Identification of Sociodemographic and Clinical Factors Influencing the Feeling of Stigmatization in People with Type 1 Diabetes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Sample Size and Statistical Power Calculation
2.3. Measurement Instruments
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Group
3.2. Characteristics of Stigmatization
3.3. The Influence of Variables on the Feeling of Stigmatization
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | % | |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Woman | 233 | 68.7 |
Man | 106 | 31.3 |
Age group (years) | ||
≤20 | 27 | 7.9 |
21–30 | 128 | 37.8 |
31–40 | 62 | 18.3 |
41–50 | 53 | 15.6 |
51–60 | 34 | 10.0 |
<60 | 35 | 10.3 |
Place of residence | ||
Village | 82 | 24.2 |
Town | 119 | 35.1 |
City | 138 | 40.7 |
Marital status | ||
Single | 100 | 29.5 |
In a relationship | 239 | 70.5 |
Education | ||
Primary | 45 | 13.3 |
Secondary | 140 | 41.3 |
Tertiary | 154 | 45.4 |
How is insulin administered? | ||
Pen | 229 | 67.6 |
Pump | 110 | 32.5 |
How is the financial situation assessed? | ||
Very good | 39 | 11.5 |
Good | 244 | 71.9 |
Poor | 56 | 16.5 |
HbA1c Group | N | % |
---|---|---|
≤7% (≤53 mmol/mol) | 158 | 46.6 |
>7% (>53 mmol/mol) | 181 | 53.4 |
Duration of the disease (years) | ||
10 and less | 61 | 18.0 |
11–25 | 196 | 57.8 |
26 and more | 82 | 24.2 |
Frequency of hypoglycemic episodes | ||
Once a month or less frequently | 98 | 28.9 |
Two to three times a month | 103 | 30.4 |
Once a week or more frequently | 138 | 40.7 |
Independent Variable/Category | N | M | SD |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Female | 233 | 50.51 | 14.91 |
Male | 106 | 48.18 | 13.64 |
Place of residence | |||
Village | 82 | 53.04 | 13.38 |
Small town | 119 | 47.91 | 14.81 |
City | 138 | 49.46 | 14.76 |
Marital status | |||
Single | 100 | 53.67 | 13.93 |
Relationship | 239 | 48.15 | 14.51 |
Education | |||
Primary education | 45 | 51.09 | 14.34 |
Secondary education | 140 | 50.72 | 15.36 |
Tertiary education | 154 | 48.55 | 13.82 |
Management | |||
Pen | 229 | 49.36 | 15.19 |
Pump | 110 | 50.67 | 13.12 |
Hypoglycemic episodes | |||
Once a month or less frequently | 98 | 47.91 | 14.33 |
Two to three times a month | 103 | 51.29 | 13.85 |
Once a week/more frequently | 138 | 49.98 | 15.14 |
Financial situation | |||
Poor | 56 | 57.39 | 15.52 |
Good | 244 | 49.52 | 13.87 |
Very good | 39 | 40.49 | 11.34 |
HbA1c group | |||
≤7% | 158 | 47.82 | 12.94 |
>7% | 181 | 51.49 | 15.65 |
b | ß | −95% CI | +95% CI | t | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 16.117 | 84.176 | <0.001 | |||
Sex (F vs. M) | −0.246 | −0.070 | −0.177 | 0.037 | −1.287 | 0.199 |
Intercept | 16.293 | 90.158 | <0.001 | |||
Place of residence (village vs. small town) | −0.519 | −0.121 | −0.235 | −0.007 | −2.079 | 0.038 |
Place of residence (village vs. city) | −0.163 | −0.039 | −0.154 | 0.075 | −0.674 | 0.501 |
Intercept | 16.467 | 85.721 | <0.001 | |||
Marital status (single vs. relationship) | −0.628 | −0.175 | −0.281 | −0.070 | −3.267 | 0.001 |
Intercept | 16.287 | 78.853 | <0.001 | |||
Education (P vs. S) | 0.113 | 0.024 | −0.084 | 0.131 | 0.433 | 0.665 |
Education (P vs. T) | −0.342 | −0.073 | −0.180 | 0.035 | −1.331 | 0.184 |
Intercept | 16.808 | 48.044 | <0.001 | |||
Age at T1D diagnosis | −0.035 | −0.107 | −0.214 | −0.001 | −1.983 | 0.048 |
Intercept | 16.272 | 85.732 | <0.001 | |||
Management (pen vs. pump) | 0.179 | 0.051 | −0.056 | 0.158 | 0.943 | 0.346 |
Intercept | 17.737 | 36.630 | <0.001 | |||
Age | −0.041 | −0.181 | −0.287 | −0.076 | −3.384 | 0.001 |
Intercept | 16.199 | 90.248 | <0.001 | |||
Hypoglycemic episodes (once a month or less frequently vs. 2–3 times a month) | 0.368 | 0.087 | −0.033 | 0.207 | 1.425 | 0.155 |
Hypoglycemic episodes (once a month or less frequently vs. once a week/more frequently) | 0.044 | 0.011 | −0.109 | 0.131 | 0.184 | 0.854 |
Intercept | 16.043 | 70.504 | <0.001 | |||
Financial situation (poor vs. good) | 0.124 | 0.029 | −0.088 | 0.146 | 0.487 | 0.627 |
Financial situation (poor vs. very good) | −1.948 | −0.314 | −0.431 | −0.197 | −5.292 | <0.001 |
Intercept | 16.183 | 91.362 | <0.001 | |||
HbA1c group (≤7% vs. >7%) | 0.385 | 0.118 | 0.011 | 0.224 | 2.173 | 0.030 |
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Sińska, B.I.; Kucharska, A.; Panczyk, M.; Matejko, B.; Traczyk, I.; Harton, A.; Jaworski, M. Identification of Sociodemographic and Clinical Factors Influencing the Feeling of Stigmatization in People with Type 1 Diabetes. Healthcare 2023, 11, 2185. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11152185
Sińska BI, Kucharska A, Panczyk M, Matejko B, Traczyk I, Harton A, Jaworski M. Identification of Sociodemographic and Clinical Factors Influencing the Feeling of Stigmatization in People with Type 1 Diabetes. Healthcare. 2023; 11(15):2185. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11152185
Chicago/Turabian StyleSińska, Beata I., Alicja Kucharska, Mariusz Panczyk, Bartłomiej Matejko, Iwona Traczyk, Anna Harton, and Mariusz Jaworski. 2023. "Identification of Sociodemographic and Clinical Factors Influencing the Feeling of Stigmatization in People with Type 1 Diabetes" Healthcare 11, no. 15: 2185. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11152185