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Nanomaterials
Volume 15
Issue 4
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Nanomaterials, Volume 15, Issue 4 (February-2 2025) – 69 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): This review highlights the novel approach of optimizing nanofluids to enhance both thermal conductivity (TC) and specific heat capacity (SHC) simultaneously—an ongoing challenge in heat transfer fluids. Unlike conventional studies that focus on TC improvement, this work explores strategies to balance TC and SHC, introducing solid–solid phase transitions as a solution. It emphasizes nanoparticle composition, dispersion, and interfacial interactions to maintain stability while minimizing viscosity increases. The study underscores the potential of nanofluids in renewable energy applications, enhancing energy storage efficiency and sustainability. Future research directions are outlined to further advance nanofluids for low-carbon energy solutions. View this paper
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14 pages, 4173 KiB  
Article
FeFET-Based Computing-in-Memory Unit Circuit and Its Application
by Xiaojing Zha and Hao Ye
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040319 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 437
Abstract
With the increasing challenges facing silicon complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) has received extensive attention in overcoming the bottleneck. NVM and computing-in-memory (CiM) architecture are promising in reducing energy and time consumption in data-intensive computation. The HfO2-doped ferroelectric [...] Read more.
With the increasing challenges facing silicon complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) has received extensive attention in overcoming the bottleneck. NVM and computing-in-memory (CiM) architecture are promising in reducing energy and time consumption in data-intensive computation. The HfO2-doped ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET) is one of NVM and has been used in CiM digital circuit design. However, in the implementation of logical functions, different input forms, such as FeFET state and gate voltage, limit the logic cascade and restrict the rapid development of CiM digital circuits. To address this problem, this paper proposes a Vin–Vout CiM unit circuit with the built-in state of FeFET as a bridge. The proposed unit circuit unifies the form of logic inputs and describes the basic structure of FeFET to realize logic functions under the application of gate-source voltage. Based on the proposed unit circuit, basic logic gates are designed and used to realize CiM Full Adder (FA). The simulation results verify the feasibility of FeFET as the core of logic operations and prove the scalability of FeFET-based unit circuit, which is expected to develop more efficient CiM circuits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Circuit Research for Nanoscale Field-Effect Transistors)
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13 pages, 2757 KiB  
Article
Crystal Phase and Morphology Control for Enhanced Luminescence in K3GaF6:Er3+
by Yilin Guo, Xin Pan, Yidi Zhang, Ke Su, Rong-Jun Xie, Jiayan Liao, Lefu Mei and Libing Liao
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040318 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 268
Abstract
Upconversion luminescent materials (UCLMs) have garnered significant attention due to their broad potential applications in fields such as display technology, biological imaging, and optical sensing. However, optimizing crystal phase and morphology remains a challenge. This study systematically investigates the effects of phase transformation [...] Read more.
Upconversion luminescent materials (UCLMs) have garnered significant attention due to their broad potential applications in fields such as display technology, biological imaging, and optical sensing. However, optimizing crystal phase and morphology remains a challenge. This study systematically investigates the effects of phase transformation and morphology control on the upconversion luminescent properties of K3GaF6:Er3+. By comparing different synthesis methods, we found that the hydrothermal method effectively facilitated the transformation of the NaxK3-xGaF6 crystal phase from cubic to monoclinic, with Na+/K+ ions playing a key role in the preparation process. Furthermore, the hydrothermal method significantly optimized the particle morphology, resulting in the formation of uniform octahedral structures. The 657 nm red emission intensity of the monoclinic phase sample doped with Er3+ was enhanced by 30 times compared to that of the cubic phase, clearly demonstrating the crucial role of phase transformation in luminescent performance. This study emphasizes the synergistic optimization of crystal phase and morphology through phase engineering, which substantially improves the upconversion luminescence efficiency of K3GaF6:Er3+, paving the way for further advancements in the design of efficient upconversion materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Design, Optical Properties and Applications of Advanced Luminescent Nanomaterials)
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21 pages, 6781 KiB  
Review
Gold Nanoparticle-Enhanced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species for Radiotherapy and Phototherapy
by Viet-Khang Nguyen, Shiao-Wen Tsai, I-Chun Cho, Tsi-Chian Chao, Ing-Tsung Hsiao, Hsiao-Chieh Huang and Jiunn-Woei Liaw
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040317 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 410
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have gained significant attention as multifunctional agents in biomedical applications, particularly for enhancing radiotherapy. Their advantages, including low toxicity, high biocompatibility, and excellent conductivity, make them promising candidates for improving treatment outcomes across various radiation sources, such as femtosecond lasers, [...] Read more.
