Abstract
This paper introduces a comprehensive class of multiparameter post-quantum fractional quadrature inequalities, unifying classical error bounds within the setting of the post-quantum Riemann–Liouville fractional integral. By incorporating multiple parameters, we derive a flexible family of inequalities that generalize well-known quadrature rules such as the Boole-type, Bullen–Simpson-type, Maclaurin-type, corrected Euler–Maclaurin-type, -Simpson-type, and companion Ostrowski-type estimates. Under assumptions of s-convexity, log-convexity, power mean inequality, and Holder inequality, we establish novel error bounds. Our results provide a unified framework for designing and analyzing post-quantum fractional quadrature inequalities. Applications to special means and numerical and graphic examples are presented to illustrate the applicability and generality of the derived inequalities. This work lays a theoretical foundation for the development of post-quantum fractional quadrature inequalities and offers new tools for error estimation in post-quantum fractional-order models arising in applied sciences and engineering.
Keywords:
q-calculus; q-shifting operator; (p,q)-calculus; fractional (p,q)-integral; fractional (p,q)-integral inequality MSC:
05A30; 26A33; 26D10
1. Introduction
The classical calculus of Newton and Leibniz, built upon the foundational concept of the limit, has long been the principal language for modeling continuous change. However, many contemporary problems in mathematics and physics, from quantum mechanical systems to digital signal processing, inherently involve discrete or quantized structures. This necessity inspired the development of quantum calculus (or q-calculus), a transformative framework that redefines differentiation and integration without recourse to limits. By replacing infinitesimal ratios with finite q-differences, it constructs a parallel mathematical universe for non-continuous domains. The pioneering work of F. H. Jackson, who first systematized q-derivatives and integrals [1,2], demonstrated that this is not merely a discrete approximation but a genuine extension of classical calculus; as the parameter , all classical results are recovered. The utility of this framework is vast, providing essential tools in fields as diverse as number theory and combinatorics through q-series and q-polynomials and mathematical physics [3,4,5]. Notably, its application extends to core scientific models, such as Fock’s [6] use of q-difference equations to analyze the symmetry of the hydrogen atom, underscoring its relevance beyond pure abstraction.
The natural progression of this generalization is post-quantum calculus, or -calculus, which introduces a second independent parameter p. This bifactorial framework offers a richer and more flexible structure for "quantization," allowing for finer control and more nuanced generalizations of classical operators. It has become an instrumental language in the study of special functions, orthogonal polynomials, and operator theory. The definitions of -derivative and -integral in finite intervals and their fundamental properties were provided by Tunc and Gov [7,8]. Later, Soontharanon and Sitthiwirattham [9] defined -difference operators with interval for and established basic properties of fractional -calculus in this interval. In particular, they developed Riemann–Liouville and Caputo-type fractional -integral operators. In this regard, Neang et al. [10] developed a new definition of the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral with respect to the q-shifting operator.
Numerical integration, the cornerstone of computational mathematics, provides indispensable tools for approximating definite integrals when exact analytic solutions are intractable. Classical quadrature rules, such as the midpoint, trapezoidal, Simpson, and Boole, supply efficient approximations accompanied by well-understood error estimates. These error bounds, often expressed as inequalities under smoothness or convexity assumptions, have been extensively studied and form a rich body of results known as quadrature inequalities. Notable among them are the Hermite–Hadamard inequality, Bullen–Simpson-type bounds, companion Ostrowski inequalities, and corrected Euler–Maclaurin formulas, each refining our understanding of how discrete sums relate to continuous integrals. In recent years, many quadrature inequalities have been constructed using various new strategies. Franjic and Pecaric [11] proved the corrected Euler–Maclaurin formulas and utilized the derived formulas to obtain inequalities for various classes of functions. Guessab and Schmeisser [12] proved companion Ostrowski-type integral inequalities under several regularity conditions by introducing the best constants in bounds of error and the remainder of the trapezoidal rule. Krukowski [13] introduced a natural successor to Simpson’s rule, which included Boole’s rule and provided novel error bounds for it. Meftah and Samoudi [14] established Bullen–Simpson-type inequalities for functions whose local fractional derivatives are s-convex functions and proved theorems when the first derivatives are bounded and Holderian. They also applied their results to numerical integration and special means. Sitthiwirattham et al. [15,16] determined error bounds related to Maclaurin’s formula using q-differentiable convex functions.
The integral inequalities related to Riemann–Liouville integrals have proven to be very valuable instruments in analysis in fractional calculus. These inequalities have enabled researchers to express stability conditions and constraints of fractional differential equations in a very effective manner and have also allowed researchers to shed ample light on the behavior of fractional equations in practical situations. It is also worth mentioning integral inequalities, which are obtained through the use of the Riemann–Liouville integral. Demir and Unes [17] developed corrected Euler–Maclaurin-type inequalities for differentiable convex functions, bounded functions, Lipschitzian functions, and bounded variation functions and demonstrated the precision of the developed results with numerical and graphical examples. Erden et al. [18] established fractional Ostrowski-type inequalities and obtained midpoint versions as a special case. Nasir et al. [19] studied a new type of Simpson-type inequalities using first-order locally differentiable convex functions and applied them to beta functions, q-digamma functions, and Bessel functions. Nasri et al. [20] derived the error estimates of fractional Simpson-type inequalities for functions whose absolute values of the first derivative are s-convex in the second sense and applied these findings to quadrature formulas, special means, and random variables. Samraiz et al. in [21] obtained fractional Bullen-type inequalities under the concept of h-convexity of twice-differentiable functions and applied these findings to special means and presented graphical examples. For further studies on integral inequalities involving the Riemann–Liouville integral, we recommend [22,23,24].
