Horticulturae

14 pages, 6990 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Effects of Radiation Mutagenesis and Somaclonal Variation Breeding on the Genetics and Transcriptomic Defense Response to Fusarium Wilt of Banana

by Jingyi Wang, Mengling Zhu, Junting Feng, Caihong Jia, Zai Zheng, Yanchun Yu, Wenxin Wu, Jianghui Xie and Zhuo Wang

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 759; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060759 - 22 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Banana Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4), poses a severe threat to global banana production, and breeding resistant cultivars remains the most effective control strategy. Mutation breeding, including radiation mutagenesis and somaclonal variation, has become [...] Read more.

Banana Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4), poses a severe threat to global banana production, and breeding resistant cultivars remains the most effective control strategy. Mutation breeding, including radiation mutagenesis and somaclonal variation, has become a primary approach for developing resistant germplasm in triploid Cavendish bananas. However, whether secondary bud-sport selection from resistant somaclonal lines inadvertently compromises original resistance mechanisms at the molecular level remains poorly understood. In this study, we generated 44 mutants from Baxi jiao via ⁶⁰Co γ-irradiation and selected five lines with distinct phenotypic variations. We also collected somaclonal variant lines GCTCV-218, GCTCV-119, GCTCV-105, their bud-sport derivatives (NK_No.1, NTH, RK_No.1), and the radiation-induced resistant mutant ‘Zhongre No.1’. Using whole-genome resequencing and transcriptome analysis, we systematically compared the genetic and transcriptomic outcomes of these breeding strategies. Radiation mutagenesis induced substantial genomic structural variations and generated novel expression patterns of defense-related genes. In contrast, while bud-sport derivatives of GCTCV-218 remained genetically similar to their parent, they exhibited significant downregulation or loss of key resistance gene expression, particularly PR-1 family members. Our findings reveal that phenotype-driven somaclonal selection can inadvertently erode original resistance mechanisms, and we recommend prioritizing radiation mutagenesis for developing banana cultivars with stable and durable resistance to Foc TR4. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breeding and Genetic Strategies for Bananas)

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26 pages, 17364 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical and Sensory Characterisation of Malbec Grapes and Wines from La Pampa (Argentina): Influence of Shoot Density and Saignée

by Ayelén Varela, Luján Masseroni, Silvana Azcarate, Jorge Prieto, Santiago Sari, Anibal Catania, Zenaida Guadalupe, Leticia Martínez-Lapuente and Martín Fanzone

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 758; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060758 - 22 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Shoot density is a key viticultural factor modulating canopy microclimate, berry composition, and wine quality, although yield–quality relationships are strongly influenced by environmental conditions. Saignée, a winemaking technique involving partial juice removal prior to fermentation, increases the skin-to-juice ratio and may enhance [...] Read more.

Shoot density is a key viticultural factor modulating canopy microclimate, berry composition, and wine quality, although yield–quality relationships are strongly influenced by environmental conditions. Saignée, a winemaking technique involving partial juice removal prior to fermentation, increases the skin-to-juice ratio and may enhance phenolic extraction. This study assessed the combined effects of shoot density (33 [T1], 20 [T2], and 15 [T3] shoots/m) and saignée (20% vs. control) on yield, grape composition, and wine chemical and sensory properties in Malbec across two vintages (2021–2022). At harvest, the pruning weight, yield components, general maturity parameters, and phenolic composition were measured. The wines were analysed for their phenolic and elemental composition, polysaccharides and volatile compounds, colour, and sensory attributes. T1 exhibited the highest yields and vegetative imbalance, whereas T2 and T3 achieved optimal Ravaz indices. The general grape maturity parameters were unaffected; however, T3 had increased berry phenolic content in 2022. T2 and T3 had enhanced wine tannins, total phenols, and polymeric pigments, particularly in 2022. Saignée increased the pH, potassium, total phenols, tannins, and acylated anthocyanins. Targeting yields near 4 kg/vine (≈10,500 kg/ha) improved vine balance and phenolic composition, although the responses were strongly modulated by interannual variability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Grape Wine: Genetics, Chemistry, and Sensory Properties)

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18 pages, 2223 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Mulching on Soil Quality, Microbial Community, and Root Function in Apple Orchards

by Yifei Li, Linyu Li, Zhuanling Zhou, Deguo Lyu, Sijun Qin, Deying Zhao, Cungang Cheng, Jiali He and Gongxun Xu

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060757 - 22 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Mulching is an agronomic practice that improves orchard soil and promotes root growth. To investigate the regulatory effects of different mulching materials on soil properties, microbial communities, and root function in apple orchards, eight treatments were established: clean tillage (CK), organic fertilizer mulching [...] Read more.

Mulching is an agronomic practice that improves orchard soil and promotes root growth. To investigate the regulatory effects of different mulching materials on soil properties, microbial communities, and root function in apple orchards, eight treatments were established: clean tillage (CK), organic fertilizer mulching (OFM), chopped corn straw mulching (SM1), chopped and bundled corn straw mulching (SM2), intact corn stover mulching (SM3), composted apple branch mulching (BM), horticultural ground cover fabric mulching (FM), and weed mulching (WM). The results showed that OFM, BM, SM1, and SM3 exhibited effective cooling effects during summer. During the peak root-flush period, OFM, SM3, and BM significantly reduced soil bulk density, increased porosity, enhanced soil organic matter and available nutrient contents, and elevated the activities of soil sucrase, urease, and catalase. Moreover, these treatments promoted the accumulation of carbohydrates and the uptake of mineral nutrients in roots. OFM and SM3 significantly increased the Simpson index of both soil bacterial and fungal communities, while BM improved the beta diversity of bacterial and fungal communities. OFM, SM3, and BM can effectively improve soil physicochemical properties, optimize microbial community structure, and enhance root nutrient uptake. It is recommended as a mulching measure for soil in northern apple orchards. Among the eight treatments evaluated, OFM, SM3, and BM exhibited superior performance in improving soil physicochemical properties, promoting root function, and enhancing microbial community diversity. Therefore, the findings of this study provide an effective soil management strategy for apple orchards in the cold northern regions of China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Soil Health and Nutrient Resilience in Orchards and Vineyards)

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19 pages, 1464 KB

Open AccessReview

Genetic Diversity in Vitis vinifera L. Beyond the Reference Genome: Towards a Pangenomic Framework for Representation, Adaptation and Breeding

by Francesca Fort, Leonor Deis, Qiying Lin-Yang, Joan Miquel Canals and Fernando Zamora

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 756; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060756 - 21 Jun 2026

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Abstract

The growing availability of genomic resources is changing how genetic diversity is studied in Vitis vinifera L. At the same time, it has become increasingly clear that a single reference genome cannot fully represent the complexity of a species characterised by high heterozygosity, [...] Read more.

The growing availability of genomic resources is changing how genetic diversity is studied in Vitis vinifera L. At the same time, it has become increasingly clear that a single reference genome cannot fully represent the complexity of a species characterised by high heterozygosity, clonal propagation and a long history of diversification. Recent grapevine pangenomes, super-pangenomes and graph-based resources have revealed forms of variation that are often overlooked in conventional reference-based analyses, including structural variants and gene presence–absence variation. Rather than providing another inventory of available datasets, this review examines how continued reliance on a single reference genome may influence the interpretation of grapevine diversity and what can be gained from a broader pangenomic perspective. Drawing on recent studies in grapevine and other crops, we discuss how these approaches are beginning to improve the representation of genetic diversity, uncover biologically relevant variation and strengthen links between genomic information and adaptive traits. We also examine the challenges that still limit their practical use, particularly the integration of genomic resources with functional studies and breeding programmes. In the end, the value of pangenomics will probably depend not only on generating additional genomic resources, but also on how effectively these can be translated into tools that support grapevine conservation, climate adaptation and varietal improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Genomics, Genetic Diversity and Breeding Strategies of Grapevine)

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18 pages, 6114 KB

Open AccessArticle

MdNAC17 Enhances Saline–Alkali Tolerance in Apple by Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species Removal

by Wenqing Liu, Xulin Xian, Zhongxing Zhang, Xiaoling Li, Yanxiu Wang and Xumei Jia

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060755 - 21 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Saline–alkali stress is a widespread adversity that severely affects plant growth and productivity. Plant-specific NAC transcription factors (TFs) play a crucial role in various pathways associated with stress responses. However, the function of NAC proteins in conferring tolerance to abiotic stress, along with [...] Read more.

Saline–alkali stress is a widespread adversity that severely affects plant growth and productivity. Plant-specific NAC transcription factors (TFs) play a crucial role in various pathways associated with stress responses. However, the function of NAC proteins in conferring tolerance to abiotic stress, along with the underlying mechanisms in apple (Malus domestica), remains incompletely understood. In this study, we identified MdNAC17 from the transcriptome of apple leaves under saline–alkali stress. The overexpression of MdNAC17 in apple calli tissue and Malus hupehensis roots significantly improved resistance to saline–alkali stress by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. Transgenic apple plants exhibited higher photosynthetic capacity and antioxidant enzyme activity, as well as less membrane damage. In contrast, silencing MdNAC17 using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology resulted in the opposite phenotype. Furthermore, MdNAC17 is associated with changes in the transcriptional levels of genes involved in Na⁺/K⁺ homeostasis. Overall, our results demonstrate that MdNAC17 positively regulates saline–alkali tolerance in apple. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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22 pages, 6398 KB

Open AccessArticle

Micronutrient Fertilization with Mn, Mo and Zn Alleviates Short-Term NaCl Stress Effects on Growth and Gas Exchange in Purple Basil

by Antonio Carlos de Sena Rodrigues, Fernando Batista dos Santos Filho, Macson Bruno de Jesus Lima, Marlon Gomes Dias, Adriel Sousa Matos Silva, Allysson Jonhnny Torres Mendonça, André Dias de Azevedo Neto, João Everthon da Silva Ribeiro, Mairton Gomes da Silva, Jackson Silva Nóbrega, Elania Freire da Silva, Alexandre Maniçoba da Rosa Ferraz Jardim and Toshik Iarley da Silva

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 754; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060754 - 20 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a medicinal plant widely recognized for its richness in bioactive compounds; however, its production in semi-arid regions is often constrained by soil and/or irrigation water salinity. Micronutrient fertilization may contribute to plant stress alleviation under salinity, [...] Read more.

Purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a medicinal plant widely recognized for its richness in bioactive compounds; however, its production in semi-arid regions is often constrained by soil and/or irrigation water salinity. Micronutrient fertilization may contribute to plant stress alleviation under salinity, since elements such as Mn, Mo, and Zn are involved in essential processes related to photosynthetic metabolism and physiological adjustment. This study aimed to evaluate the short-term effects of Mn, Mo, Zn, and their combinations on growth, gas exchange, and relative chlorophyll indices of purple basil plants subjected to severe NaCl stress under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions for 30 days in a randomized block design with nine treatments and four replicates: a non-saline control without micronutrients, a saline control without micronutrients, and plants exposed to 100 mM NaCl with substrate application of Mn, Mo, Zn, MoMn, ZnMo, ZnMn, or ZnMoMn. Micronutrient sources were applied to the substrate at 3.5 g kg⁻¹ according to each treatment. Fertilization with Mn, Mo, Zn, and their combinations enhanced plant stress alleviation under salinity compared with the saline control without micronutrients, with positive responses in growth and physiological performance, including increases in chlorophyll indices. The double combinations MoMn, ZnMo, and ZnMn attenuated the effects of NaCl, especially by increasing leaf area. Mn stood out for increasing net photosynthesis and water-use efficiency, whereas Mo and ZnMo were associated with higher relative chlorophyll indices. Although the triple combination ZnMoMn improved some traits compared with the saline control, its lower efficacy relative to selected single or double applications may indicate that the simultaneous supply of the three elements reduced specific synergistic effects, possibly due to nutritional imbalance or antagonistic interactions among micronutrients under severe salinity. Overall, micronutrient fertilization, particularly through specific double combinations, may contribute to short-term mitigation of NaCl-induced stress responses under controlled greenhouse conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tolerance of Horticultural Plants to Abiotic Stresses)

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17 pages, 2452 KB

Open AccessArticle

Overexpression of the Lavender LaDXS2-2 Gene in Tobacco Modulates the MEP Pathway to Improve Photosynthetic Efficiency and Alter Primary Metabolism: Evidence from Integrated Omics Analyses

by Xinyue Tang, Mingyang Sun, Qichen He, Liping Yang, Lingna Chen and Yongkun Chen

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 753; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060753 - 20 Jun 2026

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Abstract

1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) serves as the initial rate-limiting enzyme in the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, governing the biosynthesis of precursors for photosynthetic pigments and terpenoids. In this study, the LaDXS2-2 gene was cloned and functionally characterized in lavender (Lavandula angustifolia). The [...] Read more.

1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) serves as the initial rate-limiting enzyme in the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, governing the biosynthesis of precursors for photosynthetic pigments and terpenoids. In this study, the LaDXS2-2 gene was cloned and functionally characterized in lavender (Lavandula angustifolia). The full-length coding sequence (CDS) of LaDXS2-2 spans 2178 base pairs, encoding a protein of 725 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that LaDXS2-2 is most closely related to the DXS from Salvia miltiorrhiza. Expression profiling demonstrated that LaDXS2-2 was highly expressed in flower buds, and its transcript levels were significantly upregulated (p < 0.05) in response to ethephon, high light intensity, and low temperature, while exhibiting tissue-specific responses to gibberellin application. Subcellular localization assays confirmed LaDXS2-2 is targeted to the chloroplast. Heterologous overexpression of LaDXS2-2 in tobacco resulted in a marked increase in photosynthetic pigment content, enhanced the actual photochemical efficiency of photosystem II [Y(II)], and reduced non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses further revealed that LaDXS2-2 overexpression activated the diterpenoid biosynthesis pathway and upregulated amino acid metabolism as well as the TCA cycle, while competitively suppressing phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. These findings indicate that LaDXS2-2 not only enhances photosynthetic efficiency by promoting the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments but also suggests a potential role in influencing primary carbon and nitrogen metabolism, as inferred from transcriptomic and metabolomic data. This functionality may ultimately influence plant growth and metabolic homeostasis. Overall, this study provides a theoretical foundation for the synergistic improvement of photosynthetic efficiency and secondary metabolism in crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Their Regulatory Networks Underlying Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis in Horticultural Crops)

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14 pages, 1973 KB

Open AccessArticle

Canopy Structure and Water Use Efficiency Variations Between Short- and Long-Day Strawberry Cultivars Revealed by Non-Destructive 3D Phenotyping

by Hiroki Umeda, Takahiro Asai, Rick van de Zedde and Silke Hemming

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 752; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060752 - 20 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Cultivars of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) differ in photoperiodic responses, which influence the balance between vegetative and reproductive growth, shaping canopy development, biomass production, and water use efficiency (WUE). Using 3D point-cloud phenotyping, this study compared the canopy structure and WUE [...] Read more.

Cultivars of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) differ in photoperiodic responses, which influence the balance between vegetative and reproductive growth, shaping canopy development, biomass production, and water use efficiency (WUE). Using 3D point-cloud phenotyping, this study compared the canopy structure and WUE of the short-day cultivar ‘Sonata’ and long-day cultivar ‘Favori’ grown under identical greenhouse conditions. Cultivar-specific growth and water use traits were quantified using daily non-destructive 3D point cloud phenotyping combined with continuous whole-plant gravimetry, supported by manual and destructive measurements. Non-destructive estimates of plant height and digital biomass corresponded moderately to measurements (height: R² = 0.628; biomass: R² = 0.579; mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) = 13.86%). Growth analysis indicated similar relative growth rates between the two cultivars, whereas the crop growth rate was higher in ‘Sonata’ than in ‘Favori’. Integration of growth estimates with gravimetric records revealed higher period average WUE in ‘Sonata’ (3.1 mg g⁻¹) than in ‘Favori’ (2.5 mg g⁻¹). These results highlight the distinctive growth strategies of a canopy-driven pattern in ‘Sonata’ and a reproduction-driven pattern in ‘Favori’. The combined 3D phenotyping–gravimetry framework provides a high-resolution, non-destructive approach to quantify cultivar-specific growth and water use traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Horticulture—Non-Destructive Measurement, Remote Sensing and Technological Advances)

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26 pages, 5488 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Effects of Sodium Nitroprusside, Arginine, and Salicylic Acid on Chilling Tolerance, Antioxidant Defense, and Postharvest Quality of Cold-Stored ‘Keitt’ Mango Fruit

by Nahed M. Rashed, Ahmed F. Abd El-Khalek, Sherif F. El-Gioushy, Gehan. A. Mahmoud, Saleh M. Alturki, Alaa S. Alharbi, Randa A. Zarban and Mohamed S. Gawish

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 751; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060751 - 20 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Chilling injury is a major problem limiting the postharvest storage and marketability of mango fruit at low temperature. The present study investigated the individual and combined effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), L-arginine (Arg) and salicylic acid (SA) on chilling tolerance, regulation of oxidative [...] Read more.

Chilling injury is a major problem limiting the postharvest storage and marketability of mango fruit at low temperature. The present study investigated the individual and combined effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), L-arginine (Arg) and salicylic acid (SA) on chilling tolerance, regulation of oxidative stress and the postharvest quality of ‘Keitt’ mango fruit stored at 5 ± 1 °C for 28 days followed by 4 days of shelf life at 23 °C. Fruits were pre-treated with 1 mM SNP, 1 mM Arg, 2 mM SA or their binary combinations before storage. The chilling injury, membrane damage, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and fruit softening were greatly enhanced by cold storage in untreated fruits. In contrast, all the treatments significantly ameliorated these deteriorative changes, and the combined treatments were superiorly effective. Among these, SNP + Arg was the most effective treatment, which reduced the chilling injury index from 4.05 in control fruits to 1.00 after shelf life, completely inhibiting the incidence of decay and reducing electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde accumulation by 47.4 and 48.2%, respectively. The same treatment also maintained higher firmness, titratable acidity, visual appearance and ascorbic acid content than untreated fruits. The enhanced chilling tolerance was accompanied by increased antioxidant defense, as SNP + Arg significantly stimulated the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase, but suppressed the activity of pectin methylesterase. Multivariate analyses, such as PCA, clustered heatmap and integrated stress index, demonstrated a strong negative relationship between oxidative stress markers and antioxidant metabolism. The results showed that combined SNP and Arg treatments enhanced chilling tolerance through increasing antioxidant capacity, preserving membrane integrity, and retarding ripening-related metabolism, which provides an effective way to maintain the postharvest quality of cold-stored mango fruit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in the Preservation and Quality Conservation of Horticultural Products)

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13 pages, 17866 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Fungicide Control of Alternaria alternantherae Causing Leaf Spot on Celosia cristata and Alternanthera philoxeroides in China

by Ya-Xin Xiang, Jing Zhou, Zhi Li, Hai-Feng Liu and Jian-Xin Deng

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 750; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060750 (registering DOI) - 20 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Celosia cristata and Alternanthera philoxeroides both belong to the family Amaranthaceae. Of the two species, C. cristata serves as a medicinal herb as well as an ornamental plant, whereas A. philoxeroides is a notorious invasive weed. In 2024, leaf spot symptoms were observed [...] Read more.

Celosia cristata and Alternanthera philoxeroides both belong to the family Amaranthaceae. Of the two species, C. cristata serves as a medicinal herb as well as an ornamental plant, whereas A. philoxeroides is a notorious invasive weed. In 2024, leaf spot symptoms were observed on C. cristata and A. philoxeroides in Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, China. Based on morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogenetic analysis using sequences of ITS, GAPDH, TEF1, RPB2, and Alt a 1, the pathogen isolated from both hosts was identified as the same species, Alternaria alternantherae. However, differences in morphology were observed between the strains from different hosts. Pathogenicity assays confirmed that this species can cross-infect both host plants. In addition, sensitivities of the pathogen to four fungicides (prochloraz, tebuconazole, azoxystrobin, and carbendazim) were tested in vitro and in vivo. The results revealed that the pathogen was highly sensitive to fungicides prochloraz and tebuconazole. These findings provide valuable insights into the management of leaf spot disease on C. cristata and the development of integrated control strategies for A. philoxeroides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant–Microbial Interactions: Mechanisms and Impacts)

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18 pages, 3851 KB

Open AccessArticle

Insights into Soil-Driven Microbial Succession and Regulation in Phallus indusiatus

by Xueli Li, Zilin Song, Fangai Shao, Tao Zhang, Juan Lu and Shengjuan Jiang

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 749; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060749 (registering DOI) - 19 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Phallus indusiatus is a prestigious macro-fungus with both nutritional and medicinal significance. However, its industrial development is limited by low yields and inconsistent quality, largely due to an incomplete understanding of the underlying soil microecological mechanisms. In this study, field experiments were conducted [...] Read more.

Phallus indusiatus is a prestigious macro-fungus with both nutritional and medicinal significance. However, its industrial development is limited by low yields and inconsistent quality, largely due to an incomplete understanding of the underlying soil microecological mechanisms. In this study, field experiments were conducted to measure soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), and pH across different growth stages. High-throughput sequencing was further employed to characterize the dynamic successions of bacterial and fungal communities. The results revealed a continuous depletion of SOC throughout the growth cycle, with a marked decrease in TN during the ovoid stage, whereas TP, TK, and pH showed increasing trends. Bacterial abundance followed a fluctuating “increase–decrease–increase” pattern, reaching its lowest level during the ovoid stage; similarly, fungal abundance initially decreased and subsequently increased, also attaining its minimum at the ovoid stage. Based on these stage-specific soil dynamics, targeted management strategies are proposed, including the application of basal carbon fertilizers supplemented with low-concentration phosphorus and potassium, the integration of slow-release nitrogen fertilizers, and the inoculation of functional microbes such as Massilia, Acidobacteriaceae, and Terriglobales. Dynamic regulation of soil pH is also recommended. This study provides a theoretical framework and technical guidance for the sustainable and high-efficiency cultivation of P. indusiatus and contributes to the broader development of the edible fungus industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

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16 pages, 10394 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Cold Stress-Induced Expression Patterns of TIFY Family Genes in Sweet Orange

by Yu Zhang, Ligang He, Zhijing Wang, Xin Song, Yanjie Fan, Cui Xiao, Ce Wang, Yingchun Jiang, Liming Wu and Fang Song

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 748; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060748 (registering DOI) - 19 Jun 2026

Viewed by 422

Abstract

Citrus fruits are widely cultivated all over the world. Due to climatic conditions, citrus fruits are frequently exposed to periodic low temperatures, which poses a serious threat to their yield and quality. Cold not only restricts plant growth and deteriorates fruit quality but [...] Read more.

Citrus fruits are widely cultivated all over the world. Due to climatic conditions, citrus fruits are frequently exposed to periodic low temperatures, which poses a serious threat to their yield and quality. Cold not only restricts plant growth and deteriorates fruit quality but also leads to fruit abscission and tree mortality, posing severe constraints on large-scale citrus production. The TIFY family gene plays crucial roles in plant development and stress adaptation. However, the genome-wide identification and functional analysis of TIFY genes in cold stress adaptation of citrus plants remain largely unexplored. Here, we performed a systematic genome-wide analysis of the TIFY family in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) and identified 14 CsTIFY members. We conducted a comprehensive study on the protein characteristics, phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, chromosome distribution, promoter cis-acting elements, and subcellular localization of these genes. Phylogenetic analysis classified the CsTIFYs into ZML (ZML1–ZML4), JAZ (JAZ1–JAZ7), PPD (JAZ8, JAZ9), and TIFY (TIFY1) subfamilies, and they are distributed on seven chromosomes. Collinearity analysis revealed that segmental duplication is the primary driver for CsTIFY family expansion. Expression profiling under cold stress identified JAZ1, JAZ2, and JAZ3 as the most cold-inducible members. All three CsTIFY proteins are targeted to the nucleus, as confirmed by subcellular localization analysis. Overexpression of JAZ1, JAZ2, or JAZ3 in citrus calli significantly enhanced cold sensibility. Collectively, this study elucidates the gene function of CsTIFYs under cold stress and provides new insight for molecular breeding of cold-tolerant citrus varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological Traits and Molecular Regulation of Horticultural Crops Under Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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14 pages, 1570 KB

Open AccessReview

Postharvest Physiology of Fruits and Vegetables: Implications for Knowledge Transfer and Sustainability Among Local Producers in Mexico

by Diana Patricia Uscanga-Sosa, María Bernardita Pérez-Gago, Adriana Contreras-Oliva, Juan Valente Hidalgo-Contreras and Josué Uriel Montaño-Martínez

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 747; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060747 (registering DOI) - 19 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Proper handling during harvesting and subsequent postharvest management is essential to reduce losses in fruits and vegetables, particularly because these products remain metabolically active after harvest. Physiological processes such as respiration, transpiration, ethylene production, softening, physiological disorders, and postharvest diseases determine quality deterioration, [...] Read more.

Proper handling during harvesting and subsequent postharvest management is essential to reduce losses in fruits and vegetables, particularly because these products remain metabolically active after harvest. Physiological processes such as respiration, transpiration, ethylene production, softening, physiological disorders, and postharvest diseases determine quality deterioration, shelf life, and marketability. However, these processes do not affect all commodities in the same way; for example, climacteric fruits are strongly influenced by ethylene during ripening, whereas non-climacteric fruits generally show lower ethylene production and different postharvest behavior. In Mexico, postharvest management is especially relevant because fruit and vegetable producers differ widely in terms of production scale, infrastructure, access to technology, financing capacity, and market destination. Producers with limited access to technology require practical and low-cost alternatives, while more technologically advanced producers may use specialized systems but still experience postharvest losses due to physiological deterioration, handling conditions, logistics, and market constraints. Therefore, this review summarizes the main postharvest physiological processes affecting fruits and vegetables and discusses their implications for knowledge transfer, technology adoption, and sustainability among local producers in Mexico. The review highlights that reducing postharvest losses requires commodity-specific management, continuous technical support, low-cost and locally adaptable technologies, and coordinated participation among researchers, extension personnel, producers, government institutions, industry, and market actors. Strengthening postharvest knowledge transfer to small and local producers is essential to reduce losses, improve marketability, and promote more sustainable fruit and vegetable systems in Mexico. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Physiology and Quality Management of Horticultural Products)

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14 pages, 1227 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Terroir of Nemea Vineyards: Isolation and Characterization of an Endemic Purpureocillium lilacinum Genotype with Biocontrol Potential

by Ioannis Lagogiannis, Christina Kaloudi, Dimitra Dimou, Giorgos Patakioutas, Panagiotis E. Eliopoulos and Spyridon Mantzoukas

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 746; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060746 (registering DOI) - 19 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Mediterranean organic viticulture requires sustainable pest management strategies that leverage local soil biodiversity. This study isolated endemic entomopathogenic fungi from vineyard soils in Nemea, Greece, using a dual-insect baiting system with Tribolium confusum and Sitophilus spp. The recovered isolates caused complete mortality in [...] Read more.

Mediterranean organic viticulture requires sustainable pest management strategies that leverage local soil biodiversity. This study isolated endemic entomopathogenic fungi from vineyard soils in Nemea, Greece, using a dual-insect baiting system with Tribolium confusum and Sitophilus spp. The recovered isolates caused complete mortality in bait insects, with mycelial emergence from 93.75% of cadavers. DNA sequencing of the ITS1 region identified the recovered isolates as Purpureocillium lilacinum. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Nemea isolates (TD and TM series) form a monophyletic clade with 100% bootstrap support, showing distinct genetic divergence from the reference strain P. lilacinum NRRL 895—evidence of a unique “microbial terroir.” Virulence assays demonstrated species-dependent mortality against stored-product pests: Sitophilus granarius was the most susceptible (76.7% mortality; LT₅₀ = 1.9 days), followed by Sitophilus zeamais (61.1%; LT₅₀ = 2.7 days), Tribolium confusum (56.7%; LT₅₀ = 2.8 days), and Sitophilus oryzae (50.0%; LT₅₀ = 3.3 days). Mycosis confirmation (65–83%) and 0% control mortality confirmed pathogenicity. As locally adapted biological control agents, these endemic P. lilacinum strains are highly suitable for protecting crops from major insect pests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Organic Viticulture: Sustainable Strategies for Enhanced Grape Cultivation and Wine Production)

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Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Fruit Quality and Volatile Compounds in Baldwin (BW) Blueberry and Its Seedling Offspring (BWSO)

by Tie Wang, Lingli Wang, Chengyong He, Haiyan Song, Zihong Xu and Jing Li

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 745; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060745 - 18 Jun 2026

Viewed by 485

Abstract

Blueberry fruit quality is characterized by multi-dimensional traits such as color, sugar-acid flavor, and volatile aroma. However, variations in progeny metabolites during seedling selection need further study. This research used the blueberry variety ‘Baldwin’ (BW) and its seedling offspring (BWSO) to compare fruit [...] Read more.

Blueberry fruit quality is characterized by multi-dimensional traits such as color, sugar-acid flavor, and volatile aroma. However, variations in progeny metabolites during seedling selection need further study. This research used the blueberry variety ‘Baldwin’ (BW) and its seedling offspring (BWSO) to compare fruit appearance, as well as sugar and acid components, anthocyanin monomers, and volatile metabolites. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze anthocyanins, sugars, and acids, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to analyze volatile compounds. The results showed that, compared with BW, BWSO had a blacker skin and a lower L* value. Its total anthocyanin content increased by 35.90%, with delphinidin increasing the most (52.70%); component ratios were reconstructed. The main organic acids in BWSO decreased; titratable acid dropped by 29.82%, and the total soluble solids–acid ratio rose by 37.49%, indicating a good low-acid, high-sugar flavor. Forty-three differential volatile metabolites were found, and BWSO differed from BW in its green, fruity, and floral flavors. Notably, BWSO’s vitamin C (Vc) content decreased by 70.45% compared to BW, and Vc was negatively correlated with anthocyanin components. In conclusion, BWSO exhibits a black phenotype due to elevated total anthocyanins and restructured component ratios. Its low-acid trait yields better taste, but the antagonism between anthocyanin and Vc means balanced nutritional quality selection is crucial in dark-blueberry breeding. These findings offer new insights into the mechanism of color variation and provide a reference for balanced quality trait selection in seedling selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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30 pages, 11823 KB

Open AccessArticle

YOLO-MOD: An Instance Segmentation Algorithm for Pomelo Fruit and Fruit Stem Based on YOLOv11-Seg

by Wei Zhou, Leina Gao, Fuchun Sun, Qiurong Lv, Yuechao Bian, Chi Hu and Senlin Yang

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 744; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060744 - 18 Jun 2026

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Abstract

This study aims to develop an instance segmentation model for the joint segmentation of pomelo fruits and stems in complex natural orchard environments, with particular emphasis on slender, small-scale, and easily occluded stem targets. To this end, YOLO-MOD, an improved instance segmentation algorithm [...] Read more.

This study aims to develop an instance segmentation model for the joint segmentation of pomelo fruits and stems in complex natural orchard environments, with particular emphasis on slender, small-scale, and easily occluded stem targets. To this end, YOLO-MOD, an improved instance segmentation algorithm based on YOLOv11-seg, is proposed. Specifically, Omni-Dimensional Dynamic Convolution (ODConv) is introduced into the C3k2 module to enhance complex feature representation; a Multi-Scale Dilated Attention (MSDA) module is embedded to improve the multi-scale semantic perception of slender stem regions; and the original upsampling operator is replaced with DySample to strengthen fine-grained boundary recovery. Experimental results show that, compared with the original YOLOv11-seg, YOLO-MOD improves the Box mAP@50 and Mask mAP@50 by 2.9% and 3.9%, respectively. For the Stem class, the Box mAP@50 and Mask mAP@50 increase from 71.9% to 77.8% and from 68.4% to 76.2%, respectively. These results indicate that YOLO-MOD can achieve fine-grained segmentation of pomelo fruits and stems on the dataset used in this study. However, its generalization capability across different orchards, seasons, pomelo varieties, and fruit types still requires further evaluation, and its practical effectiveness in an integrated robotic harvesting system remains to be further validated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Processing of Horticultural Crops)

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23 pages, 8547 KB

Open AccessArticle

UAV Hyperspectral Estimation of Malus sieversii Canopy SPAD Index Using Transformer-LSTM

by Zhicong Zhang, Zhicheng Jiang, Wenxin Liu, Yaxin Han, Yunhao Wu, Dong Cui and Haijun Yang

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 743; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060743 - 18 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Canopy SPAD index is a practical indicator for evaluating the photosynthetic status and health of Malus sieversii, an endangered wild apple resource in Xinjiang. To develop a rapid and non-destructive monitoring approach, 255 canopy samples were collected across the flower fading stage, [...] Read more.

Canopy SPAD index is a practical indicator for evaluating the photosynthetic status and health of Malus sieversii, an endangered wild apple resource in Xinjiang. To develop a rapid and non-destructive monitoring approach, 255 canopy samples were collected across the flower fading stage, fruit stage, and fruit mature stage using synchronized UAV hyperspectral imaging and ground SPAD measurements. Spectral preprocessing, feature-band selection, regression modeling, and SHAP interpretation were evaluated using training-set optimization and independent test-set validation. SG-FD produced the strongest preprocessing response, with a maximum absolute correlation coefficient of 0.70. SiPLS reduced 220 effective bands to 84 wavelengths; subsequent CARS, GA, and SPA screening retained 28, 8, and 12 wavelengths, respectively. The SiPLS-CARS-based Transformer-LSTM model achieved the best performance, with R² = 0.91 and RMSE = 2.12 in training and R² = 0.86 and RMSE = 2.47 in testing. SHAP results indicated that red-edge wavelengths and visible sensitive bands contributed most to prediction. The proposed UAV hyperspectral and Transformer-LSTM framework provides an interpretable proof-of-concept method for canopy SPAD index estimation in Malus sieversii and supports non-destructive monitoring of wild fruit forest health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Hyperspectral Imaging in Smart Digital Horticulture)

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22 pages, 6912 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Grafting Performance by Optimizing Methods and Execution Periods Using TOPSIS Multicriteria Analysis

by Cristina Zlati, Roxana Pașcu, Marius Florea, Marius Dascălu, Andromeda Pătrașcu Sonea and Mihai Istrate

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 742; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060742 - 17 Jun 2026

Viewed by 656

Abstract

Walnut multiplication technology for obtaining high-quality planting material consists of grafting, followed by forcing bionts in protected spaces under controlled microclimatic conditions, and completed by acclimatization under field conditions. The present research substantiates the hypothesis that the use of protected spaces (polyethylene tunnels) [...] Read more.

Walnut multiplication technology for obtaining high-quality planting material consists of grafting, followed by forcing bionts in protected spaces under controlled microclimatic conditions, and completed by acclimatization under field conditions. The present research substantiates the hypothesis that the use of protected spaces (polyethylene tunnels) enables rigorous control of limiting factors. The main objectives of the paper are the comparative evaluation of two grafting methods (chip and patch budding) on the grafting success of eight native genotypes (‘Anica’, ‘Grădinar’, ‘Miroslava’, and ‘Velnița’, ‘Bălțăți’, ‘Belcești’, ‘Săbăuani’, and ‘Șorogari’) grafted on ‘Bălțați’ local biotype, determining the optimal moment of grafting by identifying the time window (April vs. August) that maximizes the success rate of the grafting association. The study, carried out from 2022 to 2024, evaluated the performance of chip and patch budding executed under high-tunnel conditions, quantifying the scion/rootstock growth, callus formation, and anatomical symbiont similarity through cross-sectional microscopy and image analysis software to measure vessel number, density, and diameter; the results are presented as the mean values of three annual repetitions across the experimental period. Preliminary results indicate a superior efficiency of the chip budding method, with a 51.3% success rate compared to 32.9% for the patch budding method. Another objective of the study was the ranking of the experimental variants. Thus, the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), a multi-criteria decision analysis method, ranked the experimental variants and identified the chip budding performed in April (variant a1/b2) as the optimal solution across all analyzed physiological and morphological parameters. These findings are highly significant for the nursery sector, as they demonstrate that transitioning from unpredictable field conditions to controlled high-tunnel conditions stabilizes production outcomes. By establishing a clear methodological hierarchy and a precise chronological window, this study provides actionable guidelines to standardize walnut multiplication, mitigate seasonal climate risks, and substantially increase the output of high-quality certified planting material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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23 pages, 7780 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Gshdz4-GsNAC019-GsEXPA8 Multi-Component Module Enhances Alkaline Stress Tolerance in Lupinus angustifolius

by Hongli Wang, Yijia Ruan, Mengyu Zhou, Yujing Liu, Xiaoyu Wang, Xinlei Du, Yishan Fu, Teng Zhang, Junfeng Zhang and Lei Cao

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 741; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060741 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Lupinus angustifolius is an important ornamental plant; however, its poor tolerance to alkaline soils limits its cultivation and production. Based on the alkaline-tolerance-related Gshdz4-GsNAC019-GsEXPA8 regulatory module previously screened and identified in soybean, we used Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation to overexpress [...] Read more.

Lupinus angustifolius is an important ornamental plant; however, its poor tolerance to alkaline soils limits its cultivation and production. Based on the alkaline-tolerance-related Gshdz4-GsNAC019-GsEXPA8 regulatory module previously screened and identified in soybean, we used Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation to overexpress in lupine roots the combinations Gshdz4-GsNAC019-GsEXPA8 (HNE), Gshdz4-GsNAC019 (HN), and GsNAC019-GsEXPA8 (NE) to investigate their effects on root development and alkaline tolerance. RT-PCR confirmed the successful generation of all overexpression lines. Under 100 mM NaHCO₃ stress, all overexpression lines exhibited less wilting and longer survival than the wild type (WT), with the HNE line showing the best phenotype. Physiological measurements showed that the overexpression lines had significantly higher proline content, antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, POD) activities, and root activity, as well as lower malondialdehyde content. DAB and NBT staining of leaves indicated reduced accumulation of O₂⁻ and H₂O₂, suggesting enhanced antioxidant capacity. Root architecture analysis revealed that root length, surface area, volume, tip number, and fork number were significantly increased in HNE, HN, and NE lines compared with WT, with the most pronounced effect observed in HNE. Bioinformatics analysis and qPCR confirmed that Gshdz4 binds to and activates the promoter of the endogenous LaNAC072 (the lupine homolog of GsNAC019), while GsNAC019 binds to and activates the promoter of the endogenous LaEXPA8 (the lupine homolog of GsEXPA8), thereby triggering the endogenous alkaline tolerance regulatory mechanism. Furthermore, the overexpression combinations significantly upregulated the expression of alkaline stress-responsive genes, including LaSOS1, LaNHX6, LaP5CS, LaMYB39, and LaDnaJ1. This study provides theoretical support for molecular breeding of alkaline-tolerant lupine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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29 pages, 12446 KB

Open AccessReview

Alfalfa as a Biological Nitrogen Source and Biofertilizer Component in Sustainable Horticultural Production Systems

by Vladimir Filipović, Elmira Saljnikov, Snežana Dimitrijević, Ljubica Šarčević-Todosijević, Vera Popović, Aleksandar Miletić, Jelena Golijan Pantović, Aleksandra Stanojković-Sebić and Vladan Ugrenović

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 740; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060740 - 17 Jun 2026

Viewed by 736

Abstract

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is widely recognized as a major forage crop, yet its role as a multifunctional biological input in sustainable horticultural production remains underexplored. This review evaluates alfalfa as a biological nitrogen source, organic fertilization resource, and biofertilizer-supporting crop within [...] Read more.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is widely recognized as a major forage crop, yet its role as a multifunctional biological input in sustainable horticultural production remains underexplored. This review evaluates alfalfa as a biological nitrogen source, organic fertilization resource, and biofertilizer-supporting crop within vegetable, medicinal, and perennial horticultural systems. Due to its high capacity for biological nitrogen fixation, alfalfa can supply substantial amounts of plant-available nitrogen, reducing dependency on synthetic fertilizers and supporting environmentally sound nutrient management. When used as green manure, cover crop, intercrop, mulch source, compost feedstock, or processed organic fertilizer, alfalfa enhances the soil organic carbon (SOC), improves soil structure, and increases the water-holding capacity properties particularly critical in intensive horticultural production. Higher SOC levels also contribute to the improved tolerance of horticultural crops to drought and heat stress through enhanced soil moisture retention and rhizosphere buffering. Alfalfa-based organic inputs stimulate rhizosphere microbial biomass, enzymatic activity, and functional genes associated with nitrogen cycling, strengthening plant–microbe interactions that underpin biofertilizer effectiveness. Evidence from vegetable and perennial systems indicates that alfalfa-derived amendments and rotations increase soil nitrogen availability, support yield stability, and improve soil health over the long-term. In orchards and vineyards, alfalfa cover cropping contributes to carbon sequestration, erosion control, and enhanced soil biological functioning. Overall, alfalfa emerges as a strategic species for integrating organic fertilization and biofertilizer-based approaches into modern horticultural systems, supporting reduced mineral fertilizer inputs while sustaining productivity, soil health, and environmental quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Horticultural Production: Applications of Organic Fertilization and Biofertilizers in Horticultural Cultivation)

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25 pages, 2717 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pollination Method Affects Gold Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) Fruit Weight Predominantly Through Seed Set: Convergent Mediation Evidence from Multiple Seasons (2018–2025) and Two Orchards

by Sung-Hyun Min, Young-Bo Lee, Somi Lee and Kyeong-Yong Lee

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 739; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060739 - 17 Jun 2026

Viewed by 513

Abstract

Pollination is the rate-limiting reproductive step in dioecious fruit crops. However, the developmental pathway through which pollination interventions translate into fruit weight remains unclear. Here, we tested whether seed set was the dominant pathway linking three pollination methods, namely, artificial pollination (AP), pollen [...] Read more.

Pollination is the rate-limiting reproductive step in dioecious fruit crops. However, the developmental pathway through which pollination interventions translate into fruit weight remains unclear. Here, we tested whether seed set was the dominant pathway linking three pollination methods, namely, artificial pollination (AP), pollen dispenser-assisted bee pollination (BTD), and bee-only pollination (BT), to fruit weight and soluble solids content (SSC) in gold kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis cv. ‘Haegeum’). A total of 2940 individually measured fruits were collected across two orchards in southern Korea (2018–2025), comprising 2022 main experiment (n = 1800), supporting trials (2018–2020, N = 540, including a six-treatment factorial design in 2020), and a 2025 replication of 600 fruits. Across the calibration range (seed number 100–700), each additional seed contributed 0.063–0.072 g of fruit weight (R² = 0.68–0.72). The slopes were statistically indistinguishable among AP, BTD, and BT. Mediation analysis was triangulated through three estimators: partial correlation (49.8–63.1% mediation), product-of-coefficients with 10,000 bootstrap resamples (70.3–77.4% indirect-effect mediation), and model-free stratification that converged on the same conclusion. When seed number was matched (500–700 range), treatment differences in fruit weight collapsed to non-significance (F = 0.34, p = 0.714). The two mediation percentages reflect different denominators, that is, standardised association vs. unstandardised total effect, and both estimators agree qualitatively. SSC was not mediated by the seed number (<8%). The small residual SSC pattern may reflect block-level confounding rather than a method-intrinsic effect. A random-effects meta-analysis across six-year site combinations returned pooled Hedges’ g = +0.43 (95% CI: −0.02 to +0.89, I² = 95.1%), with two years in which BTD significantly exceeded AP. In 2025, BTD achieved the Ferguson (1984) ≥1000-seed commercial standard in 79% of fruits. These findings identify the seed set as a method-independent reproductive bottleneck, reframing pollination system evaluation around pollen deposition-to-seed set conversion rather than around the delivery mechanism and support an efficiency-focused approach to orchard pollination management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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30 pages, 14169 KB

Open AccessReview

Environmentally Friendly Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Promote Diverse Mechanisms of Plant Nutrient Acquisition

by Romana Praženicová, Helena Ryšlavá and Veronika Hýsková

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 738; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060738 - 17 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) foster sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture by promoting plant growth and development. PGPR colonize the root rhizosphere, rhizoplane and root tissues, where they drive organic matter turnover and nutrient cycling, thereby increasing the (phyto)availability of essential macro- (P, N, [...] Read more.

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) foster sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture by promoting plant growth and development. PGPR colonize the root rhizosphere, rhizoplane and root tissues, where they drive organic matter turnover and nutrient cycling, thereby increasing the (phyto)availability of essential macro- (P, N, K, S, Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Co, Ni, Cu, B). This process relies on various mechanisms, including acid secretion (rhizospheric acidification and metal chelation), siderophore production (binding Fe, Zn, and other metals) and hydrolytic enzyme-mediated catalysis (phosphatases, phytases). Some of these microorganisms can also modulate the phytohormonal balance, reshaping root architecture and enhancing nutrient uptake, and even can alleviate abiotic stress or serve as biocontrol agents, contributing to pathogen resistance. Even though plant cultivation practices relying solely on synthetic fertilizers rapidly increase crop yield and productivity, they eventually result in crops poor in essential micronutrients and trace elements. This may contribute to micronutrient malnutrition in the human population. On the contrary, PGPR enhance both crop yield and nutritional quality. Therefore, in utilization with other nutrient sources, PGPR provide a promising and scalable approach towards advancing environmentally sustainable agriculture systems. Full article

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23 pages, 29255 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biochar Increases Soil Moisture and Improves Tomato Resilience Under Field Conditions: Results from a Two-Year Field Study in Tuscany (Italy)

by Arianna Biancalani, Chiara Piccini, Francesco Primo Vaccari, Fabrizio Ungaro, Giuseppe Mario Lanini, Veronica Conti, Giampiero Cai, Claudia Faleri, Carolina Fabbri and Silvia Baronti

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060737 - 17 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Biochar, a carbon-rich by-product of wood pyrolysis, improves soil structure, water retention, and plant growth. A two-year field experiment (2024–2025) was conducted in Poggibonsi (Tuscany, Italy) on tomato cv. “Canestrino” under contrasting climatic conditions. A single biochar application (15 t ha⁻¹) [...] Read more.

Biochar, a carbon-rich by-product of wood pyrolysis, improves soil structure, water retention, and plant growth. A two-year field experiment (2024–2025) was conducted in Poggibonsi (Tuscany, Italy) on tomato cv. “Canestrino” under contrasting climatic conditions. A single biochar application (15 t ha⁻¹) was evaluated for its effects on soil properties, water dynamics, plant water status, and ecophysiological and tissue-level responses. From the results, it emerged that biochar improved soil quality by increasing organic matter (+7.7%) and the C/N ratio (+10.6%), while reducing bulk density (1.42 to 1.25 Mg m⁻³). Soil water content was higher in amended plots, particularly in 2024 (32.84% vs. 24.87%), with a smaller increase in 2025 (24.66% vs. 24.08%). Improved soil water availability enhanced plant water status, as shown by less negative leaf water potential under stress conditions. Microscopic analyses confirmed better xylem integrity in treated plants, with reduced formation of tyloses and improved hydraulic functionality during drought. Agronomic responses reflected climatic variability: yield increased in biochar in 2024, whereas in 2025 drought stress reduced productivity in both treatments, with no significant differences. Overall, biochar improved soil moisture retention, plant water status, and ecophysiological performance, with effects dependent on seasonal rainfall patterns and environmental stress intensity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies of Producing Horticultural Crops Under Climate Change)

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18 pages, 12501 KB

Open AccessArticle

JAZ Gene Family in Camellia nitidissima: Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis During Flower Development and Hormone Treatments

by Yixin Cao, Yi Feng, Huaiyuan Wu, Lihua Chen, Hengfu Yin, Yingkun Sun and Weixin Liu

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 736; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060736 (registering DOI) - 16 Jun 2026

Viewed by 467

Abstract

JAZ (Jasmonate ZIM-Domain) proteins are key negative regulators of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway and are involved in various plant growth, development, and stress regulation. However, the functions of the JAZ gene family in Camellia nitidissima remain poorly understood. Here, ten CnJAZ [...] Read more.

JAZ (Jasmonate ZIM-Domain) proteins are key negative regulators of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway and are involved in various plant growth, development, and stress regulation. However, the functions of the JAZ gene family in Camellia nitidissima remain poorly understood. Here, ten CnJAZ genes were identified at the genome-wide level, encoding 134–398 amino acids and unevenly distributed across eight chromosomes. All CnJAZs were predicted to localize to the nucleus. Based on phylogenetic and structural analyses, the ten CnJAZs were classified into five subfamilies, with members of the same subfamily sharing similar exon–intron structures. Collinearity analysis with Arabidopsis thaliana and Malus domestica suggests that the JAZ gene family shares a common ancestor. Promoter analysis revealed cis-acting elements responsive to light, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and anaerobic stress. Transcriptome profiling showed that most CnJAZs exhibit tissue- and development-specific expression, particularly during flower development and organ formation. RT-qPCR confirmed that MeJA and gibberellin (GA₃) significantly induced the expression of CnJAZ, whereas ethylene (ETH) treatment up-regulated CnJAZ3 and CnJAZ5 by 80-fold after three hours. These findings highlight their important roles in growth, development, and hormonal regulation in C. nitidissima, laying a foundation for functional studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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17 pages, 6783 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cloning and Functional Analysis of the RiACO1 Gene in Raspberry

by Tiemei Li, Ruilin Wang, Fengyu Wan, Dingjie Hu, Yilong Zhang and Guohui Yang

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 735; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060735 - 16 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Red raspberry fruit is highly perishable, and raspberry plants are sensitive to drought and low-temperature stress because of their shallow root system, which limits production and postharvest utilization in cold regions. In this study, RiACO1 was cloned from red raspberry (‘Polka’) and analyzed [...] Read more.

Red raspberry fruit is highly perishable, and raspberry plants are sensitive to drought and low-temperature stress because of their shallow root system, which limits production and postharvest utilization in cold regions. In this study, RiACO1 was cloned from red raspberry (‘Polka’) and analyzed by bioinformatics, subcellular localization, tissue-specific expression, heterologous overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana, and transient overexpression in white-stage raspberry fruit. The full-length RiACO1 coding sequence was 963 bp and encoded a 320-amino-acid protein that localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus. RiACO1-overexpressing Arabidopsis lines showed higher survival rates under drought and low-temperature stress, accompanied by increased proline content, chlorophyll retention, and antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as reduced Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) accumulation. In raspberry fruit, transient RiACO1 overexpression increased RiACO1 transcript levels, ACO activity, and ethylene production and was associated with accelerated softening, anthocyanin accumulation, and chlorophyll degradation. These results indicate that RiACO1 is involved in ethylene-associated fruit ripening and may contribute to abiotic-stress responses; however, its direct breeding value in raspberry requires further validation through stable raspberry transformation or targeted loss-of-function approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Environmental Stress, and Disease Management of Fruits and Vegetables)

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18 pages, 7509 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Ornamental and Postharvest Potential of Oil-Type Sunflower Genotypes Grown Under Dense Sowing Conditions

by Nemanja Ćuk, Brankica Babec, Jelena Jocković, Miloš Krstić, Muneeb Ahmad Wani, Siniša Jocić and Sandra Cvejić

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060734 - 16 Jun 2026

Viewed by 598

Abstract

Sunflower is predominantly cultivated and extensively studied as an oil-type crop, which has contributed to the development of broad genetic variability within oil-type germplasm. In contrast, ornamental sunflower has received considerably less research attention. Therefore, the existing genetic variability of oil-type sunflower represents [...] Read more.

Sunflower is predominantly cultivated and extensively studied as an oil-type crop, which has contributed to the development of broad genetic variability within oil-type germplasm. In contrast, ornamental sunflower has received considerably less research attention. Therefore, the existing genetic variability of oil-type sunflower represents a valuable resource that can be explored and tested for ornamental traits, including postharvest performance and suitability for cut-flower production. This is particularly relevant given the increasing market demand for decorative sunflower types and the growing interest in diversified cut-flower assortments. The objective of this study was to assess the ornamental potential of oil-type sunflower genotypes, with particular emphasis on postharvest performance of cut-flowers. Genotypes from the breeding collection of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, were evaluated for key ornamental morphological traits and postharvest longevity. The experiment comprised treatments combining two storage regimes (room conditions and chamber storage) and two holding solutions (distilled water and 10% sucrose), applied across two sowing dates. To identify possible structural determinants of postharvest behavior, three morphologically contrasting genotypes (ĆMD U 12, AS 87, and LIP P 98) were further subjected to anatomical analysis of the peduncle. Postharvest longevity was significantly affected by genotype, sowing date, storage regime, sucrose treatment, and their interactions, demonstrating the strong influence of both genetic background and postharvest handling conditions. Chamber storage consistently affected postharvest longevity in most genotypes, while sucrose supplementation further improved it in several genotypes. Substantial genotypic variation in postharvest performance was detected. Substantial genotypic variation in postharvest performance was detected. Genotype ĆMD U 12 exhibited outstanding postharvest longevity under several storage environments, particularly in the second sowing date, whereas AS 87 showed markedly reduced postharvest longevity, particularly under ambient storage conditions. Morphological traits alone were not reliable predictors of postharvest longevity. In contrast, anatomical analyses revealed clear differences in peduncle tissue organization and vascular architecture among the selected genotypes, indicating that variation in supportive tissues and xylem vessel characteristics may play an important role in postharvest water relations and flower postharvest longevity. The results demonstrate the potential of IFVCNS oil-type sunflower germplasm for developing ornamental cut-flower genotypes adapted to dense sowing conditions, while also identifying postharvest treatments that significantly improve postharvest longevity and commercial usability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Cultivation and Performance of Ornamental Plants)

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33 pages, 979 KB

Open AccessReview

Applied Heat-Stress Mitigation Strategies in Vegetable Crops: Toward Integrated Field-Scale Approaches

by Ibrahim Abouelsaad, Sobhi F. Lamlom, Rasha El-Serafy, Emad Aboukila and Abdulaziz Alharbi

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 733; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060733 - 16 Jun 2026

Viewed by 873

Abstract

Rising global temperatures and recurrent heat waves increasingly threaten vegetable production, as vegetable crops are more thermosensitive than most field crops. Vegetable crops frequently experience severe reductions in pollen viability, fruit set, marketable yield, and quality under heat waves. Numerous reviews have substantially [...] Read more.

Rising global temperatures and recurrent heat waves increasingly threaten vegetable production, as vegetable crops are more thermosensitive than most field crops. Vegetable crops frequently experience severe reductions in pollen viability, fruit set, marketable yield, and quality under heat waves. Numerous reviews have substantially advanced our understanding of heat stress perception, signal transduction networks, transcriptional regulation, and thermotolerance mechanisms, primarily in model species and major field crops. However, comprehensive review articles of field-applied mitigation strategies specifically tailored to vegetable production remain limited. This review provides a critical analysis of the use of genetic resources (cultivars and grafting), field management approaches (optimized planting dates, crop rotation, canopy management, and intercropping), irrigation, nutrient optimization, biostimulants, microbial inoculants, and physical microclimate modification strategies. The research consolidates current applied and mechanistic evidence on heat-stress mitigation in vegetable crops and identifies targeted, actionable priorities for field adoption. Emphasis is placed on the integration of complementary mitigation strategies at the field scale where combined approaches may generate synergistic effects. Key research gaps include limited studies on combined heat–drought/salinity stress, lack of standardized field protocols for biostimulants, and insufficient farm-scale economic evaluations of mitigation strategies. Advancing interdisciplinary, field-validated, and climate-smart management frameworks will be essential to ensure sustainable vegetable productivity and quality stability in accelerating global warming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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15 pages, 1631 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Validation of Genome-Wide SSR Markers for Genetic Diversity Analysis of Centella asiatica

by Du-Hyun Baek, Raveendar Sebastin, Jun-Su Kim, Yoonyoung Byun, Tae Kyung Hyun, Ju-Kyung Yu, Yoon-Sup So, Hojin Ryu and Jong-Wook Chung

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060732 - 15 Jun 2026

Viewed by 528

Abstract

(1) Background: Centella asiatica (L.) is a long-lived medicinal plant traditionally recognized for its wound-healing and anti-inflammatory properties. Despite the growing demand for diverse C. asiatica species in Korea, studies on genetic diversity remain limited. (2) Methods: Genome assembly data of C. asiatica [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Centella asiatica (L.) is a long-lived medicinal plant traditionally recognized for its wound-healing and anti-inflammatory properties. Despite the growing demand for diverse C. asiatica species in Korea, studies on genetic diversity remain limited. (2) Methods: Genome assembly data of C. asiatica from the NCBI database were utilized to develop genomic SSR markers. Genetic diversity and population structure were examined in 30 Korean native C. asiatica accessions using 90 SSR markers. (3) Results: Whole-genome sequencing revealed 376,751 SSR loci, from which 127,528 primer pairs were designed. Among 160 randomly selected primers, 90 showed consistent amplification and displayed high levels of polymorphism. Genetic analyses revealed that the MAF ranged from 0.15 to 1.00 (mean 0.55), the NA ranged from 1 to 15 (mean 5.6), the Ho ranged from 0.00 to 1.00 (mean 0.17), and the PIC values ranged from 0.00 to 0.88 (mean 0.52). Clustering analysis with 90 SSR markers revealed three clusters, whereas population structure analysis indicated two populations among the C. asiatica accessions. Furthermore, two minimum marker sets with five marker combinations were identified and proved useful to differentiate all C. asiatica accessions. (4) Conclusions: The newly developed SSR markers for C. asiatica hold promise for facilitating research endeavors pertaining to variety identification, genetic mapping, and marker-assisted selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Omics Technologies and Regulatory Mechanisms of Ornamental Plants)

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28 pages, 39938 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Propagation of Curcuma lampangensis Saensouk, Maknoi & Rakarcha, Critically Endangered Species from North Thailand

by Anchalee Phoothonrat, Surapon Saensouk, Sarayut Rakarcha, Suthira Maneechai and Piyaporn Saensouk

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060731 - 15 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Curcuma lampangensis Saensouk, Maknoi & Rakarcha is a member of the family Zingiberaceae within the genus Curcuma L. This species is endemic to Thailand and is classified as critically endangered due to its restricted distribution and the ongoing degradation of its natural habitats. [...] Read more.

Curcuma lampangensis Saensouk, Maknoi & Rakarcha is a member of the family Zingiberaceae within the genus Curcuma L. This species is endemic to Thailand and is classified as critically endangered due to its restricted distribution and the ongoing degradation of its natural habitats. The species predominantly occurs in areas that are increasingly impacted by anthropogenic activities, particularly agricultural expansion, which contributes to habitat fragmentation and poses a significant risk to its persistence in the wild. In addition, propagation by rhizomes or seeds shows relatively low propagation efficiency. Therefore, plant tissue culture techniques are considered important for improving propagation efficiency. In this study, shoot and root induction of C. lampangensis were investigated by culturing on solid and liquid MS medium for 8 weeks, supplemented with different plant growth regulators including BA, kinetin, IAA, IBA, NAA, 2,4-D, TDZ, mT and Ads. The results showed that solid MS medium supplemented with 2 and 3 mg/L mT induced the highest mean number of shoots of 7.26 to 7.63 shoots per explant, a mean roots number of 18.57 to 19.88 roots per explant, and 30 to 60% callus formation. Meanwhile, liquid MS medium without plant growth regulators induced the highest mean number of roots of 34.73 roots per explant, with a mean root length of 3.49 cm. Acclimatized rooted plantlets transferred to sandy soil showed 85% survival rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)

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17 pages, 308 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Impact of Postharvest Overripening on Carotenoid and Tocopherol Content of New Spice Red Pepper Genotypes Cultivated with Different Modes

by Péter Tóth Horgosi, Hussein G. Daood, Leith Alhassani, Flórián Kovács, Zoltán Timár and Lajos Helyes

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060730 - 15 Jun 2026

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Abstract

The present study was conducted to evaluate recently developed pungent and unpungent red pepper varieties for paprika production with respect to carotenoid and tocopherol composition and content. Varieties with outstanding traits were cultivated using various methods to determine the optimal conditions for maximizing [...] Read more.

The present study was conducted to evaluate recently developed pungent and unpungent red pepper varieties for paprika production with respect to carotenoid and tocopherol composition and content. Varieties with outstanding traits were cultivated using various methods to determine the optimal conditions for maximizing bioactive component levels. The biologically ripe fruits of these varieties were stored under ambient conditions to initiate postharvest overripening. Carotenoids and tocopherols were analyzed using recent HPLC methods. The different varieties of pungent pepper differed significantly in the levels of carotenoid groups and tocopherols. Among pungent breeds, Hetényi Triász (HET-T), CF5, and Uniring (UNIR) showed the highest levels of total carotenoids (1967.39 ± 260.35, 1642.72 ± 67.41, and 1609.07 ± 524.52 µg g⁻¹, respectively). The highest amounts of provitamin A (187.60 ± 8.19 µg g⁻¹) were recorded in the CF5 variety. As regards tocopherols, the highest concentration (547.09 ± 44.20 µg g⁻¹) was recorded for CF5, with no significant differences among the studied varieties. However, the content of vitamin E was significantly higher in CF1 and CF5 than in HET-T and UNIR. Notably, under organic farming conditions, the carotenoid content in UNIR was significantly lower than in the direct-sowing and seedling-transplantation modes. Organic farming of UNIR resulted in lower levels of all carotenoid groups compared with other cultivation modes, particularly conventional seedling transplantation. The indoor cultivation of the unpungent Borbási genotype did not significantly improve the carotenoid content, particularly the total red xanthophylls. Ambient postharvest overripening led to a substantial increase, up to 3-fold, in carotenoid group content in both pungent and non-pungent genotypes. The average value for the total carotenoid content increased from 5005.7 to 8208.3 µg g⁻¹ in unpungent varieties and from 1896.4 to 3426.8 µg g⁻¹ in pungent varieties. For tocopherols, overripening had a slightly positive effect on total tocopherol (from 1375.3 to 1594.7 µg g⁻¹) and esterified forms of vitamin E in pungent breeds with a significantly high increase from 532.0 to 823.7 µg g⁻¹. In conclusion, postharvest overripening is indispensable for obtaining paprika products with an outstanding content of bioactive compounds, particularly red carotenoid diesters. Based on carotenoid content and response to overripening of red and total carotenoids, the UNIR and Borbási varieties are superior to other pungent and unpungent genotypes, respectively. The positive impact of postharvest overripening on carotenoid and tocopherol levels depended mainly on genetic factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Postharvest Preservation and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables)

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Horticulturae, Volume 12, Issue 6 (June 2026) – 115 articles

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