Nutritional Quality, Chemical, and Functional Characteristics of Hemp (Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa) Protein Isolate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Proximate Analysis of Hemp Seeds
2.2. Hemp Seeds Protein Isolate (HPI)
2.3. Characterization of Hemp Protein Isolate (HPI)
2.3.1. Hemp Protein Solubility
2.3.2. Electrophoresis Analysis of Hemp Protein Isolate (HPI)
2.3.3. Secondary Structure of HPI
2.3.4. Amino Acids Composition of Hemp Protein Isolate (HPI)
2.3.5. Water-and-Oil Holding Capacity (WHC and OHC)
2.3.6. Foaming Activity and Stability
2.3.7. Emulsion Activity Index and Emulsion Stability Index
2.3.8. Correlation Coefficient
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. General Analysis of Hempseeds
3.3. Preparation of Hemp Protein Isolate
3.3.1. Removing of Fat Content (Defatting)
3.3.2. Protein Extraction
3.3.3. Protein Precipitation
3.4. Physicochemical Properties of Protein Isolate
3.4.1. Protein Solubility
3.4.2. Amino Acid Composition
3.4.3. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate–Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE)
3.4.4. Secondary Structure of Protein (FTIR)
3.5. Functional Properties of Protein Isolate
3.5.1. Water-and-Oil Holding Capacity
3.5.2. Foaming Capacity (FC) and Stability (FS)
3.5.3. Emulsifying Activity Index (EAI) and Emulsion Stability Index (ESI)
3.6. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter of Analysis | Content (%) |
---|---|
Total Protein | 21.00 ± 0.04 |
Total lipid | 28.00 ± 1.35 |
Crude Fiber | 12.00 ± 0.51 |
Ash | 4.00 ± 0.08 |
Moisture | 10.00 ± 0.33 |
Total carbohydrates | 25.00 ± 1.39 |
Essential Amino Acid | Content, g/100 g | AAS * | FAO/WHO Pattern for Adults | Satisfaction of Daily Requirement, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Isoleucine + Leucine | 5.21 | 47.00 | 3.20 | 141.60 |
Lysine | 2.88 | 52.00 | 1.60 | 156.60 |
Methionine + Cysteine | 5.49 | 157.00 | 1.70 | 280.70 |
Phenylalanine + Tyrosine | 9.63 | 161.00 | 1.90 | 440.30 |
Threonine | 3.79 | 95.00 | 0.90 | 365.80 |
Tryptophan | 0.26 | 26.00 | 0.50 | 44.40 |
Arginine | 15.52 | 0.46 | ||
Valine | 4.53 | 91.00 | 1.80 | 218.70 |
Total of essential amino acids | 31.79 | – | ||
Non-Essential amino acids | ||||
Arginine | 15.52 | 0.46 | ||
Histidine | 3.20 | 1.60 | ||
Proline | 3.44 | 0.61 | ||
Serine | 4.05 | 0.53 | ||
Alanine | 3.85 | 0.26 | ||
Glycine | 3.70 | 0.20 | ||
Glutamic acid + glutamine | 3.91 | 1.75 | ||
Asparagine + aspartic acid | 12.53 | 0.88 |
pH | WOC (mL/g) | OHC (mL/g) | Foaming Capacity (%) | Foaming Stability (%) | EAI (m2/g) | ESI (min) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 2.10 ± 0.13 a | 1.23 ± 0.17 a | 59.46 ± 2.58 b | 53.43 ± 3.41 a | 38.89 ± 2.47 f | 27.05 ± 2.22 bc |
5 | 4.21 ± 0.24 b | 2.56 ± 0.08 b | 47.93 ± 3.01 c | 39.50 ± 2.82 b | 25.48 ± 0.30 g | 49.00 ± 5.05 a |
7 | 3.52 ± 0.21 b | 2.31 ± 0.16 b | 20.26 ± 0.37 d | 14.90 ± 2.07 c | 26.82 ± 0.57 g | 44.86 ± 6.72 a |
9 | 2.81 ± 0.15 a | 1.36 ± 0.14 a | 44.73 ± 2.49 c | 33.40 ± 3.02 b | 27.43 ± 0.29 g | 24.10 ± 1.92 bcd |
11 | 2.36 ± 0.12 a | 1.23 ± 0.21 a | 67.23 ± 3.20 a | 54.73 ± 3.34 a | 20.47 ± 0.76 g | 21.77 ± 1.36 bcde |
Relationship | Correlation Coefficient (r) | p (2-Tailed) |
---|---|---|
Concentration of protein and Solubility of protein | 0.623 ** | 0.000 |
Foaming capacity and Foaming stability | 0.980 ** | 0.000 |
EAI and ESI | −0.504 ** | 0.005 |
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El-Sohaimy, S.A.; Androsova, N.V.; Toshev, A.D.; El Enshasy, H.A. Nutritional Quality, Chemical, and Functional Characteristics of Hemp (Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa) Protein Isolate. Plants 2022, 11, 2825. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11212825
El-Sohaimy SA, Androsova NV, Toshev AD, El Enshasy HA. Nutritional Quality, Chemical, and Functional Characteristics of Hemp (Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa) Protein Isolate. Plants. 2022; 11(21):2825. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11212825
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl-Sohaimy, Sobhy Ahmed, Natalia Vladimirovna Androsova, Abduvali Djabarovich Toshev, and Hesham Ali El Enshasy. 2022. "Nutritional Quality, Chemical, and Functional Characteristics of Hemp (Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa) Protein Isolate" Plants 11, no. 21: 2825. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11212825