Post-quantum fractional integral inequalities represent a novel and rapidly evolving frontier in mathematical analysis, forging a critical connection between two profound areas of study: the geometric framework of quantum calculus and the nonlocal nature of fractional operators. This emerging discipline seeks to generalize classical analytic inequalities into a unified framework that incorporates both the discrete, parameter-dependent calculus of quantum operators and the continuous memory effects inherent to fractional integration and differentiation. Our main contributions to this paper include the following.
- Develop a new multiparameter identity that brings together -derivative, -Riemann–Liouville fractional integral, q-shifting operator, and q-Pochhammer symbol into one unified framework;
- Show that by simply choosing different parameter values, this single identity generates a wide family of known identities, such as the Boole-type, Bullen–Simpson-type, Maclaurin-type, corrected Euler–Maclaurin-type, Simpson-type, and companion Ostrowski-type;
- Successfully extend the classical work of B. Meftah and C. Menai to the broader world of post-quantum calculus, with their original results appearing as special cases;
- Create new integral inequalities using key mathematical tools such as modulus properties, s-convexity, log-convexity, power mean inequality, and Hölder’s inequality;
- Confirm all results with concrete numerical examples and graphs, visually proving that the inequalities hold for any choice of parameters;
- Showcase the application of the work through special means.
2. Preliminaries
Throughout the discussion is considered to be the set of real numbers, and Furthermore, in this section, it is assumed that for The -number is defined as [10]
More generally [25],
A q-shifting operator is defined as [10]
Further, we have
The q-Pochhammer symbol is defined as [26]
and the q-power function in the form of q-shifting operator is defined as
More generally, for
Definition 1
([27]). Let be a continuous function. Then, the -derivative of ℵ at σ is given by
The function ℵ is called -differentiable on if exists for all
Definition 2
([27]). Let be a continuous function. Then, the -integral of ℵ at σ is given by
The function ℵ is called -integrable on if exists for all
The -power function is defined by [10]
It can be observed that
More generally, for
particularly for
The -gamma function is defined by [10]
Definition 3
([26]). Let ℵ be defined on and let The Riemann–Liouville fractional -integral is defined by
Definition 4
([10]). Let ℵ be defined on and let The Riemann–Liouville fractional -integral is defined by
provided that
Remark 1.
When , the Definition 4 coincides with the Definition 3.
3. Main Results
Lemma 1.
Let be and differentiable function on and , respectively, such that and are continuous and integrable, respectively, on and and and then
where
Proof.
According to Definition 1,
Using (6) and keeping continuous and integrable in in Definition 2, produce the following:
Utilizing (1) and (2) along with the q-Pochhammer symbol definition, produce the following:
Similarly,
Now,
Similarly,
Subtracting (7) from (8)
Equivalently,
Similarly,
Addition of (9)–(12) yields the identity (5). □
Remark 2.
• For identity (5) reduces to Riemann–Liouville fractional quantum identity:
Moreover, for it reduces to
hence for it reduces to Lemma 2.1 [29]:
• For and identity (5) reduces to a post-quantum Boole-type identity:
• For and identity (5) reduces to a post-quantum Bullen–Simpson-type identity:
• For and identity (5) reduces to a post-quantum Maclaurin-type identity:
• For and identity (5) reduces to a post-quantum corrected Euler–Maclaurin-type identity:
• For and identity (5) reduces to a post quantum -Simpson-type identity:
• For identity (5) reduces to a post-quantum companion Ostrowski-type identity:
To make the presentation concise, we adopt the following assumptions in our subsequent results.
In our subsequent results, we have used the definition of s-convexity and log-convexity.
Definition 5
([30]). The function is said to be s-convex in the second sense if
Definition 6
([31]). The function is said to be log-convex if
Theorem 1.
Assume that conditions of Lemma 1 are satisfied for Further, if and are s-convex functions on then
Proof.
By properties of modulus and s-convexities of and the following holds:
□
Corollary 1.
For in Theorem 1, the following Riemann–Liouville fractional quantum inequality holds:
Theorem 2.
Assume that conditions of Lemma 1 are satisfied for Further, if and are s-convex functions on for such that then
Proof.
By properties of modulus, s-convexities of and the Hölder’s inequality, the following holds:
□
Corollary 2.
For in Theorem 2, the following Riemann–Liouville fractional quantum inequality holds:
Theorem 3.
Assume that conditions of Lemma 1 are satisfied for Further, if and are s-convex functions on for then
Proof.
By properties of modulus, s-convexities of and the power mean inequality, the following holds:
□
Corollary 3.
