Skip to Content
MDPIMDPI

Advanced

Dentistry JournalDentistry Journal
PDF
  • Article
  • Open Access

11 August 2026

Dental Trauma in Martial Arts Practitioners: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Capital City of Southeastern Brazil

Order Reprints
,
,
,
and
1
Department of Postgraduate Studies in Dental Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, Maruípe, Vitória 29043-900, ES, Brazil
2
Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil
3
Department of Postgraduate Studies in Public Health, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, Maruípe, Vitória 29043-900, ES, Brazil
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Dent. J.2026, 14(8), 510;https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14080510
This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Public Health and Prevention in Oral Health
Version Notes

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Dental trauma is recognized as a global public health problem due to its prevalence and psychosocial consequences. This study aimed to verify the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in practitioners of combat sports and whether they were associated with sociodemographic and sports variables in a capital city in southeastern Brazil. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included 284 athletes over 18 years of age from 17 academies that offered combat sports. Data collection was performed by a single examiner through individual interviews and a questionnaire addressing sociodemographic profile, access to oral health services, sport modality, experience with dental trauma during combat sports, mouthguard use, and guidance on dental injuries. Descriptive analyses, frequency tables, the Chi-square test (p < 0.05), and Odds Ratio were used. Results: Most participants were male (n = 203; 71.48%), aged up to 25 years (n = 75; 26.41%). The most practiced sports were Jiu-Jitsu (n = 79; 27.82%) and Kickboxing (n = 77; 27.11%). Among participants who suffered dental trauma (n = 19; 6.69%), single episodes predominated (n = 9; 47.37%), enamel fractures were most frequent (n = 7; 36.84%), and anterior teeth were the most affected (n = 9; 47.36%). Most were not using a mouthguard at the time of trauma (n = 15; 78.95%), although they considered mouthguard use important (n = 229; 80.63%), and most had not received guidance on dental trauma (n = 237; 83.45%). Age group was significantly associated with dental trauma (p = 0.016; OR = 3.33; 95% CI: 1.167–9.524). Conclusions: The prevalence of dental trauma among fighters was low. Mouthguard adherence was inconsistent, post-trauma management was inadequate, and most respondents had never received guidance on dental trauma. Public health policies should strengthen awareness and prevention of dental injuries in sports.

1. Introduction

Among facial injuries, traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) and dentoalveolar trauma stand out, classified as the second most prevalent oral condition and the fifth most common injury in the world, characterizing a serious public health problem [1]. Traffic accidents, falls, situations of violence, and sports activities are examples of etiological factors listed for trauma [2,3]. These injuries affect the quality of life of individuals in a multifactorial way because they interfere with oral function and aesthetics, in addition to generating emotional discomfort [4,5]. Normally, the upper anterior teeth are the most involved, which leads to consequences [6,7].
Currently, there is a continuous increase in the adoption of physical activity practices in gyms, clubs, courts, and outdoor spaces, reflecting a lifestyle focused on health promotion. Furthermore, sports practice is associated with psychological well-being, expressed by higher levels of self-esteem and life satisfaction, and lower rates of depression, anxiety, and stress, as well as better social outcomes, including self-control, pro-social behavior, and interpersonal communication [8]. However, despite the benefits, the occurrence of adverse factors, such as sports injuries, is inevitable [9]. Therefore, dental trauma is considered the intersection point between dentistry and sports and can affect athletes or practitioners of all ages and skill levels during training and competitions, impacting their performance [10]. Previous studies demonstrate differences in injury distribution according to age, suggesting that injury risk depends on various factors such as the sport practiced, athlete experience, and training duration [3,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18].
In contact sports, the incidence of dental trauma is significantly higher than in non-contact sports (various forms of martial arts fall into this category, such as boxing, jiu-jitsu and taekwondo) [19]. Notably, there are more injuries in combat sports [20]. The International Dental Federation (FDI) classifies them as high-risk sports due to the frequency of impacts to the facial region [21]. It is estimated that between 18% and 30% of traumas suffered by athletes involve the oral cavity [22]. Given this scenario, on a global scale, there is a growing development of protocols aimed at standardizing the notification, counting, and treatment of dental trauma. If all of them were recorded, the number reported would be more significant and would thus indicate a greater need to implement public policies involving prevention programs and awareness campaigns [23,24].
Therefore, dental traumas (DTs) constitute a recurring complication among sports practitioners, with a prevalence ranging from 0.71% to 60%, depending on the characteristics of each sport and local cultural factors [1]. The epidemiological understanding of these injuries is still limited, but fundamental to supporting strategies, guiding public policies, and improving dental care protocols in sports environments. In this sense, identifying the characteristics and frequency of dental traumas contributes to the formulation of measures mainly related to promoting the oral health of athletes. Thus, the present study aimed to verify the prevalence of DTs in wrestlers from the city of Vitória, Espírito Santo, where there are still no scientific records on the subject, thus justifying the relevance and originality of this research.

