to improving food security, reducing losses, and advancing sustainability in global agri-food systems. Nearly one-third of global food is lost after harvest, particularly in developing regions, underscoring the urgent need for efficient postharvest handling, cold [...] Read more.

Postharvest technologies and supply chain management are critical to improving food security, reducing losses, and advancing sustainability in global agri-food systems. Nearly one-third of global food is lost after harvest, particularly in developing regions, underscoring the urgent need for efficient postharvest handling, cold chain integration, and sustainable logistics systems. This paper explores key components of effective postharvest systems, including harvesting, treatments, storage, and value-added processing. It highlights digital innovations IoT sensors, blockchain, AI, and digital twins that enhance traceability, forecasting, and operational efficiency. Case studies from South Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America emphasize region-specific solutions, highlighting low-cost technologies for smallholders and advanced systems for export chains. Sustainable practices such as renewable-powered cold chains, circular economy models, and eco-friendly packaging align with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on zero hunger, responsible consumption, and climate action. This paper concludes that while technology is vital, systemic transformation requires inclusive policies and collaboration among governments, private sectors, researchers, and farming communities to build resilient, equitable food systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 9th International Horticulture Conference & Expo)

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9 pages, 304 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Polyacrylamide Enhances Irrigation Efficiency: Opportunities for Pakistan’s Horticulture Sector

by Syeda Anum Masood Bokhari, Tanveer Ahmad, Roqia Nazir, Muhammad Arif, Fareeha Shireen, Muhammad Azher Nawaz, Sawera Rehman, Asia Bibi and Muhammad Tariq

Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2025, 51(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2025051008 - 26 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Polyacrylamide (PAM), a water-soluble polymer, is revolutionizing horticulture by improving water use efficiency and soil health, particularly in Pakistan’s water-scarce regions, offering a transformative solution. It reduces irrigation frequency by 30–40%, saving up to 50% of water while boosting crop yield by 20–50%. [...] Read more.

Polyacrylamide (PAM), a water-soluble polymer, is revolutionizing horticulture by improving water use efficiency and soil health, particularly in Pakistan’s water-scarce regions, offering a transformative solution. It reduces irrigation frequency by 30–40%, saving up to 50% of water while boosting crop yield by 20–50%. This results in a net profit increase of 30–60%, depending on the crop and soil type. Global studies show that PAM reduces soil erosion by 90–95% in furrow irrigation systems and increases water infiltration by 15–30%. Its hydrophilic properties enhance soil water-holding capacity by up to 400% compared to untreated soil, enabling plants to thrive in arid and semi-arid regions. Economically, the adoption of PAM is cost-effective. PAM also supports sustainable agriculture by mitigating the effects of water scarcity. These characteristics are in line with the objective of Pakistan to achieve agricultural sustainability and productivity. In conclusion, polyacrylamide is a feasible solution to address the water shortage in Pakistan and soil erosion, as well as to provide a significant amount of economic and environmental gains to the horticulture industry. The wide adoption of the technology could be triggered by pilot projects, farmer training, and government subsidies, which would change the agricultural landscape in the country. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 9th International Horticulture Conference & Expo)

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8 pages, 908 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Analysis of the Historical and Future Changes in Rainfall Across the Hub Watershed, Sulaiman-Kirthar Mountainous Range of Balochistan, Pakistan

by Saifullah, Saddam Hussain, Roman Ul Jannat, Khadija Maroof, Iqra Fiaz, Abdul Rauf, Talal Mustafa, Muhammad Naveed Anjum, Waseem Iqbal, Adeel Ahmad Khan, Rafi Ul Din, Sajjad Bashir and Ghulam Rasool

Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2025, 51(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2025051009 - 26 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Pakistan, one of the world’s most water-stressed countries, is extremely vulnerable to climate change. This study analyzes the prospective effects of climate change on the rainfall in the Hub River Watershed (HRW), Sulaiman-Kirthar mountainous range of Pakistan. The projections of five global climate [...] Read more.

Pakistan, one of the world’s most water-stressed countries, is extremely vulnerable to climate change. This study analyzes the prospective effects of climate change on the rainfall in the Hub River Watershed (HRW), Sulaiman-Kirthar mountainous range of Pakistan. The projections of five global climate models (GCMs), from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6), were used. Analysis of future changes in rainfall patterns was performed under two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). Results showed that the historical annual average rainfall was increasing in the HRW. The annual average rainfall is expected to decrease under SSP2–4.5 in HRW. However, under SSP5-8.5, an increasing trend over the next three decades is expected, particularly over the southern part of the HRB. The findings should further our knowledge of how climate change affects the Hub River Basin and motivate stakeholders and planners to develop the best mitigation plans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 9th International Horticulture Conference & Expo)

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8 pages, 5621 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Spatial–Temporal Variability in Precipitation and Temperature Trends During the Rabi and Kharif Cropping Seasons Across the Dasu Watershed

by Sher Ali, Shoaib Rashid Saleem, Muhammad Naveed Anjum, Muhammad Amin, Adeel Ahmad Khan, Chaudhary Muhammad Subhan and Khadija Maroof

Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2025, 51(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2025051010 - 29 Dec 2025

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Abstract

The northern areas of Pakistan are highly vulnerable to climate change due to anthropogenic activities and deforestation, which directly affect the precipitation pattern and variations in temperature. Due to these climate fluctuations, cloud bursts, extreme events like floods and droughts, and the melting [...] Read more.

The northern areas of Pakistan are highly vulnerable to climate change due to anthropogenic activities and deforestation, which directly affect the precipitation pattern and variations in temperature. Due to these climate fluctuations, cloud bursts, extreme events like floods and droughts, and the melting of glaciers occur. This study presents the statistical trend analysis of the Dasu watershed in northern Pakistan using a non–parametric approach. In this study, the hydroclimatic data of 16 meteorological stations from 1980 to 2022 were used and the major focus was on an annual Rabi and Kharif seasonal trend analysis. Research revealed that the rate of precipitation increased from the east to west side of the study area in the annual Kharif season, while in the Rabi season, only four stations showed an increasing trend, and the remaining showed a decreasing trend, of which shendor2 showed a significantly decreasing trend with a rate of −3.91 mm/year. On the contrary, annual temperature was declining in the east side of the study area, while three stations showed significantly increasing temperature trends in the central region of the study area. Kharif season showed a decreasing trend in the major part of the study area, while Rabi season’s temperature revealed a significantly increasing trend in most of the stations and a decreasing trend in some eastern parts of the area. Overall, the majority of the study area revealed non–significant warming trends across the annual Rabi season, while the kharif season showed a decreasing trend. Precipitation trends remained largely non–significant but increasingly variable. The findings of this research can be utilized by research institutions and farmers to modify their cropping patterns and cropping calendar to optimize crop productivities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 9th International Horticulture Conference & Expo)

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7 pages, 820 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Potential of Open-Pollinated Varieties (OPVs) in Chilli Crop Breeding—A Review

by Israr Ali, Muhammad Azam Khan, Muhammad Tahir Akram, Rashid Mehmood Rana, Inaba Hawraa, Hina Nawaz and Feroz Ahmed Tipu

Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2025, 51(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2025051011 - 6 Jan 2026

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Abstract

The research for crop improvement is a continuous process that enhances plant quality, yield, and ameliorates their adaptability to changing climatic conditions. Chilli is cultivated worldwide as a vegetable, spice, or natural colour additive and is an economically and medicinally important crop. A [...] Read more.

The research for crop improvement is a continuous process that enhances plant quality, yield, and ameliorates their adaptability to changing climatic conditions. Chilli is cultivated worldwide as a vegetable, spice, or natural colour additive and is an economically and medicinally important crop. A basic requirement for crop improvement in breeding programmes is the presence of genetic diversity within the crop. Smallholder farmers of chilli usually face challenges in acquiring commercial hybrid seeds because of their high cost and the need for annual purchases. Open-pollinated varieties (OPVs) can serve as a sustainable alternative that provides broader genetic variability, allowing adaptation to local growing conditions, and enabling farmers to save seeds for successive planting season. These characteristics make OPVs economically viable and valuable genetic resources for future chilli cultivation and breeding programmes. This review highlights the potential of OPVs in promoting sustainable chilli cultivation, enhancing genetic diversity, and supporting breeding to develop resilient and economically viable cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 9th International Horticulture Conference & Expo)

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10 pages, 1644 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Heat Stress in Chillies: Integrating Physiological Responses and Heterosis Breeding Approaches for Enhanced Resilience

by Inaba Hawraa, Muhammad Azam Khan, Muhammad Tahir Akram, Rashid Mehmood Rana, Feroz Ahmed Tipu, Israr Ali, Hina Nawaz and Muhammad Hashir Khan

Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2025, 51(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2025051012 - 6 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Chilli (Capsicum annuum) is a popular spice and vegetable crop of significant economic importance that is cultivated worldwide in warm and humid climatic zones. Although chilli is a thermophilic crop, its quality and yield potential are significantly affected due to various [...] Read more.

Chilli (Capsicum annuum) is a popular spice and vegetable crop of significant economic importance that is cultivated worldwide in warm and humid climatic zones. Although chilli is a thermophilic crop, its quality and yield potential are significantly affected due to various abiotic factors, including extremely fluctuating temperatures beyond the optimum temperatures (18–30 °C). Global warming and anthropogenic activities lead to adverse climatic changes, imposing severe stress on growth, development, and productivity. High temperatures above 43–45 °C adversely affect chilli crops, especially during the reproductive stages, by causing immature fruit dropping, poor seed vigour, reduced number of flowers, flower abscission, aborted reproductive organs, reduced fruit set, and significant yield loss by 50%. Therefore, to reduce quantitative and qualitative losses, heat management is necessary from April to June in Pakistan, when the temperature rises beyond 40 °C. For heat management, the hybridisation of heat-resilient and high-yielding genotypes to develop heat-tolerant high-yielding hybrids appears to be a rational approach. These genetically improved hybrids inherit such characteristics that assist in maintaining vigorous growth, fruit quality, and stable yield without significant yield losses even under heat-stressed conditions. Hence, the thermotolerant chilli hybrids developed through hybridisation help to satisfy the escalating demand for chilli and guarantee the financial stability of farmers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 9th International Horticulture Conference & Expo)

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8 pages, 802 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Protected Cultivation of Medicinal Hemp: A Climate-Resilient Strategy for Sustainable Production

by Rabeea Tariq, Umer Habib, Muhammad Azam Khan, Muhammad Ishaq and Zimal Zainab

Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2025, 51(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2025051013 - 13 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Medicinal hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has gained global attention due to its high-value phytocannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which exhibit significant therapeutic potential. Protected cultivation offers a climate-resilient and sustainable strategy to optimize hemp production by controlling environmental factors, ensuring [...] Read more.

Medicinal hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has gained global attention due to its high-value phytocannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which exhibit significant therapeutic potential. Protected cultivation offers a climate-resilient and sustainable strategy to optimize hemp production by controlling environmental factors, ensuring year-round supply, and improving quality attributes. This paper outlines the key principles and technologies for protected hemp cultivation, including light spectrum management, temperature and humidity control, CO₂ enrichment, nutrient and water management, pest and disease suppression, and post-harvest handling techniques. Advanced greenhouse and indoor production systems enable precise regulation of microclimate, reduce crop losses, and enhance cannabinoid and terpene profiles compared to open-field production. The integration of smart technologies and autonomous control systems can further enhance operational efficiency and consistency. The paper concludes that protected cultivation systems represent an effective approach to overcome climatic uncertainties and meeting the increasing demand for medicinal hemp production on sustainable grounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 9th International Horticulture Conference & Expo)

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11 pages, 1014 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Horticultural Plant Production Using Hydroponic Technique

by Abdul Mueed, Muhamma Sarwar Yaqub, Qurra-Tul-Ain, Abdul Haseeb Ahmed, Atiqa Aleem, Fareeha Shireen and Muhammad Daail Rai

Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2025, 51(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2025051014 - 26 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a leafy herb that contains many useful nutrients, allowing it to easily overcome the threats to food security in countries of the Global South by adding fiber/bulk, folate and other available nutrients. In 2020, almost 220 metric [...] Read more.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a leafy herb that contains many useful nutrients, allowing it to easily overcome the threats to food security in countries of the Global South by adding fiber/bulk, folate and other available nutrients. In 2020, almost 220 metric tons of lettuce was produced in Pakistan. This high production needs attention to meet the demand. Southern Pakistan is facing water crises and the hydroponic system is one revolutionary technique which can allow the region to meet its food demand. In this experiment, different treatment combinations were used to study their effects and evaluate the best combination of nutrients to get the maximum production of lettuce. Results are concluded on the basis of last-week (5th week) production of shoot and root mass. Treatment one (T1) performed outstanding overall out of all four treatments across all parameters. Maximum average root and shoot length (RL, SL) was observed in treatment one (T1) at 5.94 cm and 15.50 cm respectively. Shoot length is directly proportional to production of the head of the plant. For root and shoot weight (RW, SW) treatment 1 (T1) is more effective than treatment 2 (T2). For treatment 1, root weight (RW) was recorded at 0.09 g and shoot weight (SW) was 0.22 g. The hydroponic system demands huge capital investment, which can be compensated by high production of crops. To increase the efficiency of the system, there is a dire need to calculate optimum nutrient combinations for application to the crop for a sound food security plan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 9th International Horticulture Conference & Expo)

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7 pages, 710 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Testing the Feasibility of Aquaponics in Farming Poor Communities of Potohar

by Mehwish Liaquat, Muhammad Azam Khan, Shafiq Ur Rehman, Aleena Khalid, Sarvet Jehan and Sakeena Tul-Ain Haider

Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2025, 51(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2025051015 - 3 Apr 2026

Viewed by 1209

Abstract

The demand for food has increased due to the world’s expanding population, which has also put pressure on vital resources like water, land, and nutrients. Therefore, in order to guarantee food security, it is imperative to establish alternative, sustainable, and dependable strategies. In [...] Read more.

The demand for food has increased due to the world’s expanding population, which has also put pressure on vital resources like water, land, and nutrients. Therefore, in order to guarantee food security, it is imperative to establish alternative, sustainable, and dependable strategies. In recent decades, researchers have developed novel food production methods that collectively enhance the efficiency and sustainability of food systems. Among these, aquaponics stands out as an advanced and eco-friendly agricultural technology that integrates aquaculture and hydroponics. In this system, fish waste from the aquaculture unit is utilized as a nutrient medium in the hydroponic subsystem to grow edible plants. This review aims to assess the potential of aquaponics to produce high-quality fruits, vegetables, and fish while minimizing environmental impacts without relying on chemical fertilizers. The study focuses on system design, nutrient cycling, and productivity parameters to assess its feasibility under Potohar conditions. The expected outcome is to demonstrate that aquaponics can enhance food quality, conserve resources, and uplift the socio-economic status of farming communities by alleviating poverty. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 9th International Horticulture Conference & Expo)

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10 pages, 2744 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effects of Different Garlic Straw Additions on Eggplant Rhizosphere Matrix Microorganisms

by Xin Meng and Mengyi Wang

Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2025, 51(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2025051016 - 23 Apr 2026

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Abstract

Garlic has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Returning garlic straw to the field can promote crop growth and soil conditions to varying degrees. To explore the effects of different amounts of garlic straw added to the microorganisms in the rhizosphere substrate of eggplants, potted plant [...] Read more.

Garlic has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Returning garlic straw to the field can promote crop growth and soil conditions to varying degrees. To explore the effects of different amounts of garlic straw added to the microorganisms in the rhizosphere substrate of eggplants, potted plant experiments were carried out in the climate room of the East Campus of Tianjin Agricultural University. Three treatments were set up: T0 was eggplant single-cropping (CK), T1 was adding straw with fourteen garlic cloves planted in each pot (a total of 60.2 g), and T2 was adding straw with nine garlic bulbs planted in each pot, totalling 108 garlic cloves (a total of 463.5 g). Each treatment was repeated three times. The abundance of microbial species and the diversity of community structure in the rhizosphere matrix of eggplants were determined by high-throughput sequencing technology. The results indicated that adding garlic straw to the substrate could increase the dominant bacterial species in the microbial community structure of the eggplant rhizosphere substrate. The main bacterial phyla in the substrate were Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Actinobacteriota. The genus of substrate bacteria is mainly Hirschia. The stromal fungi phylum is mainly composed of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. In terms of Alpha diversity, the diversity and richness of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere matrix of eggplants have both decreased, indicating that garlic straw has shown good antibacterial properties, inhibiting the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria, reducing the occurrence of diseases, and improving the microbial environment. Therefore, garlic straw can improve the microbial environment of the rhizosphere substrate by increasing the dominant microbial community of the substrate and inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria. This study provides a scientific basis and technical reference for choosing the appropriate way to add garlic straw and researching the microbial environment of the rhizosphere substrate of eggplants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 9th International Horticulture Conference & Expo)

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7 pages, 475 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Screening of Fungicides for the Management of Early Blight of Tomato Caused by Alternaria solani

by Muhammad Sanwal Bakhsh, Hurmain Aslam, Muhammad Usman, Abeer Idrees, Auon Raza, Abdul Shafi, Tooba Khalid, Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Ahmad Murtaza, Sehar Tabassum and Arooj Akhlaq

Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2025, 51(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2025051017 - 25 Apr 2026

Viewed by 1038

Abstract

The yield loss of tomatoes grown in Punjab is 30–60% due to early blight caused by Alternaria solani during humid monsoons. Five fungicides, namely, Score 250 EC (difenoconazole), Antracol 70 WP (propineb), Topsin-M 70 WP (thiophanate-methyl), Dithane M-45 80 WP (mancozeb), and Kavach [...] Read more.

The yield loss of tomatoes grown in Punjab is 30–60% due to early blight caused by Alternaria solani during humid monsoons. Five fungicides, namely, Score 250 EC (difenoconazole), Antracol 70 WP (propineb), Topsin-M 70 WP (thiophanate-methyl), Dithane M-45 80 WP (mancozeb), and Kavach 75 WP (chlorothalonil), were evaluated in this laboratory experiment using the poisoned food technique at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3. Score 250 EC showed the highest antifungal activity, resulting in the lowest mean mycelial growth (26.44 mm) and maximum inhibition. All interventions were significantly better than controls (p < 0.01), and the effect became concentration-dependent. Intensive alternation of difenoconazole and Antracol at the IPM levels is an effective way of reducing selection pressure on resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 9th International Horticulture Conference & Expo)

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8 pages, 220 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Epidemiological Assessment of Charcoal Rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) on Mungbean in Central Punjab, Pakistan

by Muhammad Sanwal Bakhsh, Mujeeb Ur Rehman, Ansar Hayat, Muhammad Talha, Ali Bin Saeed, Tooba, Sarah Azeem, Talal Mustafa, Memoona Sher and Hashmat Ali

Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2025, 51(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2025051018 - 24 Apr 2026

Viewed by 633

Abstract

Charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina limits mungbean yield around Faisalabad. Fields surveyed during Kharif 2024 showed 43–58% disease incidence. At the research farm, disease severity rose from 8.6% (14 days after sowing) to 62.4% (maturity). Plants with 40–55% infection lost 42% of [...] Read more.

Charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina limits mungbean yield around Faisalabad. Fields surveyed during Kharif 2024 showed 43–58% disease incidence. At the research farm, disease severity rose from 8.6% (14 days after sowing) to 62.4% (maturity). Plants with 40–55% infection lost 42% of grain yield (1182 to 684 kg/ha). Soil temperature at a 10 cm depth best predicted disease (r = +0.86). Each 1 °C above 27 °C added 8% more severity. Early sowing in April and resistant varieties were recommended for farmers to cut losses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 9th International Horticulture Conference & Expo)

9 pages, 253 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluating Techno-Economic Efficiency of Irrigation Systems for Guava Orchards and Melon Crops in Punjab, Pakistan: A Beta-Regression Approach

by Muhammad Abdul Rahman and Afraz Hasan

Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2025, 51(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2025051019 - 24 Apr 2026

Viewed by 339

Abstract

Water scarcity is a global phenomenon, and Pakistan is no exception to it. This study aims to assess the techno-economic efficiency of the irrigation system for guava orchard and melon crop in the Hafizabad District of Punjab province in Pakistan. The study has [...] Read more.

Water scarcity is a global phenomenon, and Pakistan is no exception to it. This study aims to assess the techno-economic efficiency of the irrigation system for guava orchard and melon crop in the Hafizabad District of Punjab province in Pakistan. The study has employed efficiency theory for a comparative analysis of modern and high-efficiency irrigation methods in contrast to old traditional methods of irrigation to estimate differentiating impacts on technical efficiency (TE), economic efficiency (EE), water productiveness, and crop yield. The mixed method approach is exercised on data collected from 108 stratified farmers (large, medium and smallholders) using structured surveys and qualitative insights. Beta-regression models using Cauchit link function are applied to translate determinants of TE/EE by taking into account predictor factors such as farming experience, operational costs and water productivity. Results show that solar irrigation systems have significantly better performance than the conventional system by having better TE and EE scores than conventional system performance. Farming experience and water productivity also have positive effects on efficiencies. Results also show that solar systems increase water productivity, lower costs and increase guava and melon productivity to a significant extent, which in turns aid in reducing the effects of salinity and evaporation in arid conditions. The overall finding supports and emphasizes solar’s supremacy for sustainable horticulture. Findings highlight the importance of incentivizing solar adaptation and agrivoltaic integration in Pakistan to ensure sustainable agriculture in water-stressed areas such as Punjab for food security and resource conservation for the production of guava and melons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 9th International Horticulture Conference & Expo)

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