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Urban Sci., Volume 8, Issue 4 (December 2024) – 56 articles

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18 pages, 4056 KiB  
Article
Mapping Perception: Analyzing Mental Representations of Urban Space in Timișoara, Romania
by Andreea Triponescu, Alexandru Dragan and Remus Crețan
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040205 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2024
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the significance of mental maps in facilitating a more comprehensive understanding of how individuals perceive and mentally represent physical spaces. It is of great importance to consider discrepancies between real and perceived environments when utilising mental maps as instruments. [...] Read more.
Recent studies have demonstrated the significance of mental maps in facilitating a more comprehensive understanding of how individuals perceive and mentally represent physical spaces. It is of great importance to consider discrepancies between real and perceived environments when utilising mental maps as instruments. The objective of this paper is to examine the mental representations of Timișoara, Romania in order to identify the spatial elements (neighbourhoods, streets, landmarks, urban symbols) that are particularly salient in the respondents’ mental representations of the city. A total of 559 mental maps were conducted using GIS and quantitative methods to indicate the perceived spatial elements. The findings suggest that spatial perception is influenced by certain dimensions connected to respondents’ socio-demographic features. The findings also indicate that peripheral areas of the city are perceived as lacking memorability and attractiveness, confirming that these neighbourhoods do not fulfil the necessary functions of an urban space. It can be concluded that mental mapping serves as an efficient approach to the analysis of community–space relationships. The implications of this study are valuable for any stakeholders with activities in the city of Timisoara and contribute to sustainable, qualitative, and community-based urban planning. Full article
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22 pages, 1392 KiB  
Article
Index for Assessing the Performance Level of Vehicular Traffic on Urban Streets
by Ernesto De la Cruz-Nicolás, Hugo Estrada-Esquivel, Alicia Martínez-Rebollar, Odette Alejandra Pliego-Martínez and Eddie Clemente
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040204 - 6 Nov 2024
Viewed by 99
Abstract
Vehicular transportation is one of the most widely used modes in modern cities for reaching key destinations such as workplaces, healthcare facilities, recreational areas, and educational institutions, among others. However, the performance of vehicular traffic on these roads can vary significantly due to [...] Read more.
Vehicular transportation is one of the most widely used modes in modern cities for reaching key destinations such as workplaces, healthcare facilities, recreational areas, and educational institutions, among others. However, the performance of vehicular traffic on these roads can vary significantly due to the influence of different environmental variables. In the literature, factors such as traffic incidents, weather conditions, road infrastructure, and driving habits, among others, have been identified as impacting vehicular traffic performance. In this context, predictive models have been developed to anticipate congestion at specific points in cities based on statistics, machine learning, simulation, and complex networks. This study proposes a novel index aimed at assessing the level of performance of vehicular traffic on streets based on the relationship among relevant urban environmental variables. This index is generated through Genetic Programming, considering a set of variables related to traffic, incidents, and services. The case study will focus on the streets of the Tlalpan Municipality in Mexico City. Full article
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14 pages, 17554 KiB  
Article
Playgrounds as Residual Areas—Case Study of a Playground Regeneration Proposal in Târgu-Mureș, Romania
by Endre Kentelky, Hadassa Dumitru, Ildikó Lihăt and Zsolt Szekely-Varga
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040203 - 6 Nov 2024
Viewed by 127
Abstract
Playgrounds are envisaged as spaces designed to provide a safe and enjoyable environment that facilitates physical activity among children and adolescents. However, in various instances within cities formerly under socialist governance, these playgrounds have suffered neglect and lacked maintenance, coherent conceptual frameworks, professional [...] Read more.
Playgrounds are envisaged as spaces designed to provide a safe and enjoyable environment that facilitates physical activity among children and adolescents. However, in various instances within cities formerly under socialist governance, these playgrounds have suffered neglect and lacked maintenance, coherent conceptual frameworks, professional oversight, suitable materials for playground structures, and attention to vegetation or potentially toxic elements. They became residual areas in the city’s built environment. Presently, the evaluation and the regeneration of playgrounds in cities have emerged as a significant task. Amidst the densely populated urban fabric, these spaces hold considerable importance for outdoor activities, social interaction, recreational pursuits, and the healthy development of future generations. Simultaneously, these places can play a crucial role in a city’s green infrastructure, local landscapes, and the challenges of sustainability prompted by climate change. The landscape analysis of 22 playgrounds classified them based on land use characteristics, location, functions, equipment, quality, and accessibility. A case study in Târgu-Mureș, scrutinized in detail within this analysis due to its proximity to the city center, within a densely populated urban area, and its multifaceted functionalities, underscores the need for a comprehensive approach encompassing diverse disciplines to address its manifold usage requirements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urbanization, Regional Planning and Development)
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25 pages, 1578 KiB  
Review
Systematic Review of Dimensions and Indicators in Sustainable and Smart Cities: Trends, Interdependencies, and Continental Variations
by Roger Alejandro Parra-Pulido, Yolanda Teresa Hernández-Peña and Carlos Alfonso Zafra-Mejía
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040202 (registering DOI) - 6 Nov 2024
Viewed by 154
Abstract
Accelerated urbanization challenges cities globally. Ensuring good quality of life and environmental protection requires innovative, data-driven solutions. Sustainable and smart cities (SSCs) offer a promising response, but effective implementation depends on selecting and using appropriate dimensions and indicators. The main objective of this [...] Read more.
