Abstract
The fusion of low-spatial-resolution hyperspectral images (LRHSI) with high-spatial-resolution multispectral images (HRMSI) for super-resolution (SR), using coupled non-negative matrix factorization (CNMF), has been widely studied in the past few decades. However, the matching of spectral characteristics between the LRHSI and HRMSI, which is required before they are jointly factorized, has rarely been studied. One objective of this work is to study how the relative spectral response characteristics (R-SRC) of the LRHSI and HRMSI can be better estimated, particularly when the SRC of the latter is unknown. To this end, three variants of enhanced R-SRC algorithms were proposed, and their effectiveness was assessed by applying them for sharpening data using CNMF. The quality of the output was assessed using the L1-norm-error (L1NE) and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) of target detections performed using the adaptive coherent estimator (ACE) algorithm. Experimental results obtained from two subsets of a real scene revealed a two- to three-fold reduction in the reconstruction error when the scenes were sharpened by the proposed R-SRC algorithms, in comparison with Yokoya’s original algorithm. Experiments also revealed that a much higher proportion (by one order of magnitude) of small targets of 0.015 occupancy in the LRHSI scene could be detected by the proposed R-SRC methods compared with the baseline algorithm, for an equal false alarm rate. These results may suggest the possibility of SR to allow long-range surveillance using low-cost HSI hardware, particularly when the remaining issues of the occurrence of large reconstruction errors and comparatively higher false alarm rate for ‘rare’ species in the scene can be understood and resolved in future research.