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Volume 10
Issue 4
10.3390/drones10040284
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Low-Altitude Mission Test Design for UAV Swarms via Constrained Multi-Objective Optimization

by
Yanfei Miao
1,2,
Haixin Chen
1,
Xu Zhang
3,
Yuan Gao
4 and
Qing Cai
4,*
1
School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
2
AVIC Shenyang Aircraft Design and Research Institute, Shenyang 110035, China
3
School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi’an 710126, China
4
School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Drones 2026, 10(4), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones10040284
Submission received: 10 March 2026 / Revised: 9 April 2026 / Accepted: 12 April 2026 / Published: 14 April 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric-Powered and Hybrid-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Technology and Applications of Low Altitude Aviation)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This paper studies low-altitude mission test design for UAV swarm ground missions in complex urban environments. Traditional test design workflows depend heavily on expert-crafted rules and static settings, which limits adaptability under dynamic mission conditions. To address this issue, we propose an intelligent framework that combines a Multi-Stage Constrained Multi-Objective Optimization algorithm with Proximal Policy Optimization-based adaptive hyperparameter tuning. The framework optimizes resource allocation by balancing mission effectiveness, mission risk, and mission cost under mission constraints. Simulation results show improved convergence behavior, solution quality, and robustness compared with baseline settings.
Keywords: low-altitude UAV missions; UAV swarm mission test design; constrained multi-objective optimization; reinforcement learning; simulation-based validation low-altitude UAV missions; UAV swarm mission test design; constrained multi-objective optimization; reinforcement learning; simulation-based validation

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Miao, Y.; Chen, H.; Zhang, X.; Gao, Y.; Cai, Q. Low-Altitude Mission Test Design for UAV Swarms via Constrained Multi-Objective Optimization. Drones 2026, 10, 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones10040284

AMA Style

Miao Y, Chen H, Zhang X, Gao Y, Cai Q. Low-Altitude Mission Test Design for UAV Swarms via Constrained Multi-Objective Optimization. Drones. 2026; 10(4):284. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones10040284

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miao, Yanfei, Haixin Chen, Xu Zhang, Yuan Gao, and Qing Cai. 2026. "Low-Altitude Mission Test Design for UAV Swarms via Constrained Multi-Objective Optimization" Drones 10, no. 4: 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones10040284

APA Style

Miao, Y., Chen, H., Zhang, X., Gao, Y., & Cai, Q. (2026). Low-Altitude Mission Test Design for UAV Swarms via Constrained Multi-Objective Optimization. Drones, 10(4), 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones10040284

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