Accelerated urbanization challenges cities globally. Ensuring good quality of life and environmental protection requires innovative, data-driven solutions. Sustainable and smart cities (SSCs) offer a promising response, but effective implementation depends on selecting and using appropriate dimensions and indicators. The main objective of this article is to present a systematic review within the framework of SSCs to study trends in the use of dimensions and indicators. A citation frequency index (Q) considering quartiles is used to determine the importance of the variables considered in this study. A spatiotemporal analysis of the dimensions and indicators detected is also performed. The results suggest that the multifaceted nature of SSCs necessitates a holistic approach, with environmental (Q3 = 0.536) and social (Q2 = 0.403) dimensions being principal. Despite the lower ranking (Q1 = 0.080) of the information and communication technology (ICT) dimension, its pervasive influence highlights its evolving importance. Effective ICT implementation relies on robust social and environmental foundations, illustrating their interdependence. The governance (Q1 = 0.169) dimension is also essential for the creation of transparent and equitable urban policies. Key indicators related to energy systems (Q2 = 0.379), data analysis (Q2 = 0.327), and resource management (Q2 = 0.291) are crucial for operational efficiency and sustainability. Continental differences in prioritizing SSC dimensions highlight the importance of context-specific strategies, reflecting unique challenges and opportunities faced by different continental areas. By understanding and addressing these continental differences, policymakers and urban planners can more effectively promote sustainable and resilient urban development worldwide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urbanization, Regional Planning and Development)
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1 pages, 134 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Refaat et al. Integrating Humanising Aspects into Urban Design: A Comprehensive Framework for Enhancing Quality of Life in Jeddah City. Urban Sci. 2024, 8, 172
by Ahmed Mohamed Refaat, Shahad Ghazoliy, Hosam Salah El Samaty and Ahmed Abd Elaziz Waseef
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040201 - 5 Nov 2024
Viewed by 142
Abstract
The authors would like to make the following corrections to the published paper [...] Full article
15 pages, 1937 KiB  
Article
Fractal Analysis of Mining Wastewater Time Series Parameters: Balkhash Urban Region and Sayak Ore District
by Andrii Biloshchytskyi, Oleksandr Kuchanskyi, Alexandr Neftissov, Yurii Andrashko, Svitlana Biloshchytska and Ilyas Kazambayev
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040200 - 5 Nov 2024
Viewed by 367
Abstract
The population life and health quality are significantly reduced due to water resources pollution caused by heavy metals, especially in urban agglomerations located close to metal ore mining and processing facilities. The greatest environmental pollution occurs during the extraction of Cu, Zn, and [...] Read more.
The population life and health quality are significantly reduced due to water resources pollution caused by heavy metals, especially in urban agglomerations located close to metal ore mining and processing facilities. The greatest environmental pollution occurs during the extraction of Cu, Zn, and Pb. In this study, a fractal R/S analysis of wastewater discharge indicators time series from a metal ore mining facility located in the Sayak ore district in the Republic of Kazakhstan (turbidity, electrical conductivity, flow magnitude, and pH level) was carried out. A sharp increase in the flow rate was recorded from 10 to 15 July 2024 and an increase in the electrical conductivity from 4 to 26 July 2024. However, the latest type of indicator assessment does not exceed the critical level for life. The presence of electrical conductivity indicators time series long-term memory and persistence was also recorded (the Hurst exponent for the electrical conductivity time series is fixed in the 0.56 to 0.59 range and does not go below the threshold value for randomness according to the Anis-Lloyd formula). Thus, the value-changing process is controlled and stable, and minor changes in turbidity indicate that these releases do not significantly harm the environment. Despite this, the results obtained do not allow for a comprehensive analysis of the state of releases as the data from all deposits is not available. Therefore, due to the time constraints of the data provided for analysis, it is difficult to fully assess the impact of specific metal ore mining facilities on the environmental safety of the Balkhash urban region. In addition, many studies indicate very high risks of chronic diseases for the population living in this region. The findings of this study enable us to conclude that the application of fractal analysis and the calculation of fractal characteristics for time series of emissions can serve as an indicator of the environmental status within the given area. This information can be used by environmental services to build reliable environmental pollution monitoring systems. Full article
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12 pages, 700 KiB  
Article
Influences of Perceived Built Environments and Personal Attitudes Toward Walking to the Grocery Store
by Chia-Yuan Yu
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040199 - 5 Nov 2024
Viewed by 322
Abstract
Encouraging walking to grocery stores can enhance environmental sustainability by reducing vehicle emissions and easing traffic congestion. While research has largely focused on measurable factors like distance and physical accessibility, less attention has been paid to how perceived built environments and personal attitudes [...] Read more.
Encouraging walking to grocery stores can enhance environmental sustainability by reducing vehicle emissions and easing traffic congestion. While research has largely focused on measurable factors like distance and physical accessibility, less attention has been paid to how perceived built environments and personal attitudes affect walking behavior. This study delves into how socio-demographic traits, social influences, and perceived built environments influence walking decisions. The key findings reveal that factors such as ethnicity and income significantly impact decisions to walk, with well-maintained sidewalks enhancing appeal and obstacles like construction serving as deterrents. Positive attitudes towards walking further encourage this behavior, underscoring the need for targeted public health interventions. These insights are crucial for designing communities that support walking, ultimately improving community health and environmental sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Transportation and Urban Environments-Public Health)
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23 pages, 6257 KiB  
Article
A Framework for Upgrading Contaminated Urban Land and Soil by Nature-Based Solutions: Demonstration with a Swedish Case
by Shaswati Chowdhury, Yevheniya Volchko and Jenny Norrman
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040198 - 4 Nov 2024
Viewed by 462
Abstract
To move towards a circular economy and to meet the upcoming EU soil health legislation, both contaminated land and contaminated soil should be acknowledged as fragile and valuable resources to be restored and recycled to provide essential ecosystem services to humans. Underused, often [...] Read more.
To move towards a circular economy and to meet the upcoming EU soil health legislation, both contaminated land and contaminated soil should be acknowledged as fragile and valuable resources to be restored and recycled to provide essential ecosystem services to humans. Underused, often contaminated land can be returned to beneficial use as urban greenspace (UGS) with the help of gentle remediation options (GROs). GROs are plant-, fungi-, bacteria-, and soil amendments-based risk management mechanisms that can also simultaneously improve soil functions and the provision of ecosystem services. This study (i) presents a framework including tools and methods for exploring opportunities for transforming brownfields to UGS using GROs to deal with soil contamination, (ii) demonstrates its application for a case study site in Gothenburg, Sweden, and (iii) presents stakeholders’ views on the suggested framework. This framework can support the transition of brownfields to UGS while recycling both land and soil and increasing the market value of the site and its surroundings. Stakeholders found the suggested framework useful but identified some challenges for its practical implementation, mainly associated with financial aspects and the existing practice and level of knowledge. Stakeholders also identified the need for additional practical tools to (a) make predictions about the time required for GROs to reach acceptable risk levels, (b) monetize non-market benefits such as ecosystem services for communicating benefits to decision-makers, and (c) provide support for plant and soil amendment selection for various GROs and contaminants. Full article
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16 pages, 692 KiB  
Article
The Research Landscape of AI in Urban Planning: A Topic Analysis of the Literature with ChatGPT
by Thomas W. Sanchez, Xinyu Fu, Tan Yigitcanlar and Xinyue Ye
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040197 - 4 Nov 2024
Viewed by 623
Abstract
This study investigated the current state of artificial intelligence (AI) in urban planning by analyzing 744 research publications. Utilizing topic modeling analysis with latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) and ChatGPT, we interpreted and categorized weighted keywords from this analysis, and then generated topic names [...] Read more.