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have gained significant attention as multifunctional agents in biomedical applications, particularly for enhancing radiotherapy. Their advantages, including low toxicity, high biocompatibility, and excellent conductivity, make them promising candidates for improving treatment outcomes across various radiation sources, such as femtosecond lasers, X-rays, Cs-137, and proton beams. However, a deeper understanding of their precise mechanisms in radiotherapy is essential for maximizing their therapeutic potential. This review explores the role of GNPs in enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through plasmon-induced hot electrons or radiation-induced secondary electrons, leading to cellular damage in organelles such as mitochondria and the cytoskeleton. This additional pathway enhances radiotherapy efficacy, offering new therapeutic possibilities. Furthermore, we discuss emerging trends and future perspectives, highlighting innovative strategies for integrating GNPs into radiotherapy. This comprehensive review provides insights into the mechanisms, applications, and potential clinical impact of GNPs in cancer treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Roadmaps for Nanomaterials in Radiation Therapy)
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4 pages, 506 KiB  
Perspective
A Comparison Between Ripening Under a Constant Volume and Ripening Under a Constant Surface Area
by King-Ning Tu, Andriy M. Gusak, Qinglei Sun and Yifan Yao
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040316 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 320
Abstract
The classic Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner (LSW) theory of ripening assumes a constant volume. In comparison, we present here a model of ripening assuming a constant surface area, which has occurred in the microstructure changes in intermetallic compounds in micro-bump for 3D integrated-circuit (IC) technology in [...] Read more.
The classic Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner (LSW) theory of ripening assumes a constant volume. In comparison, we present here a model of ripening assuming a constant surface area, which has occurred in the microstructure changes in intermetallic compounds in micro-bump for 3D integrated-circuit (IC) technology in consumer electronic products. However, to keep a constant surface area requires the growth of the volume. Furthermore, in 3D IC technology, the kinetics is affected by electrical charges flowing in and out of the system. Due to Joule heating and electromigration, heat flux and atomic flux can occur together. The kinetic modes of failure changes are given here, as well as the mean-time-to-failure equations based on entropy production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanophotonics Materials and Devices)
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24 pages, 5334 KiB  
Review
Review of Biomass-Derived Carbon Nanomaterials—From 0D to 3D—For Supercapacitor Applications
by Yihong Yan, Weiqiang Sun, Yuxin Wei, Kuankuan Liu, Jingjing Ma and Guang Hu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040315 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 273
Abstract
The transition to sustainable energy storage solutions has driven significant interest in supercapacitors, which offer high power density, rapid charge–discharge capabilities, and exceptional cycle stability. Biomass-derived carbon nanomaterials have emerged as compelling candidates for supercapacitor electrodes due to their renewable origins, environmental compatibility, [...] Read more.
