Opaque Urban Planning. The Megaproject Santa Cruz Verde 2030 Seen from the Local Perspective (Tenerife, Spain)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Megaprojects: Grand Images, Little Transparency?
- What is the local stakeholders’ point of view on the megaproject? Does it reflect the criticism observed in the academic discourse (neoliberal contexts, elitist interest, a new generation of megaprojects, etc.)?
- How is the concept of sustainability in the megaproject perceived by local stakeholders? On that basis, what is the relation to image and marketing?
- How do local stakeholders imagine their participation in the project?
3. Santa Cruz: Introducing the Case Study
4. Materials and Methods
5. Results: The Stakeholders’ Perspectives
5.1. Planning Process
5.2. Image and the Political Dimension
6. Discussion
6.1. Creating the Image, Not Contents
6.2. Management of or for Stakeholders?
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Lehrer, U.; Laidley, J. Old Mega-Projects Newly Packaged? Waterfront Redevelopment in Toronto. Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 2008, 32, 786–803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Flyvbjerg, B. What You Should Know About Megaprojects, and Why: An Overview. Proj. Manag. J. 2014, 45, 6–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Diaz Orueta, F.; Fainstein, S. The New Mega-Projects: Genesis and Impacts. Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 2009, 32, 759–767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ayuntamiento de Santa Cruz de Tenerife; CEPSA. Acuerdo de Colaboración Público-Privada para el Plan Santa Cruz Verde 2030. 2018. Available online: https://www.santacruzdetenerife.es/scverde2030/fileadmin/user_upload/web/SCverde2030/NotadePrensa26062018.pdf (accessed on 10 January 2019).
- Hübscher, M. From megaprojects to tourism gentrification? The case of Santa Cruz Verde 2030 (Canary Islands, Spain). Bol. Asoc. Geogr. Esp. 2019, 83, 1–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Open Street Map; Geofabrik GmbH. Map of the Canary Islands. 2019. Available online: https://www.geofabrik.de/de/index.html (accessed on 3 March 2020).
- Grafcan. Mapas de Canarias. 2020. Available online: https://www.grafcan.es (accessed on 15 September 2020).
- Di Maddaloni, F.; Davis, K. The influence of local community stakeholders in megaprojects: Rethinking their inclusiveness to improve project performance. Int. J. Proj. Manag. 2017, 35, 1537–1556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Witte, P.; Spit, T.; Delphine, D. Bridging the perception gap? When top-down built megaprojects meet bottom-up perceptions: A case study of Suramadu bridge, Indonesia. Asian Geogr. 2020, 1–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gonar, H. Urbanismo impulsa el desarrollo de Santa Cruz Verde 2030. El Día 2020. Available online: https://www.eldia.es/santa-cruz-de-tenerife/2020/09/10/urbanismo-impulsa-desarrollo-santa-cruz-22344735.html (accessed on 7 December 2020).
- Flyvbjerg, B. (Ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management; CPI Group: London, UK, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Moulaert, F.; Swyngedouw, E.; Rodriguez, A. Large Scale Urban Development Projects and Local Governance: From Democratic Urban Planning to Besieged Local Governance. Geogr. Z. 2001, 89, 71–84. Available online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/27818901 (accessed on 1 March 2020).