This study investigated the current state of artificial intelligence (AI) in urban planning by analyzing 744 research publications. Utilizing topic modeling analysis with latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) and ChatGPT, we interpreted and categorized weighted keywords from this analysis, and then generated topic names based on these insights. The analysis identified 16 key themes within the corpus, encompassing a range of topics including urban and transport planning, urban and architectural design methods, as well as algorithms and predictive modeling techniques. The most prevalent topic identified was “Urban Design and Architectural Methods”, emphasizing the integration of AI in urban design strategies. Other significant themes included “Smart Urban Development and Social Governance” and “Algorithms and Predictive Modeling in Transportation”. The findings demonstrate the diverse applications of AI in urban planning, such as enhancing public services, optimizing transportation systems, and managing urban development. This study underscores the increasing application of AI in addressing urban challenges and provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research, offering useful insights for future studies and potential implementations in urban planning. The study findings offer researchers and practitioners invaluable insights, uncovering both opportunities and gaps in the literature that can guide and shape future research and practical initiatives. Full article
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16 pages, 4394 KiB  
Article
Multidimensional Benefits of Creative Tourism: A Network Approach
by Rui Miguel Ferreira Carvalho, Carlos Costa and Ana Maria Ferreira
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040196 - 1 Nov 2024
Viewed by 500
Abstract
As creative tourism consolidates both as an autonomous research area and a valid sustainable form of tourism based on learning, active participation, co-creation, creative self-expression, and local community engagement, its economic models have evolved from simple creative activities to complex territorial and technological-based [...] Read more.
As creative tourism consolidates both as an autonomous research area and a valid sustainable form of tourism based on learning, active participation, co-creation, creative self-expression, and local community engagement, its economic models have evolved from simple creative activities to complex territorial and technological-based networks, boosting the entrepreneurship of creative communities in tourism. Seen as a means of territorial development strategy through tourism, creative networks can stem from private partnerships, the public sector, the local community, or third sector organisations. Focusing on a case study approach, this research adopts a multidimensional framework with the goal of analysing the benefits of creative tourism towards a creative tourism network. Using a quantitative approach through Likert scale statements of five items, this research aimed to study the creative supply and demand linked to a creative tourism network. Based on the principles and benefits of creative tourism and the goals of the creative network, the following dimensions were analysed: job creation; production and commerce of creative products; safeguarding of tangible and intangible heritage; development of social capital between network agents; creative and innovative images of the region; the active role of the local community in the network; and the consumption profile of the creative tourist through the network. The main conclusions of the study point to the network boosting local job creation and preserving local traditions but struggling to expand sales and increase tourist stays. While it enhances the region’s image, there is a need for stronger collaboration and community engagement. Full article
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18 pages, 5278 KiB  
Article
Critical Infrastructures in Informal Settlements of Maputo City, Mozambique: The Importance of Interdependencies for Interventions Prioritization
by Sílvia Cabrita, José Saldanha Matos and Filipa Ferreira
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040195 - 1 Nov 2024
Viewed by 602
Abstract
In Africa, the urban population and informal settlements are increasing, resulting in additional public health and environmental risks and challenges related to the need for basic and sustainable infrastructures and services. In Maputo, the capital of Mozambique, at least 80% of the city [...] Read more.
In Africa, the urban population and informal settlements are increasing, resulting in additional public health and environmental risks and challenges related to the need for basic and sustainable infrastructures and services. In Maputo, the capital of Mozambique, at least 80% of the city is composed of informal settlements, and although some areas are regularized and have approved urbanization plans, the municipality has major deficiencies in meeting current demands in terms of basic infrastructures, such as water supply, sewerage, solid wastes, energy, roads, and communications. Most of the peri-urban areas are occupied by small but overcrowded houses, mostly self-built, served by unpaved roads, and with access limitations. The water pipe network is almost non-existent, and the same occurs with stormwater drainage, sanitation, waste collection, and public illumination services. Despite the improvements made in the last few years, some households still do not have safe sanitation, and in some neighborhoods, open defecation still prevails. In this study, the authors try to understand and explore the interdependences among the infrastructures of the different sectors and how they may jointly contribute to adequate services and a better life for the urban poor. And how to identify the combination of infrastructures to be implemented in the short term in the face of limited budgets for investments. For that purpose, a simplified conceptual approach is proposed and applied to an informal neighborhood in Maputo. Full article
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16 pages, 274 KiB  
Article
Beyond Leakage: Non-Revenue Water Loss and Economic Sustainability
by Eleonora Santos
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040194 - 1 Nov 2024
Viewed by 372
Abstract
Water loss in urban supply systems poses significant challenges for water utility companies worldwide, affecting both sustainable access to clean water and the financial viability of utility operations. This study analyzes the evolution of water losses in high-level supply systems from 2017 to [...] Read more.
Water loss in urban supply systems poses significant challenges for water utility companies worldwide, affecting both sustainable access to clean water and the financial viability of utility operations. This study analyzes the evolution of water losses in high-level supply systems from 2017 to 2021 in Portugal, focusing on its implications for the profitability of water utility companies across NUTs II regions. Drawing on data from various sources, including the National Information System for Water Resources, PORDATA, ERSAR, and ORBIS, this analysis identifies trends, patterns, and potential factors influencing water loss dynamics. Key components of the analysis include calculating average annual losses, examining unbilled water percentages, and conducting regression analysis to quantify the impact of water loss on profit margins. The findings contribute to the literature on water loss management and financial performance in the water utility sector, offering insights for policymakers, water utility managers, and stakeholders to enhance financial sustainability and reduce water losses. Full article
25 pages, 15616 KiB  
Article
Thermal Stress in Outdoor Spaces During Mediterranean Heatwaves: A PET and UTCI Analysis of Different Demographics
by Tousi Evgenia, Athina Mela and Areti Tseliou
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040193 - 31 Oct 2024
Viewed by 321
Abstract
Urban public space comfort is essential for improving quality of life, particularly as climate change affects outdoor thermal environments. This study utilizes ENVI-met, a 3D microclimate simulation tool, to assess thermal comfort concerning demographic factors such as age and gender. The findings indicate [...] Read more.
