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Physics, Volume 5, Issue 3 (September 2023) – 19 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): A novel application of the Casimir effect in the field of nanotechnology, specifically focusing on graphene, is proposed. Graphene, with its remarkable electrical and mechanical properties, has greatly enhanced microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). However, the diamagnetic property of graphene, which is one of its unique characteristics, has not been fully exploited. In particular, the potential for levitation using the diamagnetic force has yet to be realized due to the tendency of a graphene flake to easily rotate and align parallel to the magnetic field.  This study demonstrates that the Casimir force/torque can effectively suppress the rotation and enable stable levitation of the graphene flake. View this paper
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16 pages, 979 KiB  
Article
Mathematical Programming for the Dynamics of Opinion Diffusion
by Andrea Ellero, Giovanni Fasano and Daniela Favaretto
Physics 2023, 5(3), 936-951; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics5030061 - 11 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1536
Abstract
The focus of this paper is on analyzing the role and the choice of parameters in sociophysics diffusion models by leveraging the potentialities of sociophysics from a mathematical programming perspective. We first present a generalised version of Galam’s opinion diffusion model. For a [...] Read more.
The focus of this paper is on analyzing the role and the choice of parameters in sociophysics diffusion models by leveraging the potentialities of sociophysics from a mathematical programming perspective. We first present a generalised version of Galam’s opinion diffusion model. For a given selection of the coefficients in our model, this proposal yields the original Galam’s model. The generalised model suggests guidelines for possible alternative selection of its parameters that allow it to foster diffusion. Examples of the parameters selection process as steered by numerical optimisation, taking into account various objectives, are provided. Full article
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13 pages, 484 KiB  
Article
Stabilizing Diamagnetic Levitation of a Graphene Flake through the Casimir Effect
by Norio Inui
Physics 2023, 5(3), 923-935; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics5030060 - 1 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1457
Abstract
Graphene exhibits diamagnetism, enabling it to be lifted by the repulsive force produced in an inhomogeneous magnetic field. However, the stable levitation of a graphene flake perpendicular to the magnetic field is impeded by its strong anisotropic of magnetic susceptibility that induces rotation. [...] Read more.
Graphene exhibits diamagnetism, enabling it to be lifted by the repulsive force produced in an inhomogeneous magnetic field. However, the stable levitation of a graphene flake perpendicular to the magnetic field is impeded by its strong anisotropic of magnetic susceptibility that induces rotation. A method to suppress this rotation by applying the Casimir force to the graphene flake is presented in this paper. As a result, the graphene flake can archive stable levitation on a silicon plate when the gravitational force is small. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 75 Years of the Casimir Effect: Advances and Prospects)
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12 pages, 557 KiB  
Article
Phase Transition in the Galam’s Majority-Rule Model with Information-Mediated Independence
by André L. Oestereich, Marcelo A. Pires, Silvio M. Duarte Queirós and Nuno Crokidakis
Physics 2023, 5(3), 911-922; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics5030059 - 31 Aug 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1522
Abstract
We study the Galam’s majority-rule model in the presence of an independent behavior that can be driven intrinsically or can be mediated by information regarding the collective opinion of the whole population. We first apply the mean-field approach where we obtained an explicit [...] Read more.
We study the Galam’s majority-rule model in the presence of an independent behavior that can be driven intrinsically or can be mediated by information regarding the collective opinion of the whole population. We first apply the mean-field approach where we obtained an explicit time-dependent solution for the order parameter of the model. We complement our results with Monte Carlo simulations where our findings indicate that independent opinion leads to order–disorder continuous nonequilibrium phase transitions. Finite-size scaling analysis show that the model belongs to the mean-field Ising model universality class. Moreover, results from an approach with the Kramers–Moyal coefficients provide insights about the social volatility. Full article
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16 pages, 1795 KiB  
Article
MHD Simulations of the Solar Corona to Determine the Conditions for Large Solar Flares and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays during Them
by Alexander Podgorny, Igor Podgorny and Alexei Borisenko
Physics 2023, 5(3), 895-910; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics5030058 - 22 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1513
Abstract
Solar cosmic rays (SCRs) are generated during the primordial energy release in solar flares. This explosive process takes place in the solar corona above the active region. It represents the fast release of the magnetic field energy of the current sheet, which is [...] Read more.
