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The variational method holds considerable significance within mathematical and theoretical physics. Its importance stems from its capacity to characterise natural systems through physical quantities, irrespective of the chosen frame of reference. This characteristic makes it a powerful tool for understanding the behaviour of diverse physical phenomena. A global and statistical approach originating from the principles of non-equilibrium thermodynamics has been developed. This approach culminates in the principle of maximum entropy generation, specifically tailored for open systems. The principle itself arises as a direct consequence of applying the Lagrangian approach to open systems. The work focuses on a generalised method for deriving the thermodynamic Hamiltonian. This Hamiltonian is essential to the dynamical analysis of open systems, allowing for a detailed examination of their time evolution. The analysis suggests that irreversibility appears to be a fundamental process related to the evolution of states within open systems. Full article

19 pages, 1062 KB

Open AccessReview

Calcium Signaling and Cardiac Adaptation to Stress: Focus on Pregnancy and Diabetes

by Sathya Velmurugan and Sanda Despa

Biomolecules 2025, 15(10), 1421; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15101421 (registering DOI) - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Calcium (Ca²⁺) signaling regulates a wide range of processes in the heart, from contractility and excitability to energy supply and cell growth. Consequently, Ca²⁺ signaling plays a critical role in cardiac adaptation to both physiological and pathophysiological stress. This review examines the role of Ca²⁺ signaling in the heart’s physiological adaptation to pregnancy and its pathological maladaptation in diabetes. We focus on Ca²⁺-dependent mechanisms involved in hypertrophy, energy imbalance, and electrical remodeling in these two conditions, highlighting shared signaling pathways, functional outcomes, and key knowledge gaps. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms could reveal novel therapeutic targets to improve cardiac health in pregnancy and diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Calcium Signaling in Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle)

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12 pages, 258 KB

Open AccessArticle

On the Structure of Quotient Rings R/P via Identities with Multiplicative (Generalized) Derivations

by Ali Yahya Hummdi, Hafedh Alnoghashi, Radwan M. Al-omary and Rwaida A. Bahah

Mathematics 2025, 13(19), 3208; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13193208 (registering DOI) - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

This work investigates the structure of an arbitrary ring R that contains a two-sided ideal I and a prime ideal P satisfying the condition

P ⊊ I

. Our analysis centers on the consequences of several identities that involve three multiplicative (generalized) derivations, [...] Read more.

This work investigates the structure of an arbitrary ring R that contains a two-sided ideal I and a prime ideal P satisfying the condition

P ⊊ I

. Our analysis centers on the consequences of several identities that involve three multiplicative (generalized) derivations, denoted by

Θ_{1}, Θ_{2}, Θ_{3} : R \to R

. These are associated with maps

θ_{1}, θ_{2}, θ_{3} : R \to R

, which are not presumed to be additive or to be derivations themselves. The study further incorporates a non-zero derivation

Δ

along with two arbitrary, potentially non-additive, maps

Γ_{1}, Γ_{2} : R \to R

. We establish conditions under which these identities lead to significant structural properties of the ring. To underscore the importance of our assumptions, we construct an example demonstrating that the primeness hypothesis on the ideal P is indispensable for our main conclusions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algebra, Ring Theory, and Homological Algebra with Analysis and Applications)

17 pages, 1194 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Induced Forward Leg Movements on Kinematics and Kinetics During Quiet Standing in Healthy Young Right-Leg-Dominant Women: A Quasi-Experimental Study

by Michalina Gulatowska, Michalina Błażkiewicz, Anatolii Tsos and Jacek Wąsik

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10764; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910764 (registering DOI) - 6 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Postural control in healthy young adults involves complex neuromuscular processes; however, the kinematic and kinetic consequences of small, forward leg perturbations in a defined population are not fully described. This study aimed to characterize the kinematic and kinetic consequences of forward leg perturbations during quiet standing. Methods: This investigation used a quasi-experimental repeated-measures design. Sixteen healthy young women (20.1 ± 0.7 years), all right-leg dominant, were tested using the Gait Real-Time Analysis Interactive Laboratory (GRAIL) system. Forward treadmill perturbations were applied to each limb during quiet standing, and joint angles, ground reaction forces, and torques were measured across baseline, perturbation, and response phases. As the data were non-normally distributed, paired comparisons were conducted using the Wilcoxon test, with significance set at p < 0.05 (Bonferroni corrected) and effect sizes (r) reported. Results: Joint angles remained symmetrical between limbs (no significant differences after correction). In contrast, kinetic measures showed clear asymmetries: at baseline, the dominant limb produced greater knee torque (p = 0.0003, r = 0.73), ankle torque (p = 0.0003, r = 0.76), and medio-lateral GRF (p = 0.0003, r = 0.87). During perturbation, it again generated higher knee (p = 0.0036, r = 0.43) and ankle torques (p = 0.0003, r = 0.53), with larger medio-lateral GRF (p = 0.0003, r = 0.87). In the response phase, the dominant limb showed greater hip torque (p = 0.0033, r = 0.43) and a small dorsiflexion shift at the ankle (p = 0.0066, r = 0.41). Anterior–posterior GRF changes were minor and non-significant after correction. Conclusions: Induced forward leg movements caused limb-specific kinetic adjustments while maintaining overall kinematic symmetry. The dominant leg contributed more actively to balance recovery, highlighting its role in stabilizing posture under small perturbations. These findings are specific to the studied demographic and should not be generalized to males, older adults, left-dominant individuals, or clinical populations without further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Biomechanics: Sports Performance and Rehabilitation)