Urban public space comfort is essential for improving quality of life, particularly as climate change affects outdoor thermal environments. This study utilizes ENVI-met, a 3D microclimate simulation tool, to assess thermal comfort concerning demographic factors such as age and gender. The findings indicate significant disparities in thermal stress vulnerability among demographic groups. On the hottest day of July 2023, at 10 a.m., children’s PET values were approximately 2 °C higher than those of other groups. By 3 p.m., females experienced slightly higher upper-range thermal stress than males. Elderly individuals aged 80 exhibited a broad range of PET values, from 38.14 °C to 62.39 °C, with prevailing values above 56.9 °C, indicating greater vulnerability to extreme heat. Children aged 8 showed PET values ranging from 40.20 °C to 59.34 °C, with prevailing estimates between 54.2 °C and 55.7 °C. Minimum PET values for children were significantly higher than those for adults, suggesting a greater baseline level of thermal stress. Despite cooling effects in the evening, children remained exposed to more pronounced stress than elderly individuals, males, and females. The UTCI values recorded indicate a period of extreme heat stress for all demographic groups assessed. While individuals aged 35 may encounter considerable discomfort, the severity of the impact is notably more pronounced for both older adults and children. This study underscores the need for tailored management strategies and advocates for expanding ENVI-met’s capabilities to enhance urban resilience and well-being amid rising temperatures. Full article
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37 pages, 8171 KiB  
Article
Determining the Effectiveness of Interventions for the Reduction of Child Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Schools in England
by Louis Brown, Enda Hayes and Jo Barnes
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040192 - 28 Oct 2024
Viewed by 402
Abstract
Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is a significant risk to human health and is particularly damaging to children as a vulnerable group. TRAP exposure near schools and on the school commute is linked to a growing number of adverse health effects, including respiratory and [...] Read more.
Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is a significant risk to human health and is particularly damaging to children as a vulnerable group. TRAP exposure near schools and on the school commute is linked to a growing number of adverse health effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular disease and can lead to (and exacerbate existing) respiratory conditions. The current study aimed to assess the effectiveness of interventions for the reduction of potential child exposure to TRAP at the school gates and on the school commute. This study employed dispersion modelling to assess the effects of interventions for reducing TRAP concentrations in the vicinity of five schools in England. The results revealed that all interventions led to reductions in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations. Improved travel routes were the most effective intervention for reducing concentrations along travel routes, while the introduction of low-emission zones (LEZs) proved most effective in reducing NO2 concentrations at schools, with greater effectiveness observed at shorter distances. Active travel also demonstrated effectiveness, particularly in areas with heavy traffic. When considering all receptors, LEZ implementation, active travel, and rideshare interventions exhibited effectiveness, with greater distance providing greater reductions in NO2 concentrations. Anti-idling was found to be more effective in sparsely populated areas. Combined with improved travel routes, anti-idling showed the greatest percentage difference in concentrations, followed by active travel, and rideshare. Full article
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32 pages, 13150 KiB  
Article
Urban Canopy Parameters’ Computation and Evaluation in an Indian Context Using Multi-Platform Remote Sensing Data
by Kshama Gupta, Bhoomika Ghale, Ashutosh Bhardwaj, Anshika Varshney, Shweta Khatriker, Vinay Kumar, Prasun Kumar Gupta and Pramod Kumar
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040191 - 28 Oct 2024
Viewed by 736
Abstract
Urban Canopy Parameters (UCPs) are crucial for urban microclimate modeling; however, the scarce availability of precise UCP data in developing regions limits their application for urban climates. This study investigated the use of multi-platform remote sensing data viz. very high-resolution satellite (VHRS) optical [...] Read more.
Urban Canopy Parameters (UCPs) are crucial for urban microclimate modeling; however, the scarce availability of precise UCP data in developing regions limits their application for urban climates. This study investigated the use of multi-platform remote sensing data viz. very high-resolution satellite (VHRS) optical stereo and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) datasets for the computation of UCPs in high-density urban scenarios in India, with varied development characteristics. The results demonstrated high accuracy in terms of building height and footprint extraction from both datasets, key inputs for UCP computation. However, UCPs from UAV data have displayed relatively high accuracy for building footprints (86%), building height (RMSE ~ 0.05 m), and land use/land cover classification (90%). Performance evaluation of computed UCPs against a 3D reference geodatabase showed high prediction accuracy for most UCPs, with overall biases, mean absolute error, and root-mean-square error values significantly better than 1 m, with strong correlation (0.8–0.9). It was concluded that VHRS optical stereo and UAV datasets offer a secure, reliable, and accurate solution for UCP computation in urban areas, particularly in developing regions. These findings have significant implications for urban climate research and the sustainable development of rapidly urbanizing areas facing resource and policy constraints. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Urban Spatial Analysis, Modeling and Simulation)
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17 pages, 19284 KiB  
Article
Real-Time Monitoring of Visitor Carrying Capacity in Crowded Historic Streets Through Digital Technologies
by María José Viñals, Patricio R. Orozco Carpio, Penélope Teruel and José M. Gandía-Romero
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040190 - 28 Oct 2024
Viewed by 443
Abstract
This paper addresses methodological issues related to the identification and monitoring of visitor overcrowding and congestion situations in historic centres. Once the visitor carrying capacity was estimated for public spaces, taking into consideration the standards of quality and comfort for visitor experience and [...] Read more.