- Hanakata, N.; Gasco, A. The Grand Projet politics of an urban age: Urban megaprojects in Asia and Europe. Palgrave Commun. 2018, 4, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Brookes, N. Mankind and Mega-projects. Front. Eng. Manag. 2014, 1, 241–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bruzelius, N.; Flyvbjerg, B.; Rothengatter, W. Big decisions, big risks. Improving accountability in mega projects. Transp. Policy 2002, 9, 143–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stoddart-Stones, R. Development of project management systems for major projects. Int. J. Proj. Manag. 1988, 6, 34–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oliomogbe, G.; Smith, N. Value in Megaprojects. Organ. Technol. Manag. Constr. 2012, 4, 617–624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Richard, L. The Emerging Role of Public–Private Partnerships in Megaproject Delivery. Public Work. Manag. Policy 2011, 16, 240–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosol, M. On resistance in the post-political city: Conduct and counter-conduct in Vancouver. Space Polity 2014, 18, 70–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Swyngedouw, E.; Moulaert, F.; Rodriguez, A. Neoliberal Urbanization in Europe: Large-Scale Urban Development Projects and the New Urban Policy. Antipode 2002, 34, 542–577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cerro Santamaría, G.D. The alleged Bilbao miracle and its discontents. In Urban Megaprojects: A Worldwide View; Cerro Santamaría, G.D., Ed.; Emerald: New York, NY, USA, 2013; pp. 27–60. [Google Scholar]
- Hirschman, A. Development Projects Observed; Brookings Institutions Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Locatelli, G.; Mariani, G.; Sainati, T.; Greco, M. Corruption in public projects and megaprojects: There is an elephant in the room! Int. J. Proj. Manag. 2017, 35, 252–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Harvey, D. A Brief History of Neoliberalism; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Peck, J.; Theodore, N.; Brenner, N. Neoliberal Urbanism: Models, Moments, Mutations. Sais Rev. Int. Aff. 2009, 29, 49–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carrión, A. Megaprojects and the Restructuring of Urban Governance: The Case of the New Quito International Airport. Lat. Am. Perspect. 2016, 43, 252–265. Available online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24574859 (accessed on 2 January 2021). [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shatkin, G. Planning Privatopolis: Representation and Contestation in the Development of Urban Integrated Mega-Projects. In Worlding Cities: Asian Experiments and the Art of Being Global; Roy, A., Ong, A., Eds.; Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester, UK, 2011; pp. 77–97. [Google Scholar]
- Shatkin, G. The city and the bottom line: Urban megaprojects and the privatization of planning in Southeast Asia. Environ. Plan. A 2008, 40, 383–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vives Miró, S. Producing a “Successful City”: Neoliberal Urbanism and Gentrification in the Tourist City—The Case of Palma (Majorca). Urban Stud. Res. 2011, 2011, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Swyngedouw, E. Post-Democratic Cities. For Whom and for What? In Proceedings of the Regional Studies Association Annual Conference, Budapest, Hungary, 24–26 May 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Gellert, P.; Lynch, B. Mega-projects as displacements. Int. Soc. Sci. J. 2003, 55, 15–25. Available online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2451.5501002 (accessed on 20 December 2020). [CrossRef]
- Winch, G. Megaproject stakeholder management. In The Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management; Flyvbjerg, B., Ed.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2017; pp. 339–361. [Google Scholar]
- European Conference on Sustainable Cities & Towns. Charter of European Cities & Towns Towards Sustainability. 1994. Available online: https://sustainablecities.eu/fileadmin/repository/Aalborg_Charter/Aalborg_Charter_English.pdf (accessed on 11 February 2021).
- United Nations. New Urban Agenda (Habitat III). 2017. Available online: https://uploads.habitat3.org/hb3/NUA-English.pdf (accessed on 12 February 2021).
- Laprise, M.; Lufkin, S.; Rey, E. An indicator system for the assessment of sustainability integrated into the project dynamics of regeneration of disused urban areas. Build. Environ. 2015, 86, 29–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pediaditi, K.; Wehrmeyer, W.; Chenoweth, J. Monitoring the sustainability of brownfield redevelopment projects: The Redevelopment Assessment Framework. Land Contam. Reclam. 2005, 13, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dixon, T. The Property Development Industry and Sustainable Urban Brownfield Regeneration in England: An Analysis of Case Studies in Thames Gateway and Greater Manchester. Urban Stud. 2007, 44, 2379–2400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klakegg, O.J. Pursuing relevance and sustainability: Improvement strategies for major public projects. Int. J. Manag. Proj. Bus. 2009, 2, 499–518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krellenberg, K.; Bergsträßer, H.; Bykova, D.; Kress, N.; Tyndall, K. Urban Sustainability Strategies Guided by the SDGs—A Tale of Four Cities. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- ISTAC Instituto Canario de Estadística. Población Según Sexos y Grupos de Edad Grandes y Quinquenales. Comarcas por Islas de Canarias y Años. 2020. Available online: http://www.gobiernodecanarias.org/istac/jaxi-istac/tabla.do (accessed on 1 November 2019).
- Arencibia de Torres, J. Refinería de Tenerife, 1930–2005: 75 Años de Historia; CEPSA: Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- CEOE Confederación Española de Organizaciones Empresariales. La Economía Canaria en Gráficos. 2018. Available online: https://ceoe-tenerife.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/2018-la-economia-canaria-en-graficos.pdf (accessed on 20 December 2020).