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19 pages, 6583 KB

Open AccessArticle

Compromised Regeneration, Damage to Blood Vessels and the Endomysium Underpin Permanent Muscle Damage Induced by Puff Adder (Bitis arietans) Venom

by Sodiq Opeyemi Adeyemi, Nicholas John Richards, Ali Alqallaf, Husain Bin Haidar, Mustafa Jawad Jalil Al-Asady, Jarred Williams, José R. Almeida and Ketan Patel

Toxins 2025, 17(10), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17100496 - 6 Oct 2025

Abstract

The puff adder (Bitis arietans) is a clinically relevant viper species found throughout Africa, and it is responsible for a greater incidence of health-related envenomations than all other snake species on the continent combined. Unresolved skeletal muscle damage is a common consequence of B. arietans envenomation that can result in long-term morbidity and even death. Antivenom treatment can mitigate the systemic effects of the venom but offers little protection against local tissue damage. Identifying the mechanisms through which B. arietans venom induces tissue damage and impedes skeletal muscle regeneration could identify possible treatment alternatives that could help alleviate the long-term consequences of envenomation. Skeletal muscle has an innate ability to regenerate, but constituents within the venom can impede multiple stages of this regeneration process. In this study, we employed a combination of biochemical analyses, cell-based assays, and in vivo experiments to assess the toxicological implications of B. arietans envenomation and its impacts on key processes of regeneration. Our findings demonstrate that the pathological characteristics of permanent muscle damage resulting from B. arietans envenomation may be attributed to the venom’s effects on muscle stem cell precursors, the extracellular matrix (ECM), and the influence of blood-borne proteins that promote fibrosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Snake Bite and Related Injury)

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13 pages, 6991 KB

Open AccessArticle

Predisposition of Hip Prosthesis Component Positioning on Dislocation Risk: Biomechanical Considerations Based on Finite Element Method Analysis

by Maciej Kostewicz, Marcin Zaczyk and Grzegorz Szczęsny

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(19), 7056; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14197056 - 6 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a widely accepted and effective intervention for advanced degenerative hip disease. However, prosthetic dislocation remains one of the most common postoperative complications. This study aimed to evaluate the biomechanical consequences of implant positioning variations and their influence on prosthetic stability. Methods: A three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) of the pelvis and hip joint was developed using SolidWorks Professional 2025, based on CT imaging of an anatomically normal adult. Multiple implant configurations were simulated, varying acetabular cup inclination and anteversion angles, femoral stem depth, and femoral offset. Muscle force vectors replicating single-leg stance conditions were applied according to biomechanical reference data. The mechanical performance of each configuration was quantified using the safety factor (SF), defined as the ratio of allowable material stress to calculated stress in the model. Results: The configuration with 45° cup inclination, 15° anteversion, standard femoral offset, and optimal stem depth demonstrated the highest SF values (9–12), indicating a low risk of mechanical failure or dislocation. In contrast, malpositioned implants—particularly those with low or high anteversion, excessive offset, or shallow stem insertion—resulted in a marked decrease in SF values (2–5), especially in the anterosuperior and posterosuperior quadrants of the acetabular interface. Conclusions: The findings underscore the critical importance of precise implant alignment in THA. Even moderate deviations from optimal positioning can substantially compromise biomechanical stability and increase the risk of dislocation. These results support the need for individualized preoperative planning and the use of assistive technologies during surgery to enhance implant placement accuracy and improve clinical outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics)