This paper addresses methodological issues related to the identification and monitoring of visitor overcrowding and congestion situations in historic centres. Once the visitor carrying capacity was estimated for public spaces, taking into consideration the standards of quality and comfort for visitor experience and those related to the desired conditions for heritage assets’ conservation, digital real-time monitoring tools were implemented in an experimental urban area in Valencia, Spain, in order to know, through the establishment of proxemic triggers, when the standards were violated (or may soon be violated); then, the carrying capacity was exceeded, and management actions may be required. The results show that these digital monitoring tools are very efficient and accurate in micro-scale public spaces, user-friendly and affordably priced. Full article
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18 pages, 15290 KiB  
Article
Machine Learning-Based Local Knowledge Approach to Mapping Urban Slums in Bandung City, Indonesia
by Galdita Aruba Chulafak, Muhammad Rokhis Khomarudin, Orbita Roswintiarti, Hamid Mehmood, Gatot Nugroho, Udhi Catur Nugroho, Mohammad Ardha, Kusumaning Ayu Dyah Sukowati, I Kadek Yoga Dwi Putra and Silvan Anggia Bayu Setia Permana
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040189 - 28 Oct 2024
Viewed by 522
Abstract
Rapid urban population growth in Bandung City has led to the development of slums due to inadequate housing facilities and urban planning. However, it remains unclear how these slums are distributed and evolve spatially and temporally. Therefore, it is necessary to map their [...] Read more.
Rapid urban population growth in Bandung City has led to the development of slums due to inadequate housing facilities and urban planning. However, it remains unclear how these slums are distributed and evolve spatially and temporally. Therefore, it is necessary to map their distribution and trends effectively. This study aimed to classify slum areas in Bandung City using a machine learning-based local knowledge approach; this classification exercise contributes towards Sustainable Development Goal 11 related to sustainable cities and communities. The methods included settlement and commercial/industrial classification from 2021 SPOT-6 satellite data by the Random Forest classifier. A knowledge-based classifier was used to derive slum and non-slum settlements from the settlement and commercial/industrial classification, as well as railway, river, and road buffering. Our findings indicate that these methods achieved an overall accuracy of 82%. The producer’s accuracy for slum areas was 70%, while the associated user’s accuracy was 92%. Meanwhile, the Kappa coefficient was 0.63. These findings suggest that local knowledge could be a potent option in the machine learning algorithm. Full article
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12 pages, 715 KiB  
Article
Community Engagement in the Management of Urban Green Spaces: Prospects from a Case Study in an Emerging Economy
by Adriano Bressane, Anna Isabel Silva Loureiro and Ricardo Almendra
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040188 - 26 Oct 2024
Viewed by 558
Abstract
Urban green spaces (UGSs) play a vital role in enhancing the quality of life in cities, particularly in rapidly urbanizing regions such as the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP). However, significant challenges related to equitable management and access persist, often exacerbated by [...] Read more.
Urban green spaces (UGSs) play a vital role in enhancing the quality of life in cities, particularly in rapidly urbanizing regions such as the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP). However, significant challenges related to equitable management and access persist, often exacerbated by socio-environmental inequalities. While much of the existing literature on UGS management focuses on developed economies, there is a gap in our understanding of how community engagement influences UGS outcomes in emerging economies, which face unique socio-economic and infrastructural constraints. This study addresses this gap by investigating the impact of community engagement on UGS management in the MRSP, specifically examining how increased participation correlates with improved UGS access and reduced socio-environmental inequality. Utilizing survey data from 33 municipal environmental departments across the MRSP, this research applied correlation tests, generalized linear models, and a non-parametric analysis of variance to evaluate the relationships between community engagement, UGS coverage, and inequality. The findings reveal a moderate positive correlation between community engagement and UGS coverage, alongside a negative correlation with socio-environmental inequality. Increased levels of community participation were associated with greater access to UGSs and a reduction in disparities across socio-economic groups. These results underscore the potential of fostering community involvement in UGS management to promote urban equity and environmental sustainability in emerging economies, particularly through institutional support and transparent information sharing. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to better understand the long-term effects of sustained community engagement and incorporate qualitative data from community members to provide a more comprehensive analysis of participatory processes. Additionally, expanding the scope of analysis to include informal and private green spaces will offer a more holistic understanding of urban greening dynamics. Full article
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11 pages, 1202 KiB  
Article
Quantification of Urban Groundwater Recharge: A Case Study of Rapidly Urbanizing Guwahati City, India
by Jayashri Dutta, Runti Choudhury and Bibhash Nath
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040187 - 24 Oct 2024
Viewed by 687
Abstract
The interaction between groundwater and urban environments is a growing concern for many rapidly urbanizing cities around the world, affecting both recharge and flow, since impervious surfaces reduce infiltration by increasing runoff, whereas over-abstraction leads to groundwater depletion and land subsidence. Additionally, industrial [...] Read more.
The interaction between groundwater and urban environments is a growing concern for many rapidly urbanizing cities around the world, affecting both recharge and flow, since impervious surfaces reduce infiltration by increasing runoff, whereas over-abstraction leads to groundwater depletion and land subsidence. Additionally, industrial pollution and wastewater disposal contribute to contamination, impacting groundwater quality. The effective governance of groundwater within such urban locales necessitates a profound understanding of the hydrogeological context, coupled with robust tools for projecting fluctuations in groundwater levels and changes in water quality over time. We quantified urban groundwater recharge in Guwahati city, Assam, India, using the rainfall infiltration method and a numerical approach. Precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff, and recharge from surface water bodies were considered the components of natural recharge, while leakages from water supply, domestic wastewater, and industrial wastewater were considered the components of urban recharge. The cumulative total of natural and urban components determines the actual groundwater recharge. The estimated natural groundwater recharge is 11.1 MCM/yr, whereas the urban groundwater recharge is 44.74 MCM/yr. Leakages from urban infrastructure resulted in significantly higher groundwater recharge than from natural inputs. Steady declines in groundwater recharge were observed from estimates taken at various time points over the past two decades, suggesting the need for prompt action to improve groundwater sustainability. Full article
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29 pages, 6609 KiB  
Article
Climate Change and Cities of Lithuania: Threats, Problems and Prerequisites for Solution
by Evaldas Ramanauskas, Arūnas Bukantis, Liucijus Dringelis, Giedrius Kaveckis and Gintė Jonkutė-Vilkė
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040186 - 22 Oct 2024
Viewed by 761
Abstract
The emerging threats of climate change and their impacts on cities and residents are increasingly highlighting the need to assess whether countries are adequately prepared for the potential consequences of this process. While many international agreements on climate change, sustainable development and environmental [...] Read more.