Solar cosmic rays (SCRs) are generated during the primordial energy release in solar flares. This explosive process takes place in the solar corona above the active region. It represents the fast release of the magnetic field energy of the current sheet, which is formed near a singular magnetic field line. Solar cosmic rays appear as a result of the acceleration of charged particles, mainly protons, by an inductive electric field in the current sheet equal to the field E = V × B/c (with V the speed of plasma and B the magnetic field near the current sheet, and c the speed of light). To study the mechanism of solar flares and obtain conditions for studying SCR acceleration, it is necessary to carry out magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of flare situations in the solar corona above a real active region. Methods of stabilization were developed which made it possible to partially solve the problem of numerical instabilities. MHD simulations shows complicated configurations near the singular line. Comparison of the results of the MHD simulations with observations showed the general agreement of the positions of the current sheets with regions of intense flare radiation. However, there are some problems with the details of such coincidences. The results obtained in this paper show the possibility of improving the methods of MHD simulation in order to solve the problems that arise during solving of MHD equations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Heavy Ions to Astroparticle Physics)
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12 pages, 577 KiB  
Article
Is the H Atom Surrounded by A Cloud of Virtual Quanta Due to the Lamb Shift?
by G. Jordan Maclay
Physics 2023, 5(3), 883-894; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics5030057 - 18 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1436
Abstract
The Lamb shift, one of the most fundamental interactions in atomic physics, arises from the interaction of H atoms with the electromagnetic fluctuations of the quantum vacuum. The energy shift has been computed in a variety of ways. The energy shift, as Feynman, [...] Read more.
The Lamb shift, one of the most fundamental interactions in atomic physics, arises from the interaction of H atoms with the electromagnetic fluctuations of the quantum vacuum. The energy shift has been computed in a variety of ways. The energy shift, as Feynman, Power, and Milonni demonstrated, equals the change in the vacuum energy in the volume containing the H atoms due to the change in the index of refraction arising from the presence of the H atoms. Using this result and a group theoretical calculation of the contribution to the Lamb shift from each frequency of the vacuum fluctuations, in this paper we obtain an expression for the region of the vacuum energy for each frequency ω around the H atom due to the Lamb shift. This same field plays an essential role in the van der Waals force. We show the ground state atom is surrounded by a region of positive vacuum energy that extends well beyond the atom for low frequencies. This region can be described as a steady state cloud of vacuum fluctuations. For energies E=ω less than 1 eV, where is the reduced Planck constant and ω is frequency, the radius of the positive energy region is shown to be approximately 14.4/E Å. For a vacuum fluctuation of wavelength, λ, the radius is (α/2π)λ, where α is the fine-structure constant. Thus, for long wavelengths, the region has macroscopic dimensions. The energy–time uncertainty relation predicts a maximum possible radius that is larger than the radius based on the radiative shift calculations by a factor of 1/4α. Full article
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10 pages, 354 KiB  
Article
Opinion Dynamics Systems via Biswas–Chatterjee–Sen Model on Solomon Networks
by Edmundo Alves Filho, Francisco Welington Lima, Tayroni Francisco Alencar Alves, Gladstone de Alencar Alves and Joao Antonio Plascak
Physics 2023, 5(3), 873-882; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics5030056 - 17 Aug 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1239
Abstract
The critical properties of a discrete version of opinion dynamics systems, based on the Biswas–Chatterjee–Sen model defined on Solomon networks with both nearest and random neighbors, are investigated through extensive computer simulations. By employing Monte Carlo algorithms on SNs of different sizes, the [...] Read more.
