Publications

21 pages, 2415 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reframing Government Science Communication in the Digital Era: A Multi-Model Study of BRIN (Indonesia)

by Yutainten, Engkus Kuswarno, Uud Wahyudin and Ira Mirawati

Publications 2025, 13(3), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030045 - 19 Sep 2025

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In governmental agencies, science communication often focuses on one-way knowledge transfer, even on digital platforms designed for interaction and engagement. This study examines the strategies used by Indonesia’s National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) across four science communication models—deficit, dialogue, participatory, and scientific [...] Read more.

In governmental agencies, science communication often focuses on one-way knowledge transfer, even on digital platforms designed for interaction and engagement. This study examines the strategies used by Indonesia’s National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) across four science communication models—deficit, dialogue, participatory, and scientific agency—to identify shortcomings and opportunities for more inclusive public engagement. Using a qualitative case study approach, we analyzed digital content produced by BRIN, conducted 25 semi-structured interviews, held focus group discussions, and observed digital data. The data were thematically coded using NVivo software 12. Our findings show that BRIN mainly adopts the deficit model, using digital platforms primarily for broadcasting rather than genuine engagement. While some dialogue occurs, it often takes the form of “Controlled Dialogue”—a performative use of interactive tools limited by institutional and bureaucratic obstacles. These barriers impede genuine participation. We recommend a strategic hybrid model that aligns communication methods with specific objectives, offering actionable strategies for public research institutions in the Global South to enhance meaningful public engagement. Full article

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21 pages, 1162 KB

Open AccessArticle

Scientific Production in Central America (1996–2023): Bibliometric Analysis of Regional Trends, Collaboration, and Research Impact

by Marta Irene Flores Polanco and Carlos Alberto Echeverría Mayorga

Publications 2025, 13(3), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030044 - 8 Sep 2025

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Abstract

This article presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of scientific production in Central America between 1996 and 2023, based on data indexed in the Scopus database. The study frames the investigation within the broader context of scientific visibility and regional development, aiming to evaluate [...] Read more.

This article presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of scientific production in Central America between 1996 and 2023, based on data indexed in the Scopus database. The study frames the investigation within the broader context of scientific visibility and regional development, aiming to evaluate trends in research productivity, thematic specialization, and patterns of scientific collaboration across Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. A total of 35,146 articles authored by researchers affiliated with institutions in Central America were analyzed using indicators such as publication volume, subject areas, journal impact and co-authorship data provided by Scopus. The findings reveal a consistent annual growth rate of 7%, yet with marked disparities among countries. Costa Rica, Panama, and Guatemala account for 82% of the total scientific output, while the remaining countries contribute only 18%. Research activity is primarily concentrated in the medical, agricultural, biological, and environmental sciences. Over 80% of publications involve international collaboration, predominantly with the United States, Spain, and Mexico, whereas intraregional cooperation remains limited. The analysis underscores the region’s reliance on global research networks and reveals persistent internal asymmetries in scientific development. The results suggest the need for increased investment in national research systems, stronger regional collaboration, and targeted strategies to balance scientific production across countries. Full article

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15 pages, 568 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Knowledge Keeper to Intelligent Collaborator: The Role Reinvention and Value Reconstruction of Librarians in the AI-Enabled Era

by Jiwei Zhang and Jiafu Liu

Publications 2025, 13(3), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030043 - 6 Sep 2025

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Abstract

AI technology is reshaping the knowledge ecosystem, bringing both challenges and opportunities to libraries. This article examines the transformation of librarians from “knowledge guardians” to “intelligent collaborators.” It discusses the professional challenges and practical dilemmas introduced by AI through the lenses of value [...] Read more.

AI technology is reshaping the knowledge ecosystem, bringing both challenges and opportunities to libraries. This article examines the transformation of librarians from “knowledge guardians” to “intelligent collaborators.” It discusses the professional challenges and practical dilemmas introduced by AI through the lenses of value reorientation and paradigm shift. The paper argues that librarians should actively adopt new technologies, engage in ongoing learning, and develop more resilient knowledge service systems, while also identifying their key roles and potential pathways for transformation within smart library frameworks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Academic Libraries in Supporting Research)

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18 pages, 2889 KB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond Quality: Predicting Citation Impact in Business Research Using Data Science

by Reyner Pérez-Campdesuñer, Alexander Sánchez-Rodríguez, Rodobaldo Martínez-Vivar, Margarita De Miguel-Guzmán and Gelmar García-Vidal

Publications 2025, 13(3), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030042 - 5 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The volume of scientific publications has increased exponentially over the past decades across virtually all academic disciplines. In this landscape of information overload, objective criteria are needed to identify high-impact research. Citation counts have traditionally served as a primary indicator of scientific relevance; [...] Read more.

The volume of scientific publications has increased exponentially over the past decades across virtually all academic disciplines. In this landscape of information overload, objective criteria are needed to identify high-impact research. Citation counts have traditionally served as a primary indicator of scientific relevance; however, questions remain as to whether they truly reflect the intrinsic quality of a publication. This study investigates the relationship between citation frequency and a wide range of editorial, authorship, and contextual variables. A dataset of 339,609 articles indexed in Scopus was analyzed, retrieved using the search query TITLE-ABS-KEY (management) AND LIMIT-TO (subarea, “Busi”). The research employed a descriptive analysis followed by two predictive modeling approaches: a Random Forest algorithm to assess variable importance, and a binary logistic regression to estimate the probability of a paper being cited. Results indicate that factors such as journal quartile, country of affiliation, number of authors, open access availability, and keyword usage significantly influence citation outcomes. The Random Forest model explained 94.9% of the variance, while the logistic model achieved an AUC of 0.669, allowing the formulation of a predictive citation equation. Findings suggest that multiple determinants beyond content quality drive citation behavior, and that citation probability can be predicted with reasonable accuracy, though inherent model limitations must be acknowledged. Full article

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28 pages, 644 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reckoning with Retractions in Research Funding Reviews: The Case of China

by Shaoxiong Brian Xu and Guangwei Hu

Publications 2025, 13(3), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030041 - 4 Sep 2025

Viewed by 2443

Abstract

China’s retraction crisis has raised concerns about research integrity and accountability within its scientific community and beyond. To address this issue, we proposed in an earlier publication that Chinese research funders incorporate retraction records into the evaluation of research funding applications by establishing [...] Read more.

China’s retraction crisis has raised concerns about research integrity and accountability within its scientific community and beyond. To address this issue, we proposed in an earlier publication that Chinese research funders incorporate retraction records into the evaluation of research funding applications by establishing a retraction-based review system. This review system would debar researchers with retraction records from applying for funding for a specified period. However, our earlier proposal lacked practical guidance on how to operationalize such a review system. In this article, we expand on our proposal by fleshing out the proposed ten debarment determinants and offering a framework for quantifying the duration of funding ineligibility. Additionally, we outline the critical steps for implementing the retraction-based review system, address the major challenges to its effective and sustainable adoption, and propose viable solutions to these challenges. Finally, we discuss the benefits of implementing the review system, emphasizing its potential to strengthen research integrity and foster a culture of accountability in the Chinese academic community. Full article

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32 pages, 725 KB

Open AccessReview

Mapping the Use of Bibliometric Software and Methodological Transparency in Literature Review Studies: A Comparative Analysis of China-Affiliated and Non-China-Affiliated Research Communities (2015–2024)

by Altyeb Ali Abaker Omer and Yajie Dong

Publications 2025, 13(3), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030040 - 3 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The growing use of bibliometric methods in literature reviews has intensified concerns about methodological transparency and consistency. This study compares English-language reviews authored by China-affiliated and non-China-affiliated researchers between 2015 and 2024. Through bibliometric content analysis and co-word network mapping, it evaluates the [...] Read more.

The growing use of bibliometric methods in literature reviews has intensified concerns about methodological transparency and consistency. This study compares English-language reviews authored by China-affiliated and non-China-affiliated researchers between 2015 and 2024. Through bibliometric content analysis and co-word network mapping, it evaluates the following: (1) the use and purposes of bibliometric software; (2) the clarity of methodological reporting, including software versions, threshold settings, data preprocessing, and database selection; (3) the extent to which limitations are acknowledged and recommendations proposed; and (4) the dominant conceptual themes shaping research practices. The analysis covers 50 highly cited reviews (25 per group) and 4000 additional papers for thematic mapping. Findings show both convergence and divergence: while tools such as VOSviewer, CiteSpace, Gephi, and Bibliometrix are widely adopted, non-China-affiliated studies exhibit greater transparency and reflexivity, whereas China-affiliated research often emphasizes output metrics and underreports methodological challenges. These contrasts reflect broader epistemological norms and research cultures. This study underscores the need for unified reporting standards and contributes to meta-research by offering practical guidance to improve the transparency, comparability, and rigor of bibliometric-supported literature reviews. Full article

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23 pages, 1195 KB

Open AccessArticle

Editorial Policy and the Dissemination of Scientific Knowledge on Open Access—Case Study: Science Communication Journals in Latin America

by Fernando Sánchez-Pita, Mario Benito-Cabello and Belén Puebla-Martínez

Publications 2025, 13(3), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030039 - 28 Aug 2025

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Abstract

The editorial policies of science journals have an impact on access to scientific knowledge. One of the most effective ways to share knowledge with the entire society is to offer it free of charge. Considering the international recognition of Scopus and Web of [...] Read more.

The editorial policies of science journals have an impact on access to scientific knowledge. One of the most effective ways to share knowledge with the entire society is to offer it free of charge. Considering the international recognition of Scopus and Web of Science, this study analyses 28 scientific journals in the field of communication that are indexed under the “Communication” category in both databases in order to review their editorial decisions regarding the dissemination of articles they publish. By taking a descriptive approach, the authors have examined the inner workings and design, as well as aspects related to ethics and transparency, as key components of this policy. The findings indicate that most journals are influenced by digital publishing platforms and that various features examined in this study are offered by these platforms by default. This is especially true in terms of design, which simultaneously enables yet influences each journal’s editorial policy. Together with the need for financial support and adequate human resources, this situation makes it difficult to implement an editorial policy free of external encroachment. This article concludes by emphasising the importance of establishing editorial policies that promote open access as a standard practice, thereby reinforcing the democratisation of access to scientific knowledge. It is recommended to strengthen institutional support for journals operating under the diamond model, promote their visibility and thematic specialisation, enhance technical and visual aspects, and clearly articulate ethical commitments within their editorial policies. In short, this analysis provides a comprehensive overview of both strengths and areas of improvement, offering recommendations to help these journals optimise their contribution to the global academic ecosystem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Open Science: Developments and Disinformation Regarding Scientific Information)

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18 pages, 3005 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Scholars Collaborate on Data Assets Research: A Systematic Comparative Analysis of Chinese and International Publications

by Yaqin Li, Jinyuan Shi and Yuequan Yang

Publications 2025, 13(3), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030038 - 16 Aug 2025

Viewed by 748

Abstract

In the era of data elements, it is extremely necessary and practically important to analyze network characteristics and evolutionary trends in academic research collaboration in the field of data assets research, which can provide valuable insights for promoting deep cooperation of scholars and [...] Read more.

In the era of data elements, it is extremely necessary and practically important to analyze network characteristics and evolutionary trends in academic research collaboration in the field of data assets research, which can provide valuable insights for promoting deep cooperation of scholars and enhancing their collaborative efficiency. However, existing studies on data assets research rarely delve into key differentiating characteristics and core thematic priorities between Chinese and international samples of collaboration networks. Based on bibliometric methods and social network analysis, a systematic comparative analysis between Chinese collaboration networks and international collaboration networks is conducted via CiteSpace software by using core literature from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science Core Collection, developed by Clarivate Analytics (WoS). Through observation, we find that the number of publications in this field has reached a preliminary scale with distinct differences in research focus and collaborative features between cooperation networks in China (CNCs) and international cooperation networks (ICNs). In recent years, Chinese samples have primarily focused upon research themes related to data value realization, such as data rights confirmation, data assets accounting, and data trusts. The overall connectivity of CNCs seems relatively weak, and a stable core author group has not formed, while collaborations in CNCs are predominantly localized and short-term. In contrast, international samples in recent years have mainly addressed the contextual application of data assets, exhibiting a collaboration network characterized by multi-center, interdisciplinary, and cross-institutional synergy, while core authors in ICNs are closely interconnected and their connectivity and structure are generally stronger than those of CNCs. Full article

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16 pages, 1857 KB

Open AccessArticle

Academic Library with Generative AI: From Passive Information Providers to Proactive Knowledge Facilitators

by Junic Kim

Publications 2025, 13(3), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030037 - 15 Aug 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1538

Abstract

This study investigates how generative artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping academic libraries from passive information providers into proactive knowledge facilitators. Drawing on the qualitative case study of a South Korean university library that implemented an AI-powered chatbot, the study examines its impact on [...] Read more.

This study investigates how generative artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping academic libraries from passive information providers into proactive knowledge facilitators. Drawing on the qualitative case study of a South Korean university library that implemented an AI-powered chatbot, the study examines its impact on service personalization, user engagement, and research efficiency. The thematic analysis of interviews with users and staff reveals how AI integration transforms the user experience and redefines professional roles. Findings contribute to scholarly discussions on library innovation, demonstrating how generative AI enables adaptive, anticipatory knowledge services in academic environments shaped by digital transformation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Academic Libraries in Supporting Research)

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8 pages, 844 KB

Open AccessOpinion

Flawed Metrics, Damaging Outcomes: A Rebuttal to the RI² Integrity Index Targeting Top Indonesian Universities

by Muhammad Iqhrammullah, Derren D. C. H. Rampengan, Muhammad Fadhlal Maula and Ikhwan Amri

Publications 2025, 13(3), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030036 - 4 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1645

Abstract

The Research Integrity Risk Index (RI²), introduced as a tool to identify universities at risk of compromised research integrity, adopts an overly reductive methodology by combining retraction rates and delisted journal proportions into a single, equally weighted composite score. While its [...] Read more.

The Research Integrity Risk Index (RI²), introduced as a tool to identify universities at risk of compromised research integrity, adopts an overly reductive methodology by combining retraction rates and delisted journal proportions into a single, equally weighted composite score. While its stated aim is to promote accountability, this commentary critiques the RI² index for its flawed assumptions, lack of empirical validation, and disproportionate penalization of institutions in low- and middle-income countries. We examine how RI² misinterprets retractions, misuses delisting data, and fails to account for diverse academic publishing environments, particularly in Indonesia, where many high-performing universities are unfairly categorized as “high risk” or “red flag.” The index’s uncritical reliance on opaque delisting decisions, combined with its fixed equal-weighting formula, produces volatile and context-insensitive scores that do not accurately reflect the presence or severity of research misconduct. Moreover, RI² has gained significant media attention and policy influence despite being based on an unreviewed preprint, with no transparent mechanism for institutional rebuttal or contextual adjustment. By comparing RI² classifications with established benchmarks such as the Scimago Institution Rankings and drawing from lessons in global development metrics, we argue that RI², although conceptually innovative, should remain an exploratory framework. It requires rigorous scientific validation before being adopted as a global standard. We also propose flexible weighting schemes, regional calibration, and transparent engagement processes to improve the fairness and reliability of institutional research integrity assessments. Full article

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24 pages, 2315 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Decade of Transformation in Higher Education and Science in Kazakhstan: A Literature and Scientometric Review of National Projects and Research Trends

by Timur Narbaev, Diana Amirbekova and Aknar Bakdaulet

Publications 2025, 13(3), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030035 - 30 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Higher education and science (HES) is one of the key drivers of a country’s economic growth. In this study, we examine national projects and research capacity in HES in Kazakhstan from 2014 to 2024. We conducted a content review and scientometric analysis with [...] Read more.

Higher education and science (HES) is one of the key drivers of a country’s economic growth. In this study, we examine national projects and research capacity in HES in Kazakhstan from 2014 to 2024. We conducted a content review and scientometric analysis with network and temporal visualizations. Our data sources included policy documents, statistical reports, and the Scopus database. Our findings suggest that, while Kazakhstan aligns with global trends in the field (e.g., digitalization, scientometrics monitoring, and internationalization), these are achieved through a state-led, policy-driven approach shaped by its post-Soviet context. Additionally, we note a dual structure in Kazakhstan’s HES sector, characterized by a strong top-down direction and increasing institutional engagement. In terms of the thematic trends from the temporal analysis, the country experienced a three-staged evolution: foundational reforms and system modernization (2014–2017), capacity building and evaluation (2018–2021), and, most recently, strategic expansion, inclusivity, and globalization (2022–2024). Throughout the analyzed period, low R&D intensity, disciplinary imbalances, and structural barriers still undermine desired development efforts in HES. The analyzed case of Kazakhstan can serve as “lessons learned” for policymakers and researchers working in the science evaluation and scholarly communication area in similar emerging or transition countries. Full article

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26 pages, 3526 KB

Open AccessArticle

All Roads Lead to Excellence: A Comparative Scientometric Assessment of French and Dutch European Research Council Grant Winners’ Academic Performance in the Domain of Social Sciences and Humanities

by Gergely Ferenc Lendvai, Petra Aczél and Péter Sasvári

Publications 2025, 13(3), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030034 - 24 Jul 2025

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Abstract

This study investigates how differing national research governance models impact academic performance by comparing European Research Council (ERC) grant winners in the social sciences and humanities from France and the Netherlands. Situated within the broader context of centralized versus decentralized research systems, the [...] Read more.

This study investigates how differing national research governance models impact academic performance by comparing European Research Council (ERC) grant winners in the social sciences and humanities from France and the Netherlands. Situated within the broader context of centralized versus decentralized research systems, the analysis aims to understand how these structures shape publication trends, thematic diversity, and collaboration patterns. Drawing on Scopus and SciVal data covering 9996 publications by 305 ERC winners between 2019 and 2023, we employed a multi-method approach, including latent Dirichlet allocation for topic modeling, compound annual growth rate analysis, and co-authorship network analysis. The results show that neuroscience, climate change, and psychology are dominant domains, with language and linguistics particularly prevalent in France and law and political science in the Netherlands. French ERC winners are more likely to be affiliated with national or sectoral institutions, whereas in the Netherlands, elite universities dominate. Collaboration emerged as a key success factor, with an average of four co-authors per publication and network analyses revealing central figures who bridge topical clusters. International collaborations were consistently linked with higher visibility, while single-authored publications showed limited impact. These findings suggest that institutional context and collaborative practices significantly shape research performance in both countries. Full article

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18 pages, 627 KB

Open AccessReview

Mapping the Impact of Generative AI on Disinformation: Insights from a Scoping Review

by Alexandre López-Borrull and Carlos Lopezosa

Publications 2025, 13(3), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030033 - 21 Jul 2025

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Abstract

This article presents a scoping review of the academic literature published between 2021 and 2024 on the intersection of generative artificial intelligence (AI) and disinformation. Drawing from 64 peer-reviewed studies, the review examines the current research landscape and identifies six key thematic areas: [...] Read more.

This article presents a scoping review of the academic literature published between 2021 and 2024 on the intersection of generative artificial intelligence (AI) and disinformation. Drawing from 64 peer-reviewed studies, the review examines the current research landscape and identifies six key thematic areas: political disinformation and propaganda; scientific disinformation; fact-checking; journalism and the media; media literacy and education; and deepfakes. The findings reveal that generative AI plays a dual role: it enables the rapid creation and targeted dissemination of synthetic content but also offers new opportunities for detection, verification, and public education. Beyond summarizing research trends, this review highlights the broader societal and practical implications of generative AI in the context of information disorder. It outlines how AI tools are already reshaping journalism, challenging scientific communication, and transforming strategies for media literacy and fact-checking. The analysis also identifies key policy and governance challenges, particularly the need for coordinated responses from governments, platforms, educators, and civil society actors. By offering a structured overview of the field, the article enhances our understanding of how generative AI can both exacerbate and help mitigate disinformation, and proposes directions for research, regulation, and public engagement. Full article

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25 pages, 442 KB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond Books: Student Perspectives on Emerging Technologies, Usability, and Ethics in the Library of the Future

by Faisal Kalota, Benedicta Frema Boamah, Hesham Allam, Tyler Schisler and Grace Witty

Publications 2025, 13(3), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030032 - 15 Jul 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1129

Abstract

This research aims to understand the evolving role of academic libraries, focusing on student perceptions of current services and their vision for the future. Data was collected using a survey at a midwestern research university in the United States. The survey contained both [...] Read more.

This research aims to understand the evolving role of academic libraries, focusing on student perceptions of current services and their vision for the future. Data was collected using a survey at a midwestern research university in the United States. The survey contained both quantitative and qualitative questions. The objective of the survey was to understand the current utilization of library services and students’ future visions for academic libraries. Qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques were utilized as part of the study. Thematic analysis was employed as part of the qualitative analysis, while descriptive and inferential analysis techniques were utilized in the quantitative analysis. The findings reveal that many students use libraries for traditional functions such as studying and accessing resources. There is also an inclination toward digitalization due to convenience, accessibility, and environmental sustainability; however, print materials remain relevant as well. Another finding was a lack of awareness among some students regarding available library services, indicating a need for better marketing and communication strategies. Students envision future libraries as technology-driven spaces integrating artificial intelligence (AI), augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and innovative collaborative environments. Ethical considerations surrounding AI, including privacy, bias, and transparency, are crucial factors that must be addressed. Some of the actionable recommendations include integrating ethical AI, implementing digital literacy initiatives, conducting ongoing usability and user experience (UX) research within the library, and fostering cross-functional collaboration to enhance library services and student learning. Full article

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30 pages, 2323 KB

Open AccessReview

The Measurement of Innovation: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Global Innovation Index Research

by Marcelo Pereira Duarte and Fernando Manuel Pereira de Oliveira Carvalho

Publications 2025, 13(3), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030031 - 26 Jun 2025

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Abstract

The purpose of this review is to synthesise the accumulated knowledge on Global Innovation Index (GII) research. We utilised a corpus from the Web of Science Core Collection to systematically examine the antecedents, consequences, and relationships among the GII’s dimensions. Additionally, we employed [...] Read more.

The purpose of this review is to synthesise the accumulated knowledge on Global Innovation Index (GII) research. We utilised a corpus from the Web of Science Core Collection to systematically examine the antecedents, consequences, and relationships among the GII’s dimensions. Additionally, we employed the bibliometric techniques of bibliographic coupling and co-citation analysis to identify the leading areas of GII research and the foundational literature in this field. Our systematic review of GII empirical research allowed us to graphically represent the significant relationships among its dimensions. The findings from the bibliographic coupling revealed five recent lines of investigation in GII research: configurational methods; innovation efficiency and policy; competitiveness, entrepreneurship, and sustainable development; innovation rankings; and culture. Furthermore, the co-citation analysis highlighted four clusters of literature that have contributed to GII research. We aim to enhance the field of Innovation Studies by showcasing the current state of research on the GII, one of the most promising tools for measuring innovation activity, and to provide insights into potential future research avenues to further develop this area of study. Full article

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24 pages, 1952 KB

Open AccessArticle

How China Governs Open Science: Policies, Priorities, and Structural Imbalances

by Xiaoting Chen, Abdelghani Maddi and Yanyan Wang

Publications 2025, 13(3), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13030030 - 23 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1783

Abstract

This article investigates the architecture and institutional distribution of policy tools supporting open science (OS) in China. Based on a corpus of 199 policy documents comprising 25,885 policy statements, we apply an AI-assisted classification to analyze how the Chinese government mobilizes different types [...] Read more.

This article investigates the architecture and institutional distribution of policy tools supporting open science (OS) in China. Based on a corpus of 199 policy documents comprising 25,885 policy statements, we apply an AI-assisted classification to analyze how the Chinese government mobilizes different types of tools. Using Qwen-plus, a large language model developed by Alibaba Cloud and fine-tuned for OS-related content, each policy statement is categorized into one of fifteen subcategories under three main types: supply-oriented, environment-oriented, and demand-oriented tools. Our findings reveal a strong dominance of supply-oriented tools (63%), especially investments in infrastructure, education, and public services. Demand-oriented tools remain marginal (11%), with little use of economic incentives or regulatory obligations. Environment-oriented tools show more balance but still underrepresent key components like incentive systems and legal mandates for open access. To deepen the analysis, we introduce a normalized indicator of institutional focus, which captures the relative emphasis of each policy type across administrative levels. Results show that supply-oriented tools are concentrated at top-level institutions, reflecting a top-down governance model. Demand tools are localized at lower levels, highlighting limited strategic commitment. Overall, China’s OS policy mix prioritizes infrastructure over incentives, limiting systemic transformation toward a more sustainable open science ecosystem. Full article

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