2. Materials and Methods

This research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Espírito Santo (CAAE: 81697724.0.0000.5060) and prepared in accordance with the guidelines of Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) [25]. The participation of the fighters was voluntary and the responses to the questionnaire were anonymous; all signed the Informed Consent Form (ICF) agreeing to participate in the research, following the ethical principles of Resolution No. 466 of 2012 of the National Health Council (CNS nº466/2012) [26] and the Declaration of Helsinki [27], which stipulate that the individual needs to know exactly what they are getting involved in and freely agree.
An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted, and data collection took place in October and November 2024 in the municipality of Vitória, capital of Espírito Santo. The city has 322,869 inhabitants, a population density of 3324.33 inhabitants/km2, and is among the municipalities with the highest population growth in the country [28]. Furthermore, it has already been nationally recognized as one of the places with high levels of physical activity due to its natural characteristics, such as beaches, mountains, and green areas, which stimulate the population [29].
For the sample size calculation, a finite universe of 1000 practitioners was considered. Therefore, a 95% confidence interval, a 5% margin of error, and a 50% prevalence were adopted to maximize the sample size, as this represents the greatest possible variability for any prevalence found [30]. The calculated sample size was 278 individuals, plus 10% to account for possible losses.
Only individuals over the age of 18 who practiced any form of combat sports and were present at the gyms at the time of data collection were voluntarily included in the study. Individuals who were absent from sports practice due to illness, injury, or vacation were excluded. The interviews were face-to-face and individual, in Portuguese, conducted by a single interviewer, using a questionnaire developed for this study and based on two others previously published in the scientific literature [9,11]. The selection and adaptation of the items for the questionnaire followed the methodological recommendations for observational research, preserving the conceptual coherence of the original instruments [31]. The questionnaire contained 25 questions, with an average response time of 15 min, addressing sociodemographic data, access to oral health, sport modality, experiences with dental trauma, use of mouthguards, and guidance on the subject.
Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS, version 20 (IBM Corp., Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Armonk, NY, EUA). Descriptive analysis was conducted using frequency tables, with absolute and relative values, encompassing sociodemographic variables, dental trauma, and mouthguard use. The association between variables was assessed using the non-parametric Chi-square test, and the Odds Ratio (OR) was calculated to compare individuals exposed and not exposed to dental trauma within the same time frame. The significance level adopted was p < 0.05.

