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Volume 14
Issue 2
10.3390/pr14020249
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Sampled-Data H∞ PI Control for Load-Frequency Regulation in Wind-Integrated Power Systems

by
Can Luo
1,
Fei Long
1,2,3,4,*,
Haojie Du
1,
Long Hong
1,
Dalong Wang
1 and
Zhengyi Zhang
1
1
College of Electrical Engineering and New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
2
Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Operation and Control of Cascaded Hydropower Station, Yichang 443002, China
3
Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Intelligent Automation for Complex Systems, Wuhan 430074, China
4
Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology for Geo-Exploration, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2026, 14(2), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020249
Submission received: 26 November 2025 / Revised: 31 December 2025 / Accepted: 7 January 2026 / Published: 10 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
Versions Notes

Abstract

In modern power systems, the implementation of load-frequency control (LFC) must reconcile continuous-time plant dynamics with discrete-time digital controllers operating under coarsely sampled communications. This paper develops a sampled-data H∞ framework for PI-type secondary LFC that explicitly accounts for aperiodic sampling and reduced inertia due to high wind penetration. Using a two-sided looped Lyapunov functional and free-matrix inequalities, sampling-interval-dependent linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) are derived for stability, H∞ performance and an exponential decay rate (EDR). The synthesis returns PI gains and the admissible maximum sampling period (MASP) via simple bisection. Numerical examples based on one-area, two-area, and three-area power systems demonstrate that the proposed stability conditions allow larger admissible sampling periods compared with existing approaches, while preserving satisfactory dynamic behaviour under different operating scenarios.
Keywords: load frequency control; sampled-data control; H∞; PI control; wind power penetration load frequency control; sampled-data control; H∞; PI control; wind power penetration

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MDPI and ACS Style

Luo, C.; Long, F.; Du, H.; Hong, L.; Wang, D.; Zhang, Z. Sampled-Data H∞ PI Control for Load-Frequency Regulation in Wind-Integrated Power Systems. Processes 2026, 14, 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020249

AMA Style

Luo C, Long F, Du H, Hong L, Wang D, Zhang Z. Sampled-Data H∞ PI Control for Load-Frequency Regulation in Wind-Integrated Power Systems. Processes. 2026; 14(2):249. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020249

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luo, Can, Fei Long, Haojie Du, Long Hong, Dalong Wang, and Zhengyi Zhang. 2026. "Sampled-Data H∞ PI Control for Load-Frequency Regulation in Wind-Integrated Power Systems" Processes 14, no. 2: 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020249

APA Style

Luo, C., Long, F., Du, H., Hong, L., Wang, D., & Zhang, Z. (2026). Sampled-Data H∞ PI Control for Load-Frequency Regulation in Wind-Integrated Power Systems. Processes, 14(2), 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020249

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