- Ministerio de Fomento. Observatorio de Vivienda y Suelo. 2019. Available online: https://apps.fomento.gob.es/CVP/handlers/pdfhandler.ashx?idpub=BAW064 (accessed on 7 May 2020).
- Hübscher, M.; Ringel, J. From one crisis to another. Tourism and housing in post-crisis Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). In Sostenibilidad Turística: Overtourism vs Undertourism; Pons, G., Blanco Romero, A.., Navalón García, R., Troitiño Torralba, L., Blàzquez Salom, M., Eds.; Monografies de la Societat d’Història Natural Balears: Palma (Illes Balears), Spain, 2020; Volume 31, pp. 283–294. [Google Scholar]
- AbcCanarias. La Refinería de Tenerife, Entre las 200 Industrias más Contaminantes de Europa. abc.es. 2004. Available online: https://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-06-03-2004/abc/canarias/la-refineria-de-tenerife-entre-las-200-industrias-mas-contaminantes-de-europa_962287394532.html# (accessed on 18 November 2019).
- Ayuntamiento de Santa Cruz de Tenerife, CEPSA. Santa Cruz y Cepsa Sellan una Allianza para Estudiar la Transformación de la Ciudad Sobre los Terrenos de la Refinería. 2018. Available online: https://www.santacruzdetenerife.es/scverde2030/fileadmin/user_upload/web/SCverde2030/NotadePrensa26062018.pdf (accessed on 10 January 2019).
- Gobierno de Canarias. Plan de Calidad del Aire de la Aglomeración Santa Cruz de Tenerife—San Cristobal de la Laguna, por Dióxido de Azufre. 2014. Available online: http://www.gobiernodecanarias.org/cptss/sostenibilidad/temas/planificacion-ambiental/planes_calidad_aire/ (accessed on 18 November 2019).
- Reverón, E. La Descontaminación del Suelo de la Refinería Arrancará en Abril de 2020. El Día. 2019. Available online: https://www.eldia.es/santa-cruz-de-tenerife/2019/10/11/descontaminacion-suelo-refineria-arrancara-abril/1015680.html (accessed on 14 November 2019).
- Hübscher, M. Zwischen Deindustrialisierung und Gentrification: Innerstädtische Großprojekte in Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Spanien). Mitt. Osterr. Geogr. Ges. 2020, 161, 63–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramón, N. Refinería en Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Guerras y guerrillas. El Día. 2015. Available online: https://www.eldiario.es/canariasahora/premium_en_abierto/SCTF-Refineria-Guerras-guerrillas_0_449355360.html (accessed on 20 June 2019).
- Hübscher, M.; Schulze, J.; Zur Lage, F.; Ringel, J. The Impact of Airbnb on a Non-Touristic City. A Case Study of Short-Term Rentals in Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Spain). Erdkunde 2020, 74, 191–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García Hernández, J.S.; Armas Díaz, A.; Díaz Rodríguez, M.D.C. Desposesión de vivienda y turistificación en Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canarias-España): Los desahucios a inquilinos en el barrio de El Toscal. Bol. Asoc. Geogr. Esp. 2020, 87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García Herrera, L.M.; Smith, N.; Mejías Vera, M.Á. Gentrification, Displacement, and Tourism in Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Urban Geogr. 2007, 28, 276–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Armas Díaz, A. Reestructuración Urbana y Producción de Imagen: Los Espacios Públicos en Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de la Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain, 2016. Available online: http://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/2126 (accessed on 3 December 2020).
- Rodríguez, M.D.; García Herrera, L.M.; Armas Díaz, A. Puertos y espacios públicos renovados: El puerto de Santa Cruz de Tenerife. In XVIII Coloquio de Historia Canario-Americana; Cabildo Insular de Gran Canaria: Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- García Herrera, L.M. ¿De Cabañas a Palacios? Vivienda y Proceso de Elitización en el Cabo-los Llanos (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canarias). In Scripta Nova. Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales; Universidad de Barcelona: Barcelona, Spain, 2013; Volume 7, Available online: http://www.ub.edu/geocrit/sn/sn-146(075).htm (accessed on 10 May 2018).
- Armas-Díaz, A.; Sabaté-Bel, F. Struggles on the Port of Granadilla: Defending the right to nature. Territ. Politics Gov. 2020, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Littau, P. Managing Stakeholders in Megaprojects. The MS Working Group Report. 2015. Available online: https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/768614.Managing_Stakeholders_in_Megaprojects.pdf (accessed on 27 November 2020).