3. Results

In total, 300 individuals were approached. However, 284 martial arts practitioners (trainers, professionals, semi-professionals, and amateurs) from 17 academies agreed to participate in the research, representing 16 losses; however, this did not compromise the calculated sample, since the final number of participants exceeded the initially estimated quantity.
The sociodemographic profile of the sample obtained was, above all, predominantly male (71.48%), aged up to 25 years (26.41%), single (50%), self-declared white (52.46%), with higher education (39.44%), residents of Vitória (81.35%), and access to oral health services in the private sector (53.52%) (Table 1).
Table 1. Sociodemographic data of practioners.
Regarding the type of fighting they practiced, the majority responded Jiu-Jitsu (27.82%), followed by Kickboxing (27.11%). The modalities in which individuals suffered the most LDTs were Capoeira (15.79%), Taekwondo (15.38%), and Kung Fu (12.29%) (Table 2).
Table 2. Contact sports practiced and their relationship with traumatic dental injuries.
Of the participants who reported LDTs (6.69%), 47.37% suffered only one episode, with enamel fracture being the most frequent type (36.84%). Regarding the number of teeth affected (52.64%), only one tooth was affected, most frequently the anterior teeth (47.36%). Regarding treatment, 47.37% did not receive emergency intervention, and among those who did, 31.58% were treated by coaches. The majority (36.84%) were not advised to seek oral health services immediately after the trauma, and 42.11% did not seek treatment subsequently. Among those who sought assistance (63.64%), they did so more than three hours after the event. Regarding the immediate course of action in response to the injury (94.74%), no action was taken (Table 3).
Table 3. Dental trauma data among contact sports practitioners and attitudes taken after traumatic dental injury.
Regarding mouthguards, most participants were not using them at the time they suffered dental injury (78.95%) nor during regular wrestling practice (58.45%). Among those who did use the device, half (50%) used it both in training and in competitions. Most recognized the importance of the device (80.63%) and had already received some guidance on its use (65.14%). However, on the topic of “dental trauma,” most (83.45%) had not received any guidance (Table 4).
Table 4. Mouthguard use and guidance regarding mouthguards and traumatic dental injuries.
When correlating the occurrence of dental trauma with age group (Table 5), a significant association was observed (p = 0.016). Individuals aged 37 years or older were approximately 3.3 times more likely to suffer traumatic injury compared to those up to 36 years old, corresponding to 10.37% of cases. The same table also shows that no statistically significant association was observed between dental trauma and the other sociodemographic variables.
Table 5. Association between traumatic dental injuries and sociodemographic variables.