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20 pages, 3503 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Development, Implementation, and Application of a Probabilistic Risk Assessment Framework to Evaluate Supply Chain Shortages

by Priyanka Pandit, Arjun Earthperson and Mihai A. Diaconeasa

Logistics 2025, 9(4), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics9040141 - 6 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Supply chain disruptions from natural hazards, geopolitical tensions, or global events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, can trigger widespread shortages, with particularly severe consequences in healthcare through drug supply interruptions. Existing methods to assess shortage risks include scoring, simulation, and machine learning, but these approaches face limitations in interpretability, scalability, or computational cost. This study explores the application of probabilistic risk assessment (PRA), a method widely used in high-reliability industries, to evaluate pharmaceutical supply chain risks. Methods: We developed the supply chain probabilistic risk assessment framework and tool, which integrates facility-level failure probabilities and flow data to construct and quantify fault trees and network graphs. Using FDA inspection data from drug manufacturing facilities, the framework generates shortage risk profiles, performs uncertainty analysis, and computes importance measures to rank facilities by risk significance. Results: SUPRA quantified 7567 supply chain models in under eight seconds, producing facility-level importance measures and shortage risk profiles that highlight critical vulnerabilities. The tool demonstrated scalability, interpretability, and efficiency compared with traditional simulation-based methods. Conclusions: PRA offers a systematic, data-driven approach for shortage risk assessment in supply chains. SUPRA enables decision-makers to anticipate vulnerabilities, prioritize mitigation strategies, and strengthen resilience in critical sectors such as healthcare. Full article

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24 pages, 1738 KB

Open AccessArticle

Manure Production Projections for Latvia: Challenges and Potential for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions

by Irina Pilvere, Agnese Krievina, Ilze Upite and Aleksejs Nipers

Agriculture 2025, 15(19), 2080; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15192080 - 6 Oct 2025

Abstract

Manure is a valuable organic resource for sustainable agriculture, enhancing soil fertility and promoting nutrient cycling; however, it also contributes significantly to methane and nitrous oxide emissions. The European Green Deal and Latvia’s National Energy and Climate Plan have set targets for reducing agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including those related to improved manure management. Therefore, this research aims to estimate the future manure production in Latvia to determine the potential for reducing GHG emissions by 2050. Using the LASAM model developed in Latvia, the number of farm animals, the amount of manure, and the associated GHG emissions were projected for the period up to 2050. The calculations followed the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology and were based on national indicators and current national GHG inventory data covering the period of 2021–2050. Significant changes in the structure of manure in Latvia are predicted by 2050, with the proportion of liquid manure expected to increase while the amounts of solid manure and manure deposited by grazing animals are expected to decrease. The GHG emission projection results indicate that by 2050, total emissions from manure management will decrease by approximately 5%, primarily due to a decline in the number of farm animals and, consequently, a reduction in the amount of manure. In contrast, methane emissions are expected to increase by approximately 5% due to production intensification. The research results emphasise the need to introduce more effective methane emission reduction technologies and improved projection approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges and Trends in Agri-Environmental Management: Accomplishment of Sustainable Development Goals)

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12 pages, 771 KB

Open AccessReview

Early Initiation of Biologic Therapies to Prevent Severe Asthma Progression

by Alessandra Tomasello, Alida Benfante, Stefania Principe and Nicola Scichilone

Medicina 2025, 61(10), 1797; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61101797 - 6 Oct 2025

Abstract

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease with a heterogeneous course, often progressing silently from mild symptoms to severe, treatment-refractory disease. Current guidelines recommend biologic therapies after failure of high-dose inhaled corticosteroids and additional controllers, typically in patients with frequent exacerbations. This reactive approach may delay intervention until irreversible airway remodeling has occurred, limiting the potential benefits of biologic therapy. Therefore, severe asthma may be envisioned as the consequence of missed opportunities for early interventions. Early initiation of biologic therapy—guided by biomarkers such as blood eosinophil count and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), as well as symptom burden and risk of lung function decline—may prevent progression to severe asthma and improve remission rates. This position paper advocates for a shift from severity-based to risk-based treatment strategies, recommending earlier biomarker assessment, redefinition of escalation criteria, and clinical trials designed to evaluate biologics in symptomatic non-exacerbating patients. By recognizing persistent inflammation and progression risk earlier in the disease course, clinicians may have a critical opportunity to alter the trajectory of asthma, reduce long-term morbidity, and achieve sustained control before irreversible damage occurs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances in Asthma and COPD)

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26 pages, 1348 KB

Open AccessReview

Unusual Manifestations of Primary Pancreatic Neoplasia

by Emilia Włoszek, Kamila Krupa, Marta Fudalej, Hanna Miski, Anna M. Badowska-Kozakiewicz and Andrzej Deptała

Cancers 2025, 17(19), 3240; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17193240 - 6 Oct 2025