The emerging threats of climate change and their impacts on cities and residents are increasingly highlighting the need to assess whether countries are adequately prepared for the potential consequences of this process. While many international agreements on climate change, sustainable development and environmental protection have been adopted, countries often face various local obstacles that hinder their implementation. To address these issues, this paper reviews the climate change projections, emerging threats and hazards in Lithuania and their potential impacts on the country’s cities and highlights the main challenges in preparing for these growing threats. This article presents an evaluation of the climate change forecasts and past climate events in three selected Lithuanian cities—Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda. The study includes a diagnostic assessment of the climate changes since 1961 and climate change forecasts up to 2100, based on the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, using regional and global climate models. It identifies the impacts of potential climate change consequences on cities, forming the basis for the evaluation of the urban situation in the country. The urban situation is assessed in terms of legislation, urban development, environmental requirements and the development of safety infrastructure. Based on the evaluation of urban development, preliminary proposals are provided for the creation of a resilient living environment. One of the key proposals in shaping the living environment—which could be particularly significant in adapting to emerging threats—is the complex formation of new, sustainable urban structures that take into account the social, ecological and economic factors of climate change and other rising threats. Full article
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18 pages, 16579 KiB  
Article
Design of a Green Corridor and the Revitalization of the Huatanay River, City of Cuzco, Peru—2024
by Válery Larrea, Fabricio Pelaez and Doris Esenarro
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040185 - 22 Oct 2024
Viewed by 522
Abstract
Population growth in the last 30 years has generated an energy shortage and excessive consumption of products, generating a large percentage of solid waste. Urban expansion has led to a significant impact on the biodiversity of both flora and fauna. In this context, [...] Read more.
Population growth in the last 30 years has generated an energy shortage and excessive consumption of products, generating a large percentage of solid waste. Urban expansion has led to a significant impact on the biodiversity of both flora and fauna. In this context, the objective of this research is to develop a design for a green corridor that optimizes ecological energy efficiency and contributes to the revaluation of the Huatanay River in Cuzco. The methodology used in this study is articulated in four stages: literature analysis; analysis of the environment through supporting data such as Climate consultant, SIGRID, and GEO Peru; results where the proposed project is carried out; and finally, the conclusions and discussions where they are contrasted with a similar bibliography. The design of the green corridor efficiently takes advantage of the natural resources available in the area, which has 70% green areas and 30% public spaces, where 13 kWh/day of energy is generated, according to the calculations made in sector 2 of the botanical garden that will later be replicated in the other sectors, derived from biodigesters for the lighting of spaces of the botanical garden. The corridor, in turn, aims to recover the ecological function of the river through the restoration of its course, the reforestation of its banks, and the creation of recreational areas. In conclusion, the green corridor aims to revitalize the Huatanay River through different elements, among which the botanical garden stands out. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urbanization, Regional Planning and Development)
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26 pages, 1879 KiB  
Review
The Interplay Between the Built Environment, Health, and Well-Being—A Scoping Review
by Elham Andalib, Alenka Temeljotov-Salaj, Martin Steinert, Agnar Johansen, Pasi Aalto and Jardar Lohne
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040184 - 22 Oct 2024
Viewed by 704
Abstract
Objective: This scoping review aims to investigate the complex interplay between the built environment, health, and well-being and to provide a comprehensive overview of the knowledge needed for crucial health and well-being enhancement in cities. Method: A scoping review method has been chosen [...] Read more.
Objective: This scoping review aims to investigate the complex interplay between the built environment, health, and well-being and to provide a comprehensive overview of the knowledge needed for crucial health and well-being enhancement in cities. Method: A scoping review method has been chosen using four databases. The first sample was reduced from 2819 papers to 71 papers by implementing exclusion criteria, snowballing, and direct searches to find a relevant final sample. Results: Built environmental elements such as the neighborhood, urban architecture, activities, public spaces, greenery, lights, safety, aesthetics, and amenities were identified to be impactful on health and well-being outcomes. The two-way association of each environmental factor and its criteria with specific types of health and well-being issues such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, stress, etc. was determined to identify solutions and ways for improvement. Conclusions: This scoping review provides a comprehensive overview of the intricate interplay between the built environment, health, and well-being. By synthesizing existing knowledge of the built environmental factors, it explores the basis for evidence-based strategies to enhance health and well-being. By illuminating theoretical knowledge of the built environment on health and well-being, our findings will provide a deeper foundation of sources and practical insights for related fields. Full article
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27 pages, 10005 KiB  
Article
The Effect of War on Spatial Differentiation of Real Estate Values and Urban Disorder in the Damascus Metropolitan Area
by Mounir Azzam, Valerie Graw and Andreas Rienow
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040183 - 22 Oct 2024
Viewed by 788
Abstract
The Syrian war, which commenced in 2011, transformed the Damascus real estate market due to heightened insecurity and tenure disputes. Using the hedonic price models, including 2411 housing transactions over the period 2010–2022, this study aims to understand the spatial dynamics of the [...] Read more.
The Syrian war, which commenced in 2011, transformed the Damascus real estate market due to heightened insecurity and tenure disputes. Using the hedonic price models, including 2411 housing transactions over the period 2010–2022, this study aims to understand the spatial dynamics of the real estate market in wartime. Our findings indicate that war variables have had a significant impact on the differentiation of property prices. Notably, property attributes have a more substantial impact on real estate values than district location, with severely damaged buildings in Damascus City resulting in an 89% decline in prices, while prices in Rural Damascus districts have decreased by 50%. Additionally, this study examines the urban texture of Damascus using correlation and homogeneity statistics derived from the gray-level co-occurrence matrix obtained from Google Earth Engine. Our findings show that correlations were highly differentiated, particularly among Rural Damascus districts, with a total decline of 87.2%. While homogeneity values decreased overall between 2015 and 2019, they improved slightly after 2019. This study guides decision makers in mitigating severe property value variations across war-affected urban areas by fostering spatial justice in property rights and promoting balanced investment and sustainable real estate development during the post-war recovery phase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Spatial Decision Support Systems for Urban Sustainability)
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26 pages, 12901 KiB  
Article
Transit-Oriented Development in Middle Eastern Cities: The Urban Renewal Framework for the Souq Waqif in Doha, Qatar
by Tagwa A. A. Osman, Tarryn N. K. Paquet, Raffaello Furlan, Massimo Tadi, Rashid Saad Al-Matwi and Rima J. Isaifan
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040182 - 21 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1083
Abstract
Cities around the world are evolving dramatically due to urbanization. Over the last few decades, rapid urbanization coupled with rapid economic growth in Qatar has resulted in transport-related issues such as urban sprawl, traffic congestion, poor walkability, and an increasingly inefficient transit network [...] Read more.