4. Discussion

Data related to the prevalence and incidence of dental trauma in the sports context are still insufficient, and negligence in the management of dental trauma results in pain and mobility, which can culminate in the loss of a tooth. In addition, aesthetic, functional, and morphological alterations are experienced by individuals who suffer the trauma [32]. Thus, a 6.69% incidence of dental trauma was observed among the study participants, a result consistent with other studies involving contact sports and combat sports—although the literature shows wide variation in prevalence rates due to differences in methodology, the sports disciplines evaluated, and the population characteristics investigated [10,11,12,14,15,16,17,18,33]. Even though the sample of individuals who sustained traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) was small, meaning the absolute frequency of trauma was low, this does not diminish the clinical relevance of the findings; the impacts associated with these sports can cause various types of injuries, including severe ones, which could complicate the prognosis of the observed cases.
The highest prevalences of dental trauma occurred in Capoeira (15.79%), Taekwondo (15.38%), and Kung Fu (12.29%). In contrast, no injuries were recorded in practitioners of Karate, Boxing, and Aikido. The differences in prevalence between the modalities may be attributed to cultural factors, intrinsic characteristics of each martial art (duration, intensity, rules), adherence to mouthguards, and the level of guidance on dental trauma [34]. In Swiss Judo, the use of mouthguards was only permitted in 2018 [12] and the absence of blows directed at the head consequently results in a lower incidence of dental injuries [13]. In Brazil, the recommendation or mandatory use of mouthguards varies in each modality. In Judo, for example, it is not required in training and competitions [35]. These findings suggest that rules, technique, and precautionary measures directly influence the frequency and severity of injuries, reinforcing the need for specific preventive strategies.
Upon further analysis of the types of dental trauma, it is observed that enamel fracture (36.84%) was the most prevalent, predominantly affecting anterior teeth (47.36%). These findings are consistent with other studies, one conducted in Brazil and another in Switzerland, which also indicated enamel fracture as the most frequent lesion, with rates of 20.2% and 76.6%, respectively [12,33]. It is worth noting that there are small methodological differences in the questionnaires of other studies, which specify the types of teeth affected, generally central incisors, as observed in the research carried out in Bahia, Brazil [6]. Even in less severe cases, prevention and proper guidance remain essential.
The diversity of trauma types that can occur in combat situations is evident from the research: in addition to enamel fractures, there were instances of concussion (15.79%), subluxation (15.79%), luxation (10.53%), dentin fractures (15.79%), fractures with pulp exposure (15.79%), complex fractures (10.53%), and dental avulsion. The first three types occurred in association with other injuries. These injuries can compromise the periodontal ligament and pulp vitality even in the absence of coronal fractures; dentin fractures and fractures with pulp exposure showed the same incidence rate and a higher risk of bacterial contamination, potentially requiring endodontic treatment. Complex fractures (despite having one of the lowest incidence rates) and, especially, avulsion are considered the most severe injuries [1,2,21,36].
Dental avulsion is considered a serious type of dental trauma and requires proper management. This injury was identified in 15.79% of the fighters, and it is alarming that 94.74% did not take any immediate action. Among those who sought treatment (63.64%), the search occurred more than three hours after the trauma. These findings corroborate studies conducted in Saudi Arabia and in different regions of Brazil, such as Campinas (São Paulo) and Maceió (Alagoas) [11,14,37]. In this case, immediate reimplantation or maintenance in an appropriate moist environment, such as milk or saline solution, is recommended to preserve the periodontal ligament cells. Neglecting these procedures significantly increases the risk of tooth loss [36,38].
This failure in immediate management is directly reflected in the post-trauma care observed in the sample, showing that the majority (47.37%) of athletes did not receive first aid after dental trauma. This is critical, since the IADT emphasizes immediate management as essential for a favorable prognosis of the dental element [1,21,36,37,39]. The individual who most frequently assisted athletes after trauma was the coach (31.58%). Research shows that coaches play an important role in raising awareness among athletes and are frequently present at the time of accidents [15,16]. In this context, a lack of knowledge about personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves and masks, and in the face of traumatic injury, can compromise biosecurity, as well as the affected tooth.
In Brazil, it is observed that most gyms and sports centers lack medical support, which hinders the immediate response to traumatic emergencies. Although health teams are present in high-profile competitions and in some specific sports, this reality does not extend to everyday sports activities. This scenario reaffirms the hypothesis that there is a structural deficiency in educational programs aimed at coaches and teachers, professionals who work on the front lines and who should be properly trained to recognize and manage such situations effectively.
In the context of combat sports, the preventive role of mouthguards is crucial, as they absorb and distribute impact forces, thereby preventing and reducing injuries. There are three types: ready-to-use, moldable, and custom-made (Types I, II, and III, respectively). Type I is sold over-the-counter, lacks retention features, and is less effective; Type II requires softening with heat and molding to the dental arch, which can result in fit issues and poor stability; finally, Type III properly covers the dentition and soft tissues, has adequate thickness, and thus offers superior protection [16,17,40,41,42].
This study reveals a paradox: although the majority (80.63%) of athletes understand their importance, 58.45% do not routinely use them in their sporting practice and 78.95% were not using the device when they suffered the traumatic injury. Furthermore, half of the sample (50%) uses them in training and competitions. The critical point seems to lie in adherence to the device and not in misinformation, since 65.14% of the participants had already received guidance about it. The inconsistent use corroborates the scientific literature, which reports adherence between 41% and 60% [15,17]. Therefore, the preventive effectiveness of mouthguards is conditioned not only by knowledge, but also by their consistent application, a factor directly linked to the reduction in the frequency of dental trauma [42,43].
Furthermore, this study identified a potential educational gap, as 83.45% of the athletes had never received guidance on dental trauma, corroborating another study in which 72.6% had also not been given such guidance [11]. This lack of knowledge reverberates in inadequate post-trauma conduct, and overcoming this challenge requires a multifaceted approach, combining public policies with diverse educational strategies. Such strategies should range from health literacy programs to ongoing training aimed at the general public and healthcare professionals, supported by accessible informational materials [44,45,46,47,48]. In this sense, education emerges as a central pillar for integrating theoretical knowledge with preventive practice, positively impacting the reduction in dental trauma.
When correlated, the age group most affected by dental trauma in this study was adults aged 37 years or older (10.37%; p = 0.016). This data corroborates another study conducted with Taekwondo athletes in Croatia, which identified a higher incidence of injuries in the older group, with 42% of senior athletes affected, compared to 13% to 25% in younger groups [18]. However, other studies indicate variation regarding the age of practitioners, suggesting that the risk profile depends not only on age, but also on the sport and its characteristics [11,17,33].
Although the proposed objective was achieved, certain limitations must be considered. As this was a cross-sectional study, data were collected at a single point in time, making it impossible to infer cause-and-effect relationships. Furthermore, the low number of trauma cases limited the analysis of associations such as those between trauma and sociodemographic variables, requiring caution in their interpretation. Additionally, the Regional Council of Physical Education, federations, and local gyms did not provide student numbers or names, citing compliance with the General Data Protection Law [49]. Some websites lacked up-to-date information regarding the addresses, contact details, and locations of gyms offering martial arts classes. It is also worth noting that some practitioners declined to participate in the study. These factors may have introduced selection bias. Consequently, the results reflect only a limited population located in the capital of a single state. Future research should evaluate and compare coaches’ knowledge and the frequency of dental trauma across different disciplines and population contexts to allow for the generalization of findings.