Abstract

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents a malignancy characterized by one of the lowest survival rates; furthermore, at the time of diagnosis, the majority of tumors are deemed unresectable. Consequently, there exists a pressing need to investigate early signs and symptoms, as well as to implement screening protocols for patients at risk of developing PDAC. By doing so, we may enhance the potential for improved treatment outcomes in light of the typically poor prognosis associated with PDAC. A review of recent literature focused on symptoms that manifest prior to the diagnosis of PDAC has been conducted, emphasizing the underlying biological mechanisms and potential screening applications, alongside data pertaining to the influence of these symptoms on prognosis and treatment. Additionally, the roles of pre-existing pain, depression, diabetes mellitus, and paraneoplastic syndromes in treatment and outcomes were scrutinized to ascertain the feasibility of integrating these factors into clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Targeted Therapies in Pancreatic Cancer—Current Landscape and Future Directions)

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24 pages, 1590 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of NiCu–Polymeric Membranes for Electro-Oxidizing Ethylene Glycol Molecules in Alkaline Medium

by Ayman Yousef, R. M. Abdel Hameed, Ibrahim M. Maafa and Ahmed Abutaleb

Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 959; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100959 - 6 Oct 2025

Abstract

Binary metallic nickel–copper nanocatalysts were anchored onto a polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene membrane [NiCu/PVdF–HFP] using the electrospinning technique, followed by the chemical reduction of the relevant precursor salts by introducing sodium borohydride to the synthesis mixture. A series of varied Ni:Cu weight % proportions was developed in order to optimize the electroactivity of this binary nanocomposite towards the investigated oxidation process. A number of physicochemical tools were used to ascertain the morphology and chemical structure of the formed metallic species on polymeric films. Cyclic voltammetric studies revealed a satisfactory performance of altered NiCu/PVdF–HFP membranes in alkaline solution. Ethylene glycol molecules were successfully electro-oxidized at their surfaces, showing the highest current intensity [564.88 μA cm⁻²] at the one with Ni:Cu weight ratios of 5:5. The dependence of these metallic membranes’ behavior on the added alcohol concentration to the reaction electrolyte and the adjusted scan rate during the electrochemical measurement was carefully investigated. One hundred repeated scans did not significantly deteriorate the NiCu/PVdF–HFP nanostructures’ durability. Decay percentages of 76.90–87.95% were monitored at their surfaces, supporting the stabilized performance for prolonged periods. A much-decreased R_ct value was estimated at Ni₅Cu₅/PVdF–HFP [392.6 Ohm cm²] as a consequence of the feasibility of the electron transfer step for the electro-catalyzing oxidation process of alcohol molecules. These enhanced study results will hopefully motivate the interested workers to explore the behavior of many binary and ternary combinations of metallic nanomaterials after their deposition onto convenient polymeric films for vital electrochemical reactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanostructured Catalysts for the Harvesting and Storage of Electrochemical Energy)

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Graphical abstract

25 pages, 484 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Knowledge Gaps Regarding Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy and Its Effect on the Fetus: A Systematic Review Focused on Women

by María Botella-López and María-Teresa Cortés-Tomás

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(19), 7047; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14197047 - 5 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/objectives: Alcohol use during pregnancy can result in adverse outcomes for the offspring, including Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Psychosocial and contextual factors may influence gestational alcohol intake and women’s risk perception. This systematic review aimed to assess pregnant women’s and women of childbearing age’s perceived risk of alcohol use during pregnancy and to evaluate their knowledge of its potential effects on children. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in Web of Science, PubMed and PsycArticles databases for studies published up to May 2025. Eligible studies examined gestational alcohol use, risk perception, or knowledge of fetal consequences among pregnant women or women of reproductive age. Methodological quality was assessed with the Critical Appraisal of Qualitative Studies tool from the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM). Results: Twenty-nine studies were included. Reported prevalence of alcohol consumption during pregnancy varied considerably across settings. A substantial proportion of women perceived alcohol use during pregnancy as acceptable, often depending on quantity, frequency, type of beverage, or stage of gestation. Knowledge of FASDs was generally limited and frequently restricted to physical malformations. Misconceptions were more common among women with prior alcohol use. The findings highlight persistent gaps in risk perception and knowledge about FASDs. Conclusions: Prevention strategies should not be limited to pregnant women but should also target women of childbearing age, especially those with active drinking patterns, as well as their immediate sociocultural environment. Strengthening professional training, community-based interventions, and consistent public health messaging are essential to reduce gestational alcohol exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics & Gynecology)