Cities around the world are evolving dramatically due to urbanization. Over the last few decades, rapid urbanization coupled with rapid economic growth in Qatar has resulted in transport-related issues such as urban sprawl, traffic congestion, poor walkability, and an increasingly inefficient transit network lacking pedestrian accessibility and connectivity. The related sprawl (due to a lack of compactness), a lack of intricacy, and connectivity have challenged the built environment’s sustainability. The Souq Waqif neighborhood, renowned for its rich cultural heritage and historical significance, serves as the focal point of this study. Its central positioning and status as a prominent social nexus within Doha render it an ideal case study. Specifically, this research investigates the Souq Waqif metro station, evaluating it through the lens of five distinct design aspects: (1) walkability, (2) ground use balance, (3) mixed-use spaces and public spaces, (4) multi-modality and transportation hubs, and (5) public transportation network. To reach this aim, the study methodology uses a qualitative approach informed by the Integrated Modification Methodology (IMM). The IMM framework provides a means to transform underperforming neighborhoods like Souq Waqif, into more cohesive and sustainable communities by retrofitting, renovating, and reactivating the existing urban fabric. Site observations, interviews, and surveys were used to collect data to complement the analysis. Findings highlight the deficiencies in connectivity and multimodal transportation adjacent to the Souq Waqif metro station. In addition, the ability of metro stations to conserve crucial cultural legacy and social identity in rapidly urbanizing cities like Doha is explored. To this end, recommendations are given to increase the efficiency and sustainability of Souq Waqif and the like. Full article
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17 pages, 3749 KiB  
Article
Urban Livability Assessment in South Korea: Incorporating Climate Change Vulnerability
by Sunmin Jun and Juchul Jung
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040181 - 21 Oct 2024
Viewed by 449
Abstract
This study aims to develop an urban livability assessment index that incorporates climate change vulnerability and to apply this index to urban areas in South Korea, thereby analyzing the impact of climate change on living environments and quality of life. Existing frameworks for [...] Read more.
This study aims to develop an urban livability assessment index that incorporates climate change vulnerability and to apply this index to urban areas in South Korea, thereby analyzing the impact of climate change on living environments and quality of life. Existing frameworks for livability indices often fail to adequately reflect the long-term risks associated with climate change. Consequently, this research proposes a new livability index that includes climate change vulnerability, establishing a policy foundation aimed at protecting and enhancing the quality of life for urban residents. The methodology integrates existing livability indicators with climate change vulnerability indicators across 219 cities and districts in South Korea. Utilizing panel regression analysis and Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) analysis, the study evaluates the spatial clustering characteristics and potential risks in each area. The results indicate that urban infrastructure significantly influences livability, with climate change vulnerability indicators forming high clusters primarily in southern regions. Furthermore, the study confirms economic disparities within the metropolitan area, as well as the exacerbation of social inequalities in regions vulnerable to disaster safety and social services. This research underscores the necessity of integrating climate change vulnerability into livability indices, suggesting that such indices can serve as critical criteria for urban policy formulation and the evaluation of regeneration projects. Full article
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20 pages, 2284 KiB  
Article
Industrial Production Networks and Small Towns: A Case Study from Algeria
by Feyrouz Ahlam Saidi, Ikram Saidi and Ernő Molnár
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040180 - 21 Oct 2024
Viewed by 919
Abstract
This paper investigates the conditions and consequences of integrating small towns into industrial production networks. It is based on empirical research conducted in Algeria, a hydrocarbon-dependent rentier economy characterized by significant regional inequalities and the political aims of economic diversification and spatial rebalancing. [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the conditions and consequences of integrating small towns into industrial production networks. It is based on empirical research conducted in Algeria, a hydrocarbon-dependent rentier economy characterized by significant regional inequalities and the political aims of economic diversification and spatial rebalancing. Elaborating the case study of a state-owned cement factory in the small town of Sigus, the research provides insights into the multiple roles of the state in shaping production network integration and the characteristics of small towns as economic locations. The methodology combines secondary data and information with primary research based on semi-structured interviews. It reveals the importance of a multi-scalar regional framework in production network integration, whereby national factors played a key role due to the centralized Algerian state, the state-owned character of the investing company, and the shortcomings of the small town’s local environment. It emphasizes the contradictory impacts of production network integration in economic, social, and environmental terms, primarily on a local level. These contradictions underscore the necessity for critical evaluations to maximize the benefits of production network integration while mitigating its adverse effects. They also call for the more consistent involvement of the local community in similar economic development decisions. Notably, this research contributes significantly to the existing body of literature by addressing the underexplored topic of integrating small towns into production networks within the Algerian context. Doing so offers a more nuanced understanding of the particular economic, social, and environmental dynamics at play in these locations, thereby enriching the discourse on economic development strategies for small towns in rentier economies like Algeria. Full article
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20 pages, 910 KiB  
Article
The Transition Pathways to Sustainable Urban Mobility: Could They Be Extended to Megacities?
by Sierra Rey-Tienda, Manuel Rey-Moreno and Cayetano Medina-Molina
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040179 - 18 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1012
Abstract
Population concentration in urban areas has placed cities at the forefront of the global struggle to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Within cities, current mobility patterns are responsible for a significant proportion of environmental emissions. As a result, cities across the world are [...] Read more.
Population concentration in urban areas has placed cities at the forefront of the global struggle to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Within cities, current mobility patterns are responsible for a significant proportion of environmental emissions. As a result, cities across the world are seeking to develop transitions towards new and greener mobility systems. This paper analyses the different pathways that explain the readiness, or otherwise negation, of cities in achieving sustainable mobility. Based on a sample of 65 cities from all over the world, and with the application of Set-Theoretic Multi-Method Research and Necessary Conditions Analysis, it is demonstrated that there are necessary conditions for the achievement of sustainable mobility, as well as different terms that explain its achievement and its denial. Moreover, the analysis confirms that both the necessary conditions for sustainable mobility and one of the terms explaining its denial reflect the existence of causal mechanisms. The paper confirms the necessity for an analysis of the transitions towards sustainable mobility to take into account the characteristics of the context. Furthermore, it is not possible to explain the behaviour of megacities on the basis of generalised statements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Transportation and Urban Environments-Public Health)
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15 pages, 1222 KiB  
Article
Assessment of the Total Amount of Surface Deposited Sediments in Small Towns
by Andrian Seleznev, Andrew Shevchenko, Georgy Malinovsky, Natali Ivanchukova, Vitaly Glukhov and Mohamed Youssef Hanfi
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040178 - 17 Oct 2024
Viewed by 649
Abstract
Local surface-depressed areas in an urban microrelief are geochemical traps for sediments deposited at the surface. These sediments accumulate pollutants over space and time. The aim of this study was to estimate the total amount of surface sediment in residential areas of small [...] Read more.
Local surface-depressed areas in an urban microrelief are geochemical traps for sediments deposited at the surface. These sediments accumulate pollutants over space and time. The aim of this study was to estimate the total amount of surface sediment in residential areas of small towns with different industrial specialisations. Snow-dirt sludge, snow, and surface sediment samples were collected in towns of the Sverdlovsk region, Russia: Alapaevsk, Kachkanar, Serov, and Verkhnyaya Pyshma. Snow and snow-dirt sludge were collected in the cold season, and surface sediment was collected in the warm season. This study was carried out in 2024. The solid matter of the samples was divided by sieving into particle size fractions: dust (<0.1 mm), fine sand (0.1–1 mm), and coarse sand (1–3 mm). The method used to estimate the total amount of sediment took into account data on the concentration of solid matter in snow-dirt sludge, the volume of melt water, and the contribution of the dust fraction in surface sediment and residential areas. The concentration of solid matter in snow-dirt sludge was about the same in the three cities (up to 6.6 g/L), but differed significantly in Kachkanar (60 g/L). The total amount of surface sediment per unit area was about the same in the three towns (1.1–1.4 kg/m2), but differed significantly in Kachkanar (10.8 kg/m2). The contribution of the dust fraction to the total amount of sediment was estimated to be 10–20% in the cities. The total amount of surface deposited sediments in the residential areas of the small towns was 1.6 × 107 t in Alapaevsk, 5.9 × 107 t in Kachkanar, 1.7 × 107 t in Serov, and 1.3 × 107 t in Verkhnyaya Pyshma. The values obtained for the total amount of surface sediments characterise the contemporary sedimentation processes in residential areas and the environmental quality of small towns. Full article
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15 pages, 2569 KiB  
Article
Impacts of Missing Data Imputation on Resilience Evaluation for Water Distribution System
by Amrit Babu Ghimire, Binod Ale Magar, Utsav Parajuli and Sangmin Shin
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040177 - 17 Oct 2024
Viewed by 601
Abstract
Resilience-based decision-making for urban water distribution systems (WDSs) is a challenge when WDS sensing data contain incomplete or missing values. This study investigated the impact of missing data imputation on a WDS resilience evaluation depending on missing data percentages. Incomplete datasets for the [...] Read more.
Resilience-based decision-making for urban water distribution systems (WDSs) is a challenge when WDS sensing data contain incomplete or missing values. This study investigated the impact of missing data imputation on a WDS resilience evaluation depending on missing data percentages. Incomplete datasets for the nodal pressure of the C-town WDS were developed with 10%, 30%, and 50% missing data percentages by manipulating a true dataset for normal operation conditions produced using EPANET. This study employed multiple imputation methods including classification and regression trees, predictive mean matching, linear regression regarding model error, and linear regression using projected values. Then, resilience values were evaluated and compared using unimputed and imputed datasets. An analysis of performance indicators based on NRMSE, NMAE, NR-Square, and N-PBIAS revealed that higher missing-data percentages led to increased deviation between the true and imputed datasets. The resilience evaluation using unimputed datasets produced significant deviations from the true resilience values, which tended to increase as the missing data percentages increased. However, the imputed datasets substantially contributed to reducing the deviations. These findings underscore the contributions of data imputation to enhancing resilience evaluation in WDS decision-making and suggest insights into advancing a resilience evaluation framework for urban WDSs with more reliable data imputation approaches. Full article
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18 pages, 4118 KiB  
Article
Neighborhood Effects on Acute Pediatric Asthma: Race, Greenspace, and PM2.5
by Elizabeth J. Wesley, Nathaniel A. Brunsell, David R. Rahn, Jarron M. Saint Onge, Natalie J. Kane and Kevin F. Kennedy
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040176 - 17 Oct 2024
Viewed by 496
Abstract
Urbanization produces spatially variable landscapes where climatic, environmental, and social systems interact in complex ways that affect public health. Environmental exposure along with the associated health risks are unevenly distributed and communities of color are often disproportionately affected by poor health outcomes. Acute [...] Read more.
Urbanization produces spatially variable landscapes where climatic, environmental, and social systems interact in complex ways that affect public health. Environmental exposure along with the associated health risks are unevenly distributed and communities of color are often disproportionately affected by poor health outcomes. Acute pediatric asthma is the most common chronic condition of childhood in developed nations and is especially prevalent in minority and low-income children. In this study, we analyze the spatial variability of neighborhood-level acute pediatric asthma emergency department (ED) visits across the Kansas City Metro Area. Using Bayesian negative binomial regression, we describe the relationships and interactions between race, low income, fractional vegetation, and PM2.5. We find significant disparities in acute pediatric asthma incidence in census tracts with different levels of poverty and percentages of non-White populations, even after accounting for neighborhood economic position. We also find that higher PM2.5 concentrations are associated with increased asthma ED visits and that a high percentage of vegetative cover reduces this effect in high-pollution neighborhoods. The magnitude of this protective effect is stronger in neighborhoods with a high proportion of non-White residents. These results suggest that investing in greenspace infrastructure may reduce the deleterious effects of PM2.5 and provide health benefits, especially in neighborhoods of color. Full article
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