5. Conclusions

The prevalence of dental trauma among martial arts practitioners was low. Although the associations observed provide relevant information, they should be interpreted with caution due to the small number of cases. The disciplines with the highest incidence of injuries were capoeira and taekwondo, associated with practitioners over the age of 37. Furthermore, adherence to the use of mouthguards proved insufficient, despite awareness of their importance. Guidance regarding dental trauma was found to be inadequate. Thus, the need to maintain and expand investments in public health policies focused on sports is evident.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, G.A.S.L.S. and M.H.M.d.B.M.; methodology, G.A.S.L.S. and M.H.M.d.B.M.; software, P.B.d.S.; validation, P.B.d.S.; formal analysis, P.B.d.S.; investigation, G.A.S.L.S. and L.C.M.; resources, M.H.M.d.B.M.; data curation, L.C.M. and G.P.N.; writing—original draft preparation, G.A.S.L.S.; writing—review and editing, G.A.S.L.S., P.B.d.S. and M.H.M.d.B.M.; visualization, P.B.d.S.; supervision, G.P.N. and M.H.M.d.B.M.; project administration, G.A.S.L.S.; funding acquisition, M.H.M.d.B.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brazil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Espírito Santo (CAAE: 81697724.0.0000.5060, date of approval 24 September 2024).

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. Levin, L.; Day, P.F.; Hicks, L.; O’Connell, A.; Fouad, A.F.; Bourguignon, C.; Abbott, P.V. International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: General introduction. Dent. Traumatol. 2020, 36, 309–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Andreasen, J.O.; Anderson, L.; Andreasen, F.M. Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth, 3rd ed.; Munksgaard: Copenhagen, Denmark, 1994. [Google Scholar]
  3. Santinoni, C.D.S.; Dias, C.C.; Cota, L.V.D.S.; Levi, Y.L.D.A.S.; Prado, R.L.D.; Marsicano, J.A.; Mori, G.G. Sport dentistry: Brazilian athletes knowledge about dental trauma. Rev. Odontol. UNESP 2024, 53, e20240028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Verma, S.K.; Kumar Jha, A.; Prakash, O.; Ekram, S.; Tigga, C.; Noorani, M.K.; Mehta, V.; Meto, A.; Meto, A.; Fiorillo, L.; et al. Impact of dental and orofacial trauma on oral health-related quality of life in adults: A systematic review. Chin. J. Traumatol. 2023, 26, 252–260. [Google Scholar]
  5. Odersjö, M.L.; Johansson, L.; Robertson, A.; Sabel, N. Self-reported oral health-related quality of life and orofacial esthetics among young adults with treated dental trauma. Clin. Exp. Dent. Res. 2025, 11, e70068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Carvalho, É.S.; Trindade, R.A.; Silva, B.M.M.; Bacelar, L.M.; Cangussu, M.C.T.; Cerqueira, J.D. Prevalence and complications of traumatic dental injuries. Rev. Ciênc. Méd. Biol. 2020, 19, 394–399. [Google Scholar]
  7. Cantão, A.B.; Levin, L. Emerging insights in dental trauma: Exploring potential risk factors, innovations, and preventive strategies. Dent. Traumatol. 2025, 41, 129–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Eather, N.; Wade, L.; Pankowiak, A.; Duncan, M.J.; Morgan, P.J.; Lubans, D.R. The impact of sports participation on mental health and social outcomes in adults: A systematic review and the ‘Mental Health through Sport’ conceptual model. Syst. Rev. 2023, 12, 102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  9. Udayamalee, I.; Amarasinghe, H.; Zhang, P. Oro-dental trauma burden and mouthguard usage among contact sports players: A call for sports dentistry initiatives in Sri Lanka. Dent. Traumatol. 2024, 40, 266–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Macêdo-Filho, R.A.; Leal, T.R.; Cardoso, A.M.R.; Sarmento, D.J.S.; Verli, F.D.; Marinho, S.A. Injuries to the stomatognathic system in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu athletes. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 8236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  11. Semencio, K.A.P.; Ribeiro, E.R.; Scudeler, L.C.; Frozoni, M.; Prado, M.; De-Jesus-Soares, A. Prevalence of dental and orofacial injuries and the knowledge of athletes on emergency management. Rev. Bras. Odontol. 2017, 74, 88–89. [Google Scholar]
  12. Bruggesser, S.; Kühl, S.; Solakoglu, Ö.; Filippi, A. The prevalence of orofacial injuries in judo: A cross-sectional study. Dent. Traumatol. 2020, 36, 411–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Lystad, R.P. Injuries to Professional and Amateur Kickboxing Contestants: A 15-Year Retrospective Cohort Study. Orthop. J. Sports Med. 2015, 3, 2325967115612416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Aljohani, Y.R.; Alfaifi, K.H.; Redwan, S.K.; Sabbahi, D.A.; Zahran, M.H. Dental injuries in taekwondo athletes practicing in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med. J. 2017, 38, 1130–1135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Hadizadeh, M.; Mohd Azri, I.D.; Mohafez, H.; Hafiz, E.B.; Sugajima, Y.; Mohd Azri, M.D. Association between levels of sports participation and oral injuries among combat athletes. Rev. Bras. Med. Esporte 2021, 27, 75–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Biagi, R.; Mirelli, C.; Ventimiglia, R.; Ceraulo, S. Dental Trauma: Prevalence, First Aid, and Mouthguard Use in a Sample of Italian Kickboxing Athletes. Dent. J. 2024, 12, 310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Galic, T.; Kuncic, D.; Poklepovic Pericic, T.; Galic, I.; Mihanovic, F.; Bozic, J.; Herceg, M. Knowledge and attitudes about sports- related dental injuries and mouthguard use in young athletes in four different contact sports—Water polo, karate, taekwondo and handball. Dent. Traumatol. 2018, 34, 175–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Vidovic, D.; Bursac, D.; Skrinjaric, T.; Glavina, D.; Gorseta, K. Prevalence and prevention of dental injuries in young taekwondo athletes in Croatia. Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2015, 16, 107–110. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  19. Polmann, H.; Melo, G.; Conti Réus, J.; Domingos, F.L.; de Souza, B.D.M.; Padilha, A.C.; Duque, T.M.; Porporatti, A.L.; Flores-Mir, C.; De Luca Canto, G. Prevalence of dentofacial injuries among combat sports practitioners: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dent. Traumatol. 2020, 36, 124–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  20. Lima, L.G.H.; dos Santos, C.S.; Rocha, J.S.; Tanaka, O.; Rosa, E.A.R.; Gasparello, G.G. Comparative analysis of dental trauma in contact and non-contact sports: A systematic review. Dent. Traumatol. 2024, 40, 499–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  21. Bourguignon, C.; Cohenca, N.; Lauridsen, E.; Flores, M.T.; O’Connell, A.C.; Day, P.F.; Tsilingaridis, G.; Abbott, P.V.; Fouad, A.F.; Hicks, L.; et al. International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 1. Fractures and luxations. Dent. Traumatol. 2020, 36, 314–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Spinas, E.; Giannetti, L.; Mameli, A.; Re, D. Dental injuries in young athletes: A five-year follow-up study. Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2018, 19, 187–193. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  23. Kaval, M.E.; Güngör, H.C.; Atabek, D.; Alaçam, A.; Demirbuga, S.; Ersahan, S. Evaluation of the validity and reliability of a new dental trauma index. Dent. Traumatol. 2023, 39, 381–385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Widbiller, M.; Bucher, K.; Haffner, M.; Foltin, A.; Reichl, F.X.; Galler, K.M.; Schmalz, G. The Regensburg Dental Trauma Registry: Methodical framework for the systematic collection of dentoalveolar trauma data. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 7196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Von Elm, E.; Altman, D.G.; Egger, M.; Pocock, S.J.; Gøtzsche, P.C.; Vandenbroucke, J.P.; STROBE Initiative. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2008, 61, 344–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Brazil. National Health Council. Resolution nº. 466, of December 12, 2012. In Guidelines and Regulatory Standards for Research Involving Human Beings [Internet]; National Health Council: Brasília, Brazil, 2012. Available online: https://www.gov.br/conselho-nacional-de-saude/pt-br/atos-normativos/resolucoes/2012/resolucao-no-466.pdf/view (accessed on 14 January 2026).
  27. World Medical Association. Declaration of Helsinki—Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Participants [Internet]; World Medical Association: Ferney-Voltaire, France, 2024; Available online: https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki/ (accessed on 19 March 2026).
  28. Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Cities and States: Vitória [Internet]; IBGE: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2022. Available online: https://www.ibge.gov.br/cidades-e-estados/es/vitoria.html (accessed on 11 September 2025).
  29. Municipality of Vitória. Vitória is the Brazilian Capital with the Highest Practice of Physical Activity [Internet]; Municipality of Vitória: Vitória, Brazil, 2023. Available online: https://www.vitoria.es.gov.br/noticias/vitoria-e-a-capital-brasileira-com-maior-pratica-de-atividade-fisica-48749 (accessed on 10 July 2025).
  30. Tadin, A.; Buzov, J. Knowledge and self-assessment of dental injuries and oral health among Croatian professional water polo players: A cross-sectional study. Sports 2023, 11, 223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. Sousa, V.D.; Rojjanasrirat, W. Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: A clear and user-friendly guideline. J. Eval. Clin. Pract. 2011, 17, 268–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Tewari, N.; Abbott, P.V.; O'Connell, A.C.; Mills, S.C.; Stasiuk, H.; Roettger, M.; Levin, L. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) and the Academy for Sports Dentistry (ASD) guidelines for prevention of traumatic dental injuries: Part 5: Secondary prevention of dental injuries. Dent. Traumatol. 2024, 40, 12–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Martins, Y.V.M.; Lima, I.P.C.; Santos, M.M. Facial injuries and mouthguards in sports. Rev. Bras. Educ. Fís. Esporte 2019, 33, 127–134. [Google Scholar]
  34. Petti, S.; Glendor, U.; Andersson, L. World traumatic dental injury prevalence and incidence, a meta- analysis—One billion living people have had traumatic dental injuries. Dent. Traumatol. 2018, 34, 71–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Brazilian Judo Confederation. National Competition Regulations—RNC 2025, 2nd ed.; Brazilian Judo Confederation: Brazil, 2025; Available online: https://cbj.com.br/public/uploads/regulamentos_esportivos/20250327093519-regulamento-nacional-de-competicoes---v.2_25-03_rnc-2025.pdf (accessed on 25 December 2025).
  36. Andersson, L.; Andreasen, J.O.; Day, P.; Heithersay, G.; Trope, M.; DiAngelis, A.J.; Kenny, D.J.; Sigurdsson, A.; Bourguignon, C.; Flores, M.T.; et al. International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 2. Avulsion of permanent teeth. Dent. Traumatol. 2012, 28, 88–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. de Oliveira, N.K.A.; Sampaio, M.C.; Santos, H.O.L.; de Oliveira, D.M.; Gama, L.P.; Lins Filho, G.T.; Sarmento, B.T.; Nóbrega, D.F.; Azevedo Jacinto Inojosa, I.d.F.; Lins, F.F. Prevalence of dental trauma and its sequelae in patients treated at two dental school clinics in the state of Alagoas. Electron. J. Acervo Saúde 2022, 15, e10613. [Google Scholar]
  38. Fouad, A.F.; Abbott, P.V.; Tsilingaridis, G.; Cohenca, N.; Lauridsen, E.; Bourguignon, C.; O’Connell, A.; Flores, M.T.; Day, P.F. International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 2. Avulsion of permanent teeth. Dent. Traumatol. 2020, 36, 331–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT). Dental Trauma Guidelines; IADT: San Diego, CA, USA, 2012; Available online: https://iadt-dentaltrauma.org/guidelines-and-resources/guidelines/ (accessed on 4 March 2025).
  40. Tribst, J.P.M.; Dal Piva, A.M.O.; Bottino, M.A.; Kleverlaan, C.J.; Koolstra, J.H. Mouthguard use and TMJ injury prevention with different occlusions: A three-dimensional finite element analysis. Dent. Traumatol. 2020, 36, 662–669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  41. Bergman, L.; Milardović Ortolan, S.; Žarković, D.; Viskić, J.; Jokić, D.; Mehulić, K. Prevalence of dental trauma and use of mouthguards in professional handball players. Dent. Traumatol. 2017, 33, 199–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Roberts, H.W. Sports mouthguard overview: Materials, fabrication techniques, existing standards, and future research needs. Dent. Traumatol. 2023, 39, 101–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Abbott, P.V.; Tewari, N.; O'Connell, A.C.; Mills, S.C.; Stasiuk, H.; Roettger, M.; Levin, L. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) and the Academy for Sports Dentistry (ASD) guidelines for prevention of traumatic dental injuries: Part 3: Mouthguards for the prevention of dental and oral trauma. Dent. Traumatol. 2024, 40, 7–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Nowosielska, M.; Bagińska, J.; Kobus, A.; Kierklo, A. How to Educate the Public about Dental Trauma—A Scoping Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Medeiros, C.S.P.; Zanin, L.; Sperandio, M.; de Souza Fonseca Silva, A.; Flório, F.M. Validation of an educational comic book to guide conducts in situations of dental trauma. Dent. Traumatol. 2024, 40, 161–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Brandini, D.A.; Carvalho de Souza Cantão, A.B.; Levin, L. Public health policies in dental traumatology: A call for action! Dent. Traumatol. 2024, 40, 612–617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Levin, L.; Budak, L. Implementation of public health policies and integration of artificial intelligence and social media in dental traumatology—Cornerstones for effective dental trauma management. Dent. Traumatol. 2024, 40, 607–611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  48. Santos, P.B.; Vargas-Moreno, V.F.; Reis-Neta, G.R.; Del Bel Cury, A.A.; Miotto, M.H.M. Teachers’ attitude toward situations of dental trauma in a capital in Southeast Brazil. Dent. Traumatol. 2025, 41, 680–686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  49. Brazil. Law nº. 13,709, of August 14, 2018. General Personal Data Protection Law. Official Gazette. 2018. Available online: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2018/lei/l13709.htm (accessed on 27 September 2025).
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Article Metrics

Citations

Article Access Statistics

Journal Statistics
Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.
Orthograde Apical Barrier in Non-Vital Immature Permanent Teeth: A Narrative Review of Clinical Pathways, Procedural Determinants, and Evidence Gaps
Previous
Dentofacial Orthopedic Treatment vs. Adenotonsillectomy in Children with Mild to Moderate OSA and Mandibular Retrognathia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Next