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16 pages, 317 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Diabetes Screening Among Oral Healthcare Professionals: A COM-B Model and A Theoretical Domains Framework Approach

by André Priede, Phyllis Lau, Rodrigo Mariño and Ivan Darby

Diabetology 2025, 6(10), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6100113 - 5 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Early detection of undiagnosed prediabetes (PD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) could prevent or delay the onset of diabetes and its complications. The dental setting has been suggested as a location for expanding diabetes screening in primary care. This study aimed to investigate behavioural factors that influence an oral healthcare professional’s (OHP) participation in diabetes screening and their decision to refer individuals at a high risk of diabetes for medical follow-up and confirmatory diagnosis. These factors provide targets for future interventions to encourage screening implementation and increase referral guideline compliance. Methods: This qualitative study utilised OHPs who had participated in a diabetes screening trial in Victoria, Australia. Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted by telephone or videoconferencing and transcribed and analysed thematically. The themes identified were deductively mapped onto the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behaviour (COM-B) model and the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Results: In total, eight interviews were conducted (seven dentists and one oral health therapist). Five COM-B domains were identified: reflective motivation, automatic motivation, social opportunity, physical opportunity, and psychological capability. Nine TDF domains were associated with issues related to knowledge, the environmental context and resources, memory, attention and decision processes, skills, social influences, beliefs about consequences, emotion, beliefs about capability, and social influence. Conclusions: This is the first study to investigate the factors influencing an OHP’s participation and decision making in diabetes screening and referral processes in the dental setting. The results demonstrate that OHPs need more education and training to screen for diabetes in dental clinics. This study represents the first step in developing interventions to target these factors and improve the effectiveness of diabetes screening in the dental setting. Full article

15 pages, 3711 KB

Open AccessArticle

Consequences of the Construction of a Small Dam on the Water Quality of an Urban Stream in Southeastern Brazil

by Lucas Galli do Rosário, Ricardo Hideo Taniwaki and Luis César Schiesari

Limnol. Rev. 2025, 25(4), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev25040048 - 5 Oct 2025

Abstract

The growth of the human population, combined with climate change, has made the provisioning of water resources to human populations one of the greatest challenges of recent decades. One commonly adopted solution has been the construction of small dams and reservoirs close to urban settlements. However, concerns have arisen that, despite their small size, small dams may have environmental impacts similar to those known for large dams. The severe water crisis observed between 2014 and 2015 led to the multiplication of small dams in southeastern Brazil, such as the one built on the Fetá stream at the Capivari River basin in the municipality of Louveira. This study aimed to contribute to the assessment of the impacts of small dam construction on water quality by monitoring basic parameters and nutrients during the filling and stabilization period of the Fetá reservoir. As expected, the interruption of water flow and the increase in water residence time led to increases in temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen and concentrations of dissolved carbon and nitrogen, as well as a reduction in turbidity. Consistent with the shallow depth of the water column, neither thermal nor chemical stratification was observed. Nevertheless, the water quality of surface and bottom layers was markedly different. Over time, water volume and water quality tended to stabilize. This research clearly demonstrates that small dams and reservoirs cause qualitatively similar environmental impacts to those of large-scale dams and reservoirs worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Ecology of Urban Streams)

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21 pages, 9318 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on Ground Collapse Due to Exfiltration of Shallowly Buried Water-Supply Pipeline

by Fenghao Bai, Ye Lu and Xiuying Lu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10736; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910736 - 5 Oct 2025

Abstract

Pipeline exfiltration from damaged water-supply systems frequently causes soil erosion and ground subsidence, which jeopardizes the safety of pedestrians and vehicles and even causes casualties. Despite the severe consequences, it is difficult for engineers to give reliable assessments of pipeline exfiltration hazards. In this study, erosion processes were explored using model tests and coupled computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method (CFD-DEM) simulations. It was discovered that the erosion zone can be divided into two zones—the exfiltration zone and the seepage diffusion zone. When water pressure reached 2.412 × 10⁻² MPa, local porosity approached 1.0, indicating there were no soil particles remaining. As pipeline pressure increased from 2.122 × 10⁻³ MPa to 2.412 × 10⁻² MPa, ground failure transitioned from downward settlement to upward bulge, and the ground failure duration of the fractured prototype pipe was reduced by 22–28% (from 125 s to 98 s), with a standard deviation of less than 5. The established exponential decay model (

v (t) = v_{0} e^{(- α t)}, R^{2} > 0.89

) enabled prediction of erosion duration. Based on the erosion height curve, the erosion duration and erosion area in similar engineering environments can be estimated, providing a reference for evaluating the risk of ground collapse due to pipe exfiltration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Civil Engineering)

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