The transition to sustainable energy storage solutions has driven significant interest in supercapacitors, which offer high power density, rapid charge–discharge capabilities, and exceptional cycle stability. Biomass-derived carbon nanomaterials have emerged as compelling candidates for supercapacitor electrodes due to their renewable origins, environmental compatibility, and cost-effectiveness. This study explores recent advancements in tailoring structural properties, for example in preparation methods and activation, which are essential for efficient charge storage and rapid ion transport. Attention is given to the dimensional configurations—spanning 0D to 3D structures—and their impact on electrochemical behaviors. This review outlines the challenges faced in scaling up and optimizing these materials for practical applications, alongside an outlook on future research directions. By bridging the gap between material design and application demands, this work contributes to advancing sustainable supercapacitor technologies for a greener energy future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Biomass-Based Materials for Energy Storage and Environmental Remediation)
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13 pages, 2885 KiB  
Review
The Existence and Stability Mechanism of Bulk Nanobubbles: A Review
by Changsheng Chen, Yawen Gao and Xianren Zhang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040314 - 18 Feb 2025
Viewed by 427
Abstract
Since they were shown to be a potential phenomenon through experimentation, bulk nanobubbles (BNBs) have been a long-standing controversy. The controversy mainly originates from the fact that their stability cannot be well explained by the established theories. Although nanobubbles have been applied in [...] Read more.
Since they were shown to be a potential phenomenon through experimentation, bulk nanobubbles (BNBs) have been a long-standing controversy. The controversy mainly originates from the fact that their stability cannot be well explained by the established theories. Although nanobubbles have been applied in many fields, the controversial stability issue has been a hanging “cloud” looming over the nanobubble research. This review focuses on why the stability of nanobubbles cannot be depicted by the current theories from thermodynamics and dynamics perspectives. Moreover, a number of current models pertaining to bulk nanobubble stability are compiled. It is anticipated that this review will give readers a better grasp of the current state of bulk nanobubble research and provide some insight for further studies in this area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series in “Synthesis, Structure and Application of Functional Nanocomposites”)
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25 pages, 8611 KiB  
Article
A Molecular Modeling Study on the Propagation in Free Radical Chain Oxidation of (B)PEI
by Wim Buijs
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040313 - 18 Feb 2025
Viewed by 269
Abstract
Air oxidation of PEI is a Free Radical Chain Autoxidation process, described as a process following the Basic Autoxidation Scheme with Initiation, Propagation and Termination as discriminating steps. Molecular Modeling was able to identify the most important propagation reactions. HO2(d) is [...] Read more.
Air oxidation of PEI is a Free Radical Chain Autoxidation process, described as a process following the Basic Autoxidation Scheme with Initiation, Propagation and Termination as discriminating steps. Molecular Modeling was able to identify the most important propagation reactions. HO2(d) is the most likely candidate as the main oxidation chain carrying radical. α-H-abstraction from PEI α-amino hydroperoxides by HO2(d), leading to amide PEI repeat units and eventually to HO2(d) again, is the first step in Propagation. Apart from well-know propagation reactions, the reaction of PEI α-amino CH(d) radicals with H2O2 is of major importance, too, with an estimated contribution of ~50% to Propagation. Furthermore, it provides an explanation for the formation of NH3 and various imine PEI repeat units. PEI α-amino alkoxy radicals might contribute to some extent to Propagation and can lead to chain breaks in PEI and the formation of CO2. Amide and imine PEI repeat units contribute to ~90% of the fully oxidized PEI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Catalysis for Sustainable Chemistry and Energy, 2nd Volume)
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40 pages, 11565 KiB  
Review
Advancements in the Preparation and Application of Ni-Co System (Alloys, Composites, and Coatings): A Review
by Liyan Lai, Feng Qian, Yuxiao Bi, Bing Niu, Guanliang Yu, Yigui Li and Guifu Ding
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040312 - 18 Feb 2025
Viewed by 429
Abstract
In the field of non-silicon MEMSs (micro-electro-mechanical systems), nickel, with its mature preparation method, good compatibility with non-silicon MEMS processes, and excellent mechanical properties, is one of the commonly used structural materials. By effectively combining it with non-silicon MEMS processes, nickel is widely [...] Read more.
