Ethics of the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Academia and Research: The Most Relevant Approaches, Challenges and Topics
Abstract
1. Introduction
- What are the ethical challenges of integrating artificial intelligence into teaching and research?
- What are the opportunities and risks arising from this integration in various academic disciplines and practices?
- What AI tools have been used and researched, and with what approach?
- What criteria and practical guidelines can be derived from this critical analysis?
2. State of the Art
2.1. Forging Responsibilities in the Face of Artificial Intelligence
2.2. Facing the Consequences of Artificial Intelligence
2.3. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Science Writing
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Thematic Area of Research | Classification | Reference | % |
---|---|---|---|
AI in education and training | Applications in education. | [1,2,6,19,22,35,39,41,51] | 15.0% |
Applications in medical education, clinical practice and nursing. | [12,13] | 3.3% | |
Applications in the assessment process. | [11] | 1.7% | |
AI in academic and research production | Applications in research processes. | [7,9,21,24,25,29,30,34,40,42,49,50,52,53,58] | 25.0% |
Applications in article and poster writing. | [5,31,37,38,47,48,56,57] | 13.3% | |
Applications in academic writing. | [3,8,28,43,59] | 8.3% | |
Automated academic writing assistance. | [36,46] | 3.3% | |
Applications in peer review. | [45] | 1.7% | |
Applications in scientific work selection processes. | [10] | 1.7% | |
AI in life and health sciences | Application in biomedical sciences. | [14,20] | 3.3% |
Application in healthcare communication. | [17] | 1.7% | |
AI in the media | Applications in the field of communication. | [15,33] | 3.3% |
Applications in journalism, education, and law. | [26] | 1.7% | |
AI in computer science and design | Applications in computer science. | [18,32] | 3.3% |
Application in interior design. | [16] | 1.7% | |
AI in cross-cutting and ethical aspects | Authenticity of the content. | [23,27,54,55,60] | 8.3% |
Applications in immediate feedback. | [4] | 1.7% | |
Applications in assisted decision making. | [44] | 1.7% |
Categories | Classification |
---|---|
Topics and objectives | A1: AI application in education |
A2: Use of AI in research | |
A3: Ethics-focused guidelines for AI use | |
A4: Detection and authenticity of AI-generated content | |
A5: Evaluating AI tools for academia | |
Problem formulation and data implications | B1: Impact of AI on learning and skills |
B2: Challenges to academic integrity and ethics | |
B3: Technical and reliability limitations of AI | |
B4: Need for reference frameworks and guidelines for AI integration | |
B5: Perceptions and reactions towards AI | |
Limitations encountered | C1: Reliability and accuracy of AI-generated content |
C2: Challenges in AI-generated text and information detection | |
C3: Limitations in human understanding and interaction with AI | |
C4: Impact on the development of human skills | |
C5: Effectiveness of AI tools depending on factors such as context and language | |
Proposals and applied methodology | D1: Empirical studies to assess the impact of AI, proposals, and methodologies applied |
D2: Systematic literature reviews to synthesise knowledge | |
D3: Evaluation of frameworks and models for AI integration and detection | |
D4: Linguistic analysis to understand the content of the AI | |
D5: Design approaches centred on user values and perspectives | |
Solution found, outcomes, and challenges | E1: Understanding users’ perceptions and use of AI |
E2: Evaluation of the effectiveness of AI tools in academic and professional tasks | |
E3: Identification of factors influencing the adoption and impact of AI | |
E4: Evaluation of methods and tools for AI content detection | |
E5: Need for guidelines and perception of AI |
Code | Approach | References |
---|---|---|
A | Comparative analysis of AI tools | [3,14,16,17,18,44,45,46,47,49,60] |
B | Integration of AI in information search | [8,48,50,51] |
C | Challenges to be addressed with the use of AI | [1,28,33,34,36,37] |
D | Strategies of use with AI | [4,5,9,12,15,20,21,23,24,25,26,27,29,38] |
E | Ethics and transparency in the use of AI | [7,13,22,32,41,42,52,53,54,55,59] |
F | Innovative methodologies with the use of AI | [10,11,19,35,40,53,56,57] |
G | Novelty with the use of AI | [2,6,30,31,39,43,58] |
Approaches * | AI Tool | References |
---|---|---|
Comparative analysis of AI tools | ChatGPT, Bing, and Bard | [14] |
ChatGPT, Google Gemini, and Mistral | [44] | |
Hamta.ai | [45] | |
GPTZero, ZeroGPT, Writer ACD, and Originality | [49] | |
GPTZero, and AICIS-2S | [60] | |
Integration of AI in information search | Sapling, Undetectable AI, Copyleaks, QuillBot, and Wordtune | [48] |
Turnitin, Unicheck, GPTZero, and ChatGPT | [51] | |
Challenges to be addressed with the use of AI | SciSpace | [36] |
SWIF2T | [37] | |
Strategies of use with AI | GPTZero, Originality.ai, and Sapling | [21] |
ResearchBuddie artefact, ChatGPT, Elicit, and Research Rabbit | [25] | |
Ethics and transparency in the use of AI | ChatGPT, and Bard | [32] |
ChatGPT, Connected Papers, Zotero, Humata, Scite AI, and Deepl | [42] | |
Turnitin, GPTZero, Originality.ai, Wordtune, ZeroGPT, GPT-2 Output Detector, and Content at Scale | [53] | |
ChatGPT, Google Gemini, and BingAI | [59] | |
Innovative methodologies with the use of AI | Google Gemini | [19] |
Grammarly, QuillBot, and ChatGPT | [40] | |
CheckGPT, and GPABench2 | [56] | |
Novelty with the use of AI | Google Gemini | [6] |
Medi Research Assistant, and Neurosurgical Research Paper Writer | [31] | |
ChatGPT | [43] |
Aspects * | Reference |
---|---|
Opportunities in the use of AI | [1,3,8,10,11,13,14,16,17,18,19,23,24,25,26,28,30,31,33,34,36,37,39,40,41,42,44,45,47,50,56,57,58,59] |
Existing challenges in the use of AI | [2,4,5,6,7,9,12,15,20,21,22,27,29,32,35,38,43,46,48,49,51,52,53,54,55,60] |
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Llerena-Izquierdo, J.; Ayala-Carabajo, R. Ethics of the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Academia and Research: The Most Relevant Approaches, Challenges and Topics. Informatics 2025, 12, 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics12040111
Llerena-Izquierdo J, Ayala-Carabajo R. Ethics of the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Academia and Research: The Most Relevant Approaches, Challenges and Topics. Informatics. 2025; 12(4):111. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics12040111
Chicago/Turabian StyleLlerena-Izquierdo, Joe, and Raquel Ayala-Carabajo. 2025. "Ethics of the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Academia and Research: The Most Relevant Approaches, Challenges and Topics" Informatics 12, no. 4: 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics12040111
APA StyleLlerena-Izquierdo, J., & Ayala-Carabajo, R. (2025). Ethics of the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Academia and Research: The Most Relevant Approaches, Challenges and Topics. Informatics, 12(4), 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics12040111