For in Theorem 3, the following Riemann–Liouville fractional quantum inequality holds:
Remark 3.
For and , Theorems 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 [29] are retrieved from Corollaries 1, 2 and 3, respectively. For different choices of parameters discussed in Remark 2, several error bounds of the well-known Newton–Cotes quadrature rules can be obtained involving at most five points.
Theorem 4.
Assume that conditions of Lemma 1 are satisfied. Further, if and are log-convex functions on for then
Proof.
By properties of modulus, log-convexities of and the power mean inequality, the following holds:
□
Corollary 4.
For and in Theorem 4, the following inequality in classical calculus holds:
Corollary 5.
For and in Theorem 4, the following inequality in classical calculus holds:
4. Numerical and Graphical Analysis
This section presents the key findings of our study both graphically and numerically, making it easier to comprehend the theoretical conclusions. The figures and tables in each example are not related to each other. The statistical sets were selected at random. For example, when q and p are close and far apart, we have attempted to take all the conceivable values in each selection. In each example, we first explain the parameters in a specific table and then the parameters in a specific graph by mentioning the table and graph. In our computation, we determine the values independently for the left and right sides of each pertinent inequality of the related theorem. For the purposes of this section, let .
Example 1.
The inequality (13) of Theorem 1 is numerically analyzed in Table 1, where and Assuming Figure 1 offers a graphic representation of the validity of inequality (13) with the same values for and
Table 1.
Statistical analysis of Theorem 1.
Figure 1.
LHS and RHS of (13) with and .
Example 2.
The inequality (14) of Theorem 2 is numerically analyzed in Table 2, where and Assuming , Figure 2 offers a graphic representation of the validity of inequality (14) with the same values for and
Table 2.
Statistical analysis of Theorem 2.
Figure 2.
LHS and RHS of (14) with and .
Example 3.
The inequality (15) of Theorem 3 is numerically analyzed in Table 3, where and Assuming Figure 3 offers a graphic representation of the validity of inequality (15) with the same values for and
Table 3.
Statistical analysis of Theorem 3.
Figure 3.
LHS and RHS of (15) with and .
Discussion on the Tightness of the Bounds
In addition to verifying that the left-hand side is less than or equal to the right-hand side of the obtained inequalities in theorems for the chosen parameters, we also examine the gap between these two sides to assess the informativeness of the bounds. For each example, we compute both the absolute difference and the relative ratio The results show that for most parameter choices, the ratio lies between 1 and 2, indicating reasonably tight bounds. However, at extreme parameter values such as and , the ratio becomes larger, i.e., 95.2987. This behavior is expected, as such extreme parameters lie far from the classical regime and represent boundary cases in the post-quantum framework. The primary contribution of this work remains the unification and generalization of integral inequalities within post-quantum calculus, and the numerical examples serve to validate the analytical results across the parameter domain.
5. Application to Special Means
- 1.
- Arithmetic mean
- 2.
- Geometric mean
Proposition 1.
Let such that then
Proof.
Let in Theorem 2, with then
Substituting the previously given values in inequality (14) of Theorem 2 yields the required result. □
Remark 4.
The derivation of the inequality obtained in Proposition 1 involving the arithmetic and geometric means is not a mere substitution. Expressing the results in terms of special means is nontrivial, particularly when dealing with multiparameters, q-shifting operators, s-convexity, -derivative, and the Riemann–Liouville fractional -integrals. Each condition must be carefully verified, and the parameters must be appropriately selected to ensure compatibility with the domain of the special means. This application serves to illustrate that the general theoretical framework developed in this paper is capable of producing concrete inequalities involving classical functions, thereby demonstrating its practical reach beyond abstract theory.
6. Conclusions
In this article, we identified a broad class of new post-quantum multiparameter integral inequalities involving the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral, successfully unifying the Boole-type, Bullen–Simpson-type, Maclaurin-type, corrected Euler–Maclaurin-type, -Simpson-type, and companion Ostrowski-type frameworks. Using a variety of analytical tools, including s-convexity, logarithmic convexity, properties of the modulus, the Holder inequality, and the power mean inequality, we have established bounds that are both rigorous and adaptable to various function behaviors. Such theoretical developments are supported by meticulously crafted numerical and graphical examples, which show the accuracy and usefulness of the obtained estimates. In addition, the use of these inequalities in special means theory establishes a concrete connection between post-quantum fractional analysis and the classical mean values. The results given here add to the ever-increasing literature on post-quantum fractional integral inequalities while offering scope for future research in related areas under generalized convexity assumptions.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, S.R., S.H. and Y.S.; methodology, S.R., S.H. and M.A.; software, S.R.; validation, S.R. and S.H.; formal analysis, S.H. and Y.S.; investigation, S.R., S.H. and M.A.; resources, Y.S.; writing—original draft preparation, S.R. and M.A.; writing—review and editing, S.R. and S.H.; visualization, S.R. and Y.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the Dong-A University research fund. This research was supported by the Global-Learning Academic Research Institution for Master’s–PhD Students and Postdocs (LAMP) Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Ministry of Education (RS-2025-25440216).
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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