In the field of non-silicon MEMSs (micro-electro-mechanical systems), nickel, with its mature preparation method, good compatibility with non-silicon MEMS processes, and excellent mechanical properties, is one of the commonly used structural materials. By effectively combining it with non-silicon MEMS processes, nickel is widely used in typical process systems such as LIGA (Lithography, Galvanoformung, Abformung)/UV-LIGA (Ultraviolet Lithography, Galvanoformung, Abformung). However, with the rapid development of the non-silicon MEMS field, pure nickel materials are no longer able to meet current material demands. Alternatively, nickel–cobalt composite materials have excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, corrosion resistance, and good adaptability to processing technology because cobalt has unique advantages as a reinforcing phase, including excellent wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and high hardness. This article examines the current methods for preparing nickel–cobalt alloys by focusing on composite electrodeposition of coatings and analyzing their advantages and disadvantages. Based on this, the effect of the composite electrodeposition conditions on the formation mechanism of nickel–cobalt alloy coatings is discussed. Then, the research status of composite electrodeposition methods mainly based on nickel–cobalt nanocomposites is discussed. Finally, a new direction for future work on nickel–cobalt composite materials mainly composed of nickel–cobalt nanomaterials prepared by composite electrodeposition is proposed, and its application prospects in non-silicon MEMS fields are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)
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11 pages, 3669 KiB  
Article
The Crystal Structure and Luminescence Behavior of Self-Activated Halotungstates Ba3WO5Cl2 for W-LEDs Applications
by Liuyang Zhang, Shijin Zhou, Jiani Meng, Yuxin Zhang, Jiarui Zhang, Qinlan Ma, Lin Qin and Man Luo
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040311 - 18 Feb 2025
Viewed by 309
Abstract
The self-activated halotungstate Ba3WO5Cl2 was successfully synthesized using a high-temperature solid-state method. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) confirmed the formation of a single-phase compound with a monoclinic crystal structure, ensuring the material’s purity and structural integrity. The luminescence properties [...] Read more.
The self-activated halotungstate Ba3WO5Cl2 was successfully synthesized using a high-temperature solid-state method. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) confirmed the formation of a single-phase compound with a monoclinic crystal structure, ensuring the material’s purity and structural integrity. The luminescence properties of Ba3WO5Cl2 were thoroughly investigated using both optical and laser-excitation spectroscopy. The photoluminescent excitation (PLE) and emission (PL) spectra, together with the corresponding decay curves, were recorded across a broad temperature range, from 10 K to 480 K. The charge transfer band (CTB) of the [WO5Cl] octahedron was clearly identified in both the PL and the PLE spectra under ultraviolet light excitation, indicating efficient energy transfer within the material’s structure. A strong blue emission could be detected around 450 nm, which is characteristic of the material’s luminescent properties. However, this emission exhibited thermal quenching as the temperature increased, a common phenomenon where the luminescence intensity diminishes due to thermal effects. To better understand the thermal quenching behavior, variations in luminescence intensity and decay time were analyzed using a straightforward thermal quenching model. This comprehensive study of Ba3WO5Cl2 luminescent properties not only deepens the understanding of its photophysical behavior but also contributes to the development of novel materials with tailored optical properties for specific technological applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonics/Optoelectronics Properties and Applications of Two-Dimensional Heterostructures)
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24 pages, 4251 KiB  
Article
Membrane Filtration of Nanoscale Biomaterials: Model System and Membrane Performance Evaluation for AAV2 Viral Vector Clarification and Recovery
by Mara Leach, Kearstin Edmonds, Emily Ingram, Rebecca Dutch, Ranil Wickramasinghe, Malgorzata Chwatko and Dibakar Bhattacharyya
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040310 - 18 Feb 2025
Viewed by 583
Abstract
The growing demand for viral vectors as nanoscale therapeutic agents in gene therapy necessitates efficient and scalable purification methods. This study examined the role of nanoscale biomaterials in optimizing viral vector clarification through a model system mimicking real AAