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Clean Technol.
Volume 8
Issue 3
10.3390/cleantechnol8030091
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Article

Representative Hydrogen Sampling at Hydrogen Refuelling Stations: Interplay of Sampling Strategy and Station Parameters

by
Matz Dietrich
1,*,
Thomas Bacquart
2,
Abigail Morris
2,
Shirin Khaki
2,
Etienne Basset
3,4,
Mathilde Rizand
3,4,
Martine Carré
5,
Claire Blondeel
5,
Nathalie Chramosta
6,
Alexander Kvasnicka
1,
Pierpaolo Modugno
2,
Ziyin Chen
2,
Christian Spitta
1 and
Harry Hoster
1,7,*
1
The Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Center (ZBT GmbH), Carl-Benz-Strasse 201, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
2
National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middlesex, UK
3
ENGIE, Research Center ENGIE LAB CRIGEN, 4 Rue Joséphine Baker, 93240 Stains, France
4
ENGIE, Research Center ENGIE LAB CRIGEN, 5 Quai Louis Aulagne, 69190 St-Fons, France
5
Paris-Saclay Research Center, Air Liquide, BP 126, 78353 Jouy en Josas, France
6
Air Liquide CEMIAG, BP 126, 78353 Jouy en Josas, France
7
Institute of Energy Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen (UDE), Lotharstr. 1, 47058 Duisburg, Germany
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Clean Technol. 2026, 8(3), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol8030091
Submission received: 25 March 2026 / Revised: 27 April 2026 / Accepted: 25 May 2026 / Published: 10 June 2026
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Abstract

Taking spot samples at hydrogen refuelling stations (HRSs) and performing offline analysis in laboratories is currently the only way to achieve hydrogen fuel compliance at HRS (meet the ISO 14687:2025 standard or EN 17124:2022 in Europe). Currently, different sampling strategies are defined in ISO 19880-9:2024 (Annex A–C) and implemented in different parts of the world (EU, Japan, USA). The differences in conducting the sampling potentially influence the hydrogen samples; therefore, there is a need to compare the different sampling strategies. Comparative sampling studies are required to evaluate the equivalence of sampling methodologies and support the standardisation of hydrogen fuel sampling. This study provides a systematic comparison of five European sampling systems with different sampling strategies under real and defined HRS operation conditions. The results show that the issue of representative sampling is more complex than initially assumed and that there is an interdependence of sampling device and HRS configuration, respectively.
Keywords: hydrogen; hydrogen refuelling station; sampling; analysis hydrogen; hydrogen refuelling station; sampling; analysis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Dietrich, M.; Bacquart, T.; Morris, A.; Khaki, S.; Basset, E.; Rizand, M.; Carré, M.; Blondeel, C.; Chramosta, N.; Kvasnicka, A.; et al. Representative Hydrogen Sampling at Hydrogen Refuelling Stations: Interplay of Sampling Strategy and Station Parameters. Clean Technol. 2026, 8, 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol8030091

AMA Style

Dietrich M, Bacquart T, Morris A, Khaki S, Basset E, Rizand M, Carré M, Blondeel C, Chramosta N, Kvasnicka A, et al. Representative Hydrogen Sampling at Hydrogen Refuelling Stations: Interplay of Sampling Strategy and Station Parameters. Clean Technologies. 2026; 8(3):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol8030091

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dietrich, Matz, Thomas Bacquart, Abigail Morris, Shirin Khaki, Etienne Basset, Mathilde Rizand, Martine Carré, Claire Blondeel, Nathalie Chramosta, Alexander Kvasnicka, and et al. 2026. "Representative Hydrogen Sampling at Hydrogen Refuelling Stations: Interplay of Sampling Strategy and Station Parameters" Clean Technologies 8, no. 3: 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol8030091

APA Style

Dietrich, M., Bacquart, T., Morris, A., Khaki, S., Basset, E., Rizand, M., Carré, M., Blondeel, C., Chramosta, N., Kvasnicka, A., Modugno, P., Chen, Z., Spitta, C., & Hoster, H. (2026). Representative Hydrogen Sampling at Hydrogen Refuelling Stations: Interplay of Sampling Strategy and Station Parameters. Clean Technologies, 8(3), 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol8030091

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