The critical properties of a discrete version of opinion dynamics systems, based on the Biswas–Chatterjee–Sen model defined on Solomon networks with both nearest and random neighbors, are investigated through extensive computer simulations. By employing Monte Carlo algorithms on SNs of different sizes, the magnetic-like variables of the model are computed as a function of the noise parameter. Using the finite-size scaling hypothesis, it is observed that the model undergoes a second-order phase transition. The critical transition noise and the respective ratios of the usual critical exponents are computed in the limit of infinite-size networks. The results strongly indicate that the discrete Biswas–Chatterjee–Sen model is in a different universality class from the other lattices and networks, but in the same universality class as the Ising and majority-vote models on the same Solomon networks. Full article
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11 pages, 391 KiB  
Article
The Zeldovich Number: A Universal Dimensionless Measure for the Electromagnetic Field
by Iwo Bialynicki-Birula and Zofia Bialynicka-Birula
Physics 2023, 5(3), 862-872; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics5030055 - 15 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1715
Abstract
In this paper we extend the Zeldovich formula, which was originally derived for the free electromagnetic field and was interpreted as the number of photons. We show that our extended formula gives a universal dimensionless measure of the overall strength of electromagnetic fields: [...] Read more.
In this paper we extend the Zeldovich formula, which was originally derived for the free electromagnetic field and was interpreted as the number of photons. We show that our extended formula gives a universal dimensionless measure of the overall strength of electromagnetic fields: free fields and fields produced by various sources, in both the classical and the quantum theory. In particular, we find that this number—called here the Zeldovich number—for macroscopic systems is very large, of the order of 1020. For the hydrogen atom in the ground state, the Zeldovich number is equal to 0.025 and for the xenon atom it is around 50. Full article
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11 pages, 2940 KiB  
Article
Faculty Hiring Network Reveals Possible Decision-Making Mechanism
by Sunjing Zheng, Nan Jiang, Xiaomeng Li, Mingzhong Xiao and Qinghua Chen
Physics 2023, 5(3), 851-861; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics5030054 - 11 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1621
Abstract
Social physics (or sociophysics) offers new research perspectives for addressing social issues in various domains. In this study, we explore the decision-making process of doctoral graduates during their transition from graduation to employment, drawing on the ideas of sociophysics. We divide the process [...] Read more.
Social physics (or sociophysics) offers new research perspectives for addressing social issues in various domains. In this study, we explore the decision-making process of doctoral graduates during their transition from graduation to employment, drawing on the ideas of sociophysics. We divide the process into two decision steps and propose a generative model based on appropriate assumptions. This model effectively reproduces empirical data, allowing us to derive essential parameters that influence the decision-making process from empirical observations. Through a comparison of the best-fit parameters, we discover that doctoral graduates in business disciplines tend to exhibit more concentrated employment choices, while those in computer science and history disciplines demonstrate a greater diversity of options. Furthermore, we observe that universities consider factors beyond rankings when selecting doctoral graduates. Full article
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19 pages, 7631 KiB  
Communication
Classical Limit, Quantum Border and Energy
by Andres Mauricio Kowalski, Angelo Plastino and Gaspar Gonzalez
Physics 2023, 5(3), 832-850; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics5030053 - 26 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1634
Abstract
We analyze the (dynamical) classic limit of a special semiclassical system. We describe the interaction of a quantum system with a classical one. This limit has been well studied before as a function of a constant of motion linked to the Heisenberg principle. [...] Read more.
We analyze the (dynamical) classic limit of a special semiclassical system. We describe the interaction of a quantum system with a classical one. This limit has been well studied before as a function of a constant of motion linked to the Heisenberg principle. In this paper, we investigate the existence of the mentioned limit, but with reference to the total energy of the system. Additionally, we find an attractive result regarding the border of the transition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Classical Physics)
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9 pages, 524 KiB  
Communication
Towards Study of Two-Particle PT Correlations in Hadronic Interactions at NICA
by Aida Galoyan, Alberto Ribon and Vladimir Uzhinsky
Physics 2023, 5(3), 823-831; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics5030052 - 26 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1178
Abstract
A new method for studying two-particle transverse momentum (PT) correlations in soft hadronic interactions is proposed. It is shown that Monte Carlo models: PYTHIA 6 and Geant4 FTF (FRITIOF), give different predictions for the correlations in proton–proton interactions. The correlations [...] Read more.
A new method for studying two-particle transverse momentum (PT) correlations in soft hadronic interactions is proposed. It is shown that Monte Carlo models: PYTHIA 6 and Geant4 FTF (FRITIOF), give different predictions for the correlations in proton–proton interactions. The correlations are connected with Schwinger’s mechanism of particle creation. These correlations can be studied in current and future experiments in high energy physics, in particular, at the Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Heavy Ions to Astroparticle Physics)
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9 pages, 310 KiB  
Communication
Casimir Forces between a Dielectric and Metal: Compensation of the Electrostatic Interaction
by Vitaly B. Svetovoy
Physics 2023, 5(3), 814-822; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics5030051 - 25 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1599
Abstract
The Casimir forces between metals or good conductors have been checked experimentally. Semiconductors and especially dielectrics have not been investigated because of the surface charges, which generate strong electrostatic forces. Here, it is proposed to study the Casimir interaction of a dielectric and [...] Read more.
The Casimir forces between metals or good conductors have been checked experimentally. Semiconductors and especially dielectrics have not been investigated because of the surface charges, which generate strong electrostatic forces. Here, it is proposed to study the Casimir interaction of a dielectric and metal using a thin dielectric layer deposited on an optically thick metallic substrate. If the thickness of the layer is a few tens of nanometers, the electrostatic force due to charging can be compensated for by applying an extra voltage between the metallic plates. On the other hand, the contribution of the dielectric layer to the Casimir force is sufficiently large to extract information about the interaction between the bulk dielectric and metal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 75 Years of the Casimir Effect: Advances and Prospects)
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17 pages, 1053 KiB  
Article
Larmor Temperature, Casimir Dynamics, and Planck’s Law
by Evgenii Ievlev and Michael R. R. Good
Physics 2023, 5(3), 797-813; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics5030050 - 18 Jul 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1534
Abstract
Classical radiation from a single relativistically accelerating electron is investigated where the temperature characterizing the system highlights the dependence on acceleration. In the context of the dynamic Casimir effect with Planck-distributed photons and thermal black hole evaporation, we demonstrate analytic consistency between the [...] Read more.
Classical radiation from a single relativistically accelerating electron is investigated where the temperature characterizing the system highlights the dependence on acceleration. In the context of the dynamic Casimir effect with Planck-distributed photons and thermal black hole evaporation, we demonstrate analytic consistency between the ideas of constant acceleration and equilibrium thermal radiation. For ultra-relativistic speeds, we demonstrate a long-lasting constant peel acceleration and constant power emission, which is consistent with the idea of balanced equilibrium of Planck-distributed particle radiation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 75 Years of the Casimir Effect: Advances and Prospects)
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13 pages, 1754 KiB  
Review
Conduction–Radiation Coupling between Two Distant Solids Interacting in a Near-Field Regime
by Marta Reina, Chams Gharib Ali Barura, Philippe Ben-Abdallah and Riccardo Messina
Physics 2023, 5(3), 784-796; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics5030049 - 13 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1614
Abstract
In the classical approach to dealing with near-field radiative heat exchange between two closely spaced bodies, no coupling between the different heat carriers inside the materials and thermal photons is usually considered. Here, we provide an overview of the current state of research [...] Read more.
In the classical approach to dealing with near-field radiative heat exchange between two closely spaced bodies, no coupling between the different heat carriers inside the materials and thermal photons is usually considered. Here, we provide an overview of the current state of research on this coupling between solids of different sizes while paying specific attention to the impact of the conduction regime inside the solids on the conduction–radiation coupling. We describe how the shape of the solids affects this coupling, and show that it can be located at the origin of a drastic change in the temperature profiles inside each body and the heat flux exchanged between them. These results could have important implications in the fields of nanoscale thermal management, near-field solid-state cooling, and nanoscale energy conversion. Full article
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32 pages, 2753 KiB  
Article
Is the Non-Pointness of the Electron Observable in e+e Annihilation at Center-of-Mass Energies 55–207 GeV?
by Yutao Chen, Chih-Hsun Lin, Minghui Liu, Alexander S. Sakharov, Jürgen Ulbricht and Jiawei Zhao
Physics 2023, 5(3), 752-783; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics5030048 - 10 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2524
Abstract
The experimental data from VENUS, TOPAS, OPAL, DELPHI, ALEPH and L3 Collaborations collected from 1989 to 2003 are applied to study the quantum electrodynamics (QED) framework through the direct contact interaction term approach, using the annihilation reaction [...] Read more.
The experimental data from VENUS, TOPAS, OPAL, DELPHI, ALEPH and L3 Collaborations collected from 1989 to 2003 are applied to study the quantum electrodynamics (QED) framework through the direct contact interaction term approach, using the annihilation reaction e+eγγ(γ). The analysis involves performing a χ2-test to detect the presence of an excited electron e*, and and evidence of non-point like behavior in the e+e annihilation zone. The analysis yields compelling results, showing a significant signal at a confidence level of approximately 5 standard deviations. These findings suggest the existence of an excited electron with a mass of 308 ± 14 GeV and indicate the presence of a contact interaction characterized by a cutoff scale of 1253.53 ± 226 GeV. Furthermore, the interpretation of the cutoff scale result in terms of a radius of (1.57 ± 0.07) × 10−17 cm raises an intriguing possibility regarding the electron’s non-pointness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section High Energy Physics)
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48 pages, 511 KiB  
Review
Selected Topics of Social Physics: Nonequilibrium Systems
by Vyacheslav I. Yukalov
Physics 2023, 5(3), 704-751; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics5030047 - 6 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2035
Abstract
This paper is devoted to nonequilibrium systems in the physics approach to social systems. Equilibrium systems have been considered in the recenly published first part of the review. The style of the paper combines the features of a tutorial and a review, which, [...] Read more.
This paper is devoted to nonequilibrium systems in the physics approach to social systems. Equilibrium systems have been considered in the recenly published first part of the review. The style of the paper combines the features of a tutorial and a review, which, from one side, makes it simpler to read for nonspecialists aiming at grasping the basics of social physics, and from the other side, describes several rather recent original models containing new ideas that could be of interest to experienced researchers in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Statistical Physics and Nonlinear Phenomena)
14 pages, 4514 KiB  
Article
Current Status of the Novel 3D SuperFGD Detector for the T2K Experiment
by Anna Dergacheva, Denis Chernov, Angelina Chvirova, Gleb Erofeev, Daria Fedorova, Sergei Fedotov, Marat Khabibullin, Alexei Khotjantsev, Yury Kudenko, Alexander Mefodiev, Oleg Mineev and Nikolai Yershov
Physics 2023, 5(3), 690-703; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics5030046 - 2 Jul 2023
Viewed by 2051
Abstract
This paper is devoted to the current status of the novel fully active 3D (three-dimensional) fine-grained scintillator detector SuperFGD as a main part of the near off-axis detector upgrade program for the T2K experiment. The following important components related to the SuperFGD such [...] Read more.
This paper is devoted to the current status of the novel fully active 3D (three-dimensional) fine-grained scintillator detector SuperFGD as a main part of the near off-axis detector upgrade program for the T2K experiment. The following important components related to the SuperFGD such as SuperFGD electronics and mechanics, wavelength shifting (WLS) fibers, and light emitting diode (LED) calibration system are also discussed here as well as the detector’s near future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Heavy Ions to Astroparticle Physics)
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2 pages, 168 KiB  
Editorial
New Advances in Quantum Geometry
by Shi-Dong Liang, Tiberiu Harko and Matthew J. Lake
Physics 2023, 5(3), 688-689; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics5030045 - 30 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1647
Abstract
Presently, we are in a period of rapid and intensive changes in our understanding of the gravitational interaction, triggered by the important observational findings of the late 1990s [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Quantum Geometry)
16 pages, 2717 KiB  
Article
Probing Gluons with the Future Spin Physics Detector
by Alexey Guskov, Amaresh Datta, Anton Karpishkov, Igor Denisenko and Vladimir Saleev
Physics 2023, 5(3), 672-687; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics5030044 - 27 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1644
Abstract
In this paper, we review the physics studies to be performed with the Spin Physics Detector (SPD) at the Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) which is a multi-purpose experiment designed to study nucleon spin structure in the three dimensions. With capabilities to collide [...] Read more.
In this paper, we review the physics studies to be performed with the Spin Physics Detector (SPD) at the Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) which is a multi-purpose experiment designed to study nucleon spin structure in the three dimensions. With capabilities to collide polarized protons and deuterons with center-of-mass energy up to 27 GeV and luminosity up to 1032cm2s1 for protons (an order of magnitude less for deuterons), the experiment is considered to allow measurements of cross-sections and spin asymmetries of hadronic processes sensitive to the unpolarized and various polarized (helicity, Sivers, Boer-Mulders) gluon distributions inside the nucleons. Results from the SPD will be complimentary to the present high-energy spin experiments at the RHIC (Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider) facility or future experiments such as the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) at BNL (Brookhaven National Laboratory) and the AFTER experiment at the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) in understanding the spin structure of the basic building blocks of visible matter. Monte Carlo simulation-based results presented here demonstrate the impact of the SPD asymmetry measurements on gluon helicity parton distribution function (PDF) and gluon Sivers functions. With polarized deuteron collisions, the SPD is expected to be the unique laboratory for probing tensor-polarized gluon distributions. Additionally, there are possibilities of colliding other light nuclei, such as carbon, at reduced collision energy and luminosity during the first stage of the experiment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Heavy Ions to Astroparticle Physics)
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17 pages, 2436 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulations of the Decaying Transverse Oscillations in the Cool Jet
by Abhishek K. Srivastava and Balveer Singh
Physics 2023, 5(3), 655-671; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics5030043 - 25 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1674
Abstract
In the present paper, we describe a 2.5D (two-and-a-half-dimensional) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation that provides a detailed picture of the evolution of cool jets triggered by initial vertical velocity perturbations in the solar chromosphere. We implement random multiple velocity, Vy, pulses of [...] Read more.
In the present paper, we describe a 2.5D (two-and-a-half-dimensional) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation that provides a detailed picture of the evolution of cool jets triggered by initial vertical velocity perturbations in the solar chromosphere. We implement random multiple velocity, Vy, pulses of amplitude 20–50 km s1 between 1 Mm and 1.5 Mm in the Sun’s atmosphere below its transition region (TR). These pulses also consist of different switch-off periods between 50 s and 300 s. The applied vertical velocity pulses create a series of magnetoacoustic shocks steepening above the TR. These shocks interact with each other in the inner corona, leading to complex localized velocity fields. The upward propagation of such perturbations creates low-pressure regions behind them, which propel a variety of cool jets and plasma flows in the localized corona. The localized complex velocity fields generate transverse oscillations in some of these jets during their evolution. We study the transverse oscillations of a representative cool jet J1, which moves up to the height of 6.2 Mm above the TR from its origin point. During its evolution, the plasma flows make the spine of jet J1 radially inhomogeneous, which is visible in the density and Alfvén speed smoothly varying across the jet. The highly dense J1, which is triggered along the significantly curved magnetic field lines, supports the propagating transverse wave of period of approximately 195 s with a phase speed of about 125 km s−1. In the distance–time map of density, it is manifested as a transverse kink wave. However, the careful investigation of the distance–time maps of the x- and z-components of velocity reveals that these transverse waves are actually of mixed Alfvénic modes. The transverse wave shows evidence of damping in the jet. We conclude that the cross-field structuring of the density and characteristic Alfvén speed within J1 causes the onset of the resonant conversion and leakage of the wave energy outward to dissipate these transverse oscillations via resonant absorption. The wave energy flux is estimated as approximately of 1.0 × 106 ergs cm2 s1. This energy, if it dissipates through the resonant absorption into the corona where the jet is propagated, is sufficient energy for the localized coronal heating. Full article
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