- Calvert, S. Managing Stakeholders. In The Commercial Project Manager; Turner, R., Ed.; McGraw-Hill: Maidenhead, UK, 1995; pp. 214–222. [Google Scholar]
- Ferber, U.; Grimski, D.; Millar, K.; Nathanail, P. Sustainable Brownfield Regeneration. 2006. Available online: https://issuu.com/guspin/docs/nameaa6734 (accessed on 20 November 2020).
- Hernández Sempieri, R.; Fernández Collado, C. Metodología de la Investigación, 5th ed.; Mc Graw Hill: Mexico City, Mexico, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Gill, P.; Steward, K.; Treasure, E.; Chadwick, B.L. Methods of data collection in qualitative research: Interviews and focus groups. Br. Dent. J. 2008, 204, 291–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- DiCicco-Bloom, B.; Crabtree, B. The qualitative research interview. Med Educ. 2006, 40, 314–321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turner, D. Qualitative interview design: A practical guide for novice investigators. Qual. Rep. 2010, 15, 754–760. Available online: http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR15-3/qid.pdf (accessed on 5 November 2020).
- Helfferich, C. Die Qualität Qualitativer Daten. Manual für die Durchführung Qualitativer Interviews, 4th ed.; VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften: Wiesbaden, Germany, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Froschauer, U.; Lueger, M. Das Qualitative Interview. Zur Praxis Interpretativer Analyse Sozialer Systeme, 2nd ed.; Facultas Verlags und Buchhandels AG: Vienna, Austria, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Flick, U. Qualitative Sozialforschung. Eine Einführung, 2nd ed.; Rowohlt: Reinbeck bei Hamburg, Germany, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Kretzer, S.; Mozygemba, K.; Heuer, J.-O.; Huber, E. Erläuterungen zur Verwendung der von Qualiservice bereitgestellten Vorlagen für die informierte Einwilligung. Qualiservice Work. Pap. 2020, 2, 1–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- European Parliament; European Council. General Data Protection Regulation (EU 2016/679). 2016. Available online: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/2016-05-04 (accessed on 26 January 2021).
- Mayring, P. Qualitative Content Analysis. Forum Qual. Soc. Res. 2000, 1, 1–10. Available online: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0002204 (accessed on 2 January 2021).
- Schreier, M. Varianten qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse: Ein Wegweiser im Dickicht der Begrifflichkeiten. Forum Qual. Soc. Res. 2014, 15, 1–15. Available online: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1401185 (accessed on 2 November 2020).
- Kuckartz, U. Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse. Methoden, Praxis, Computerunterstützung; Beltz Juventa: Weinheim, Germany, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Mayring, P. Qualitative Content Analysis. Theoretical Foundation, Basic Procedures and Software Solution; Beltz: Klagenfurt, Austria, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Hübscher, M.; (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany). Interview about Santa Cruz Verde 2030/ Interviewer: M. Hübsche, Interviewee: I1 real estate expert, Unpublished Work. 23 August 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Hübscher, M.; (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany). Interview about Santa Cruz Verde 2030/ Interviewer: M. Hübscher, Interviewee: I2 Urban Planning Office, Unpublished Work. 30 August 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Hübscher, M.; (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany). Interview about Santa Cruz Verde 2030/ Interviewer: M. Hübscher, Interviewee: I4 Preservationist, Unpublished Work. 4 September 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Burmeister, T. Der Städtebauliche Vertrag als Rechtliches Instrument der Kooperation mit Privaten bei der Baulandentwicklung und -erschließung (PhD); TU Berlin: Berlin, Germany, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Hübscher, M.; (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany). Interview about Santa Cruz Verde 2030/ Interviewer: M. Hübscher, Interviewee: I3 Real Estate Agent, Unpublished Work. 2 September 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Hübscher, M.; (University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany). Interview about Santa Cruz Verde 2030/ Interviewer: M. Hübscher, Interviewee: I5 Environmental Association, Unpublished Work. 4 September 2019. [Google Scholar]
- La Vanguardia. Resultados Elecciones Municipales 2019 en Santa Cruz de Tenerife. La Vanguardia. 2019. Available online: https://www.lavanguardia.com/elecciones/elecciones-municipales-2019/canarias/santa-cruz-de-tenerife/santa-cruz-de-tenerife (accessed on 20 December 2019).
- Vega, G. Coalición Canaria Vuelve al Poder en Santa Cruz de Tenerife Apoyado por el PP y una Tránsfuga de Cs. El País. 2020. Available online: https://elpais.com/espana/2020-07-13/coalicion-canaria-vuelve-al-poder-en-santa-cruz-de-tenerife-tras-prosperar-la-mocion-con-el-pp-y-una-transfuga-de-ciudadanos.html (accessed on 7 December 2020).
- Reverón, E. El Ayuntamiento Retoma el plan para Desmantelar la Refinería. El Día. 2020. Available online: https://www.eldia.es/santa-cruz-de-tenerife/2020/07/24/ayuntamiento-retoma-plan-desmantelar-refineria-22371513.html (accessed on 7 December 2020).
- Torres, N. El PSOE Sigue Adelante con la Denuncia del Santa Cruz Verde 2030. D. De Avisos. 2018. Available online: https://diariodeavisos.elespanol.com/2018/12/el-psoe-sigue-adelante-con-la-denuncia-del-santa-cruz-verde-2030/ (accessed on 7 December 2020).
- Braathen, E. Pac’Stão Versus the City of Police. Contentious Activism Facing Megaprojects, Authoritarianism, and Violence. Confl. Soc. 2020, 6, 145–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jordhus-Lier, D. Community resistance to megaprojects: The case of the N2 Gateway project in Joe Slovo informal settlement, Cape Town. Habitat Int. 2015, 45, 169–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- del Romero Renau, L.; Valera Lozano, A. From NIMBYsm to the 15M: A Decade of Urban Conflicts in Barcelona and Valencia. Territ. Politics Gov. 2015, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grubhauer, M. Perspektiven einer Politisierung von Planungsprozessen jenseits lokaler Mobilisierungen. Kommentar zu Lucius Burckhardts „Wer plant die Planung?“. Sub Urban. Z. Krit. Stadtforsch. 2018, 5, 137–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harris, M. Megaprojects: A global review and the Australian context. Festiv. Urban. 2014, 1–23. Available online: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/540680a6e4b0a7034afffb6f/t/543f572de4b0a72b21db9adc/1413437229478/Megaprojects+Review_Harris.pdf (accessed on 8 February 2021).
- Zeković, S.; Maričić, T. Contemporary governance of urban mega-projects: A case study of the Belgrade waterfront. Territ. Politics Gov. 2020, 1–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scherer, J. Olympic Villages and Large-scale Urban Development: Crises of Capitalism, Deficits of Democracy? Sociology 2011, 45, 782–797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Menzel, J. Wie Nachhaltig ist die HafenCity Hamburg? 2010. Available online: https://epub.sub.uni-hamburg.de/epub/volltexte/2014/28393/pdf/2010_hafencity_kurzstudie_ZR.pdf (accessed on 9 February 2021).
- Bruns-Berentelg, J. Hafencity Hamburg—Identity, Sustainability and Urbanity. Hafencity Discuss. Pap. 2014, 3, 1–34. Available online: https://epub.sub.uni-hamburg.de/epub/volltexte/2018/80921/pdf/DP_Identity_Sustainability_and_Urbanity_final.pdf (accessed on 19 February 2021).
- Jou, S.-C.; Lund Hansen, A.; Wu, H.-L. Accumulation by Dispossession and Neoliberal Urban Planning: ‘Landing’ the Mega-Projects in Taipei. In Contradictions of Neoliberal Planning; Tasan-Kok, T., Baeten, G., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2012; pp. 151–171. [Google Scholar]
- Waite, C. Santa Cruz Verde 2030: A New Dawn for Tenerife? Toxic News. 2019. Available online: https://toxicnews.org/2019/05/28/santa-cruz-verde-2030-a-new-dawn-for-tenerife/ (accessed on 14 December 2020).
- Wochenblatt. Raffinerie: Beseitigung von Altlasten soll ab April 2020 erfolgen. Wochenblatt 2019. Available online: https://www.wochenblatt.es/umwelt/raffinerie-beseitigung-von-altlasten-soll-ab-april-2020-erfolgen/ (accessed on 14 December 2020).
- Peck, J. Neoliberalizing states: Thin policies/hard outcomes. Prog. Hum. Geogr. 2001, 25, 445–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harris, M. Competitive Precinct Projects: The Five Consistent Criticisms of “Global” Mixed-Use Megaprojects. Proj. Manag. J. 2017, 48, 76–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eskerod, P.; Huemann, M.; Savage, G. Project Stakeholder Management—Past and Present. Proj. Manag. J. 2015, 46, 6–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aaltonen, K.; Kujala, J. A project lifecycle perspective on stakeholder influence strategies in global projects. Scand. J. Manag. 2010, 26, 381–397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huemann, M.; Eskerod, P.; Ringhofer, C. Rethink! Project Stakeholder Management. 2016. Available online: https://www.pmi.org/-/media/pmi/documents/public/pdf/kas/201604_huemann_rethink_project_stakeholder_management.pdf (accessed on 12 December 2020).
- Di Maddaloni, F.; Davis, K. Project manager’s perception of the local communities’ stakeholder in megaprojects. An empirical investigation in the UK. Int. J. Proj. Manag. 2017, 36, 1–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Clegg, S.; Biesenthal, C.; Sankaran, S.; Pollack, J. Power and sensemaking in megaprojects. In The Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management; Flyvbjerg, B., Ed.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2017; pp. 238–258. [Google Scholar]
- Tarazona Vento, A. Mega-project meltdown: Post-politics, neoliberal urban regeneration and Valencia’s fiscal crisis. Urban Stud. 2017, 54, 68–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Swyngedouw, E. Interrogating post-democratization: Reclaiming egalitarian political spaces. Political Geogr. 2011, 30, 370–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Megaheda, N.; Ghoneimb, E. Antivirus-built environment: Lessons learned from Covid-19 pandemic. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2020, 61, 102350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Honey-Rosés, J.; Anguelovski, I.; Bohigas, J.; Chireh, V.; Daher, C.; Konijnendijk, C. The Impact of COVID-19 on Public Space: A Review of the Emerging Questions. 2020. Available online: https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/rf7xa (accessed on 20 December 2020).
- Jefferies, T.; Cheng, J.; Coucill, L. Lockdown urbanism: COVID-19 lifestyles and liveable futures opportunities in Wuhan and Manchester. Cities Health 2020, 1–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharifi, A.; Khavarian-Garmsir, A.R. The COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 749, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hatef, E.; Chang, H.-Y.; Kitchen, C.; Weiner, J.; Kharrazi, H. Assessing the Impact of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Characteristics on COVID-19 Prevalence Across Seven States in the United States. Front. Public Health 2020, 8, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martins-Filho, P.R.; de Souza Araújo, A.A.; Quintans-Júnior, L.J.; Santana Santos, V. COVID-19 fatality rates related to social inequality in Northeast Brazil: A neighbourhood-level analysis. J. Travel Med. 2020, 1–3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blundell, R.; Costa Dias, M.; Joyce, R.; Xu, X. COVID-19 and Inequalities. Fisc. Stud. 2020, 41, 291–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Furceri, D.; Loungani, P.; Ostry, J.; Pizzuto, P. Will Covid-19 afect inequality? Evidence from past pandemics. In Covid Economics. Vetted and Real-Time Papers; Wyplosz, C., Graduate Institute Geneva, CEPR, Eds.; CEPR Press: London, UK, 2020; pp. 138–157. [Google Scholar]
- Acs, G.; Karpman, M. Employment, Income, and Unemployment Insurance during the COVID-19 Pandemic. 2020. Available online: https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/102485/employment-income-and-unemployment-insurance-during-the-covid-19-pandemic.pdf (accessed on 18 December 2020).
- Blakeley, G. Financialization, real estate and COVID-19 in the UK. Community Dev. J. 2020, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Hübscher, M.; Ringel, J. Opaque Urban Planning. The Megaproject Santa Cruz Verde 2030 Seen from the Local Perspective (Tenerife, Spain). Urban Sci. 2021, 5, 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5010032
Hübscher M, Ringel J. Opaque Urban Planning. The Megaproject Santa Cruz Verde 2030 Seen from the Local Perspective (Tenerife, Spain). Urban Science. 2021; 5(1):32. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5010032
Chicago/Turabian StyleHübscher, Marcus, and Johannes Ringel. 2021. "Opaque Urban Planning. The Megaproject Santa Cruz Verde 2030 Seen from the Local Perspective (Tenerife, Spain)" Urban Science 5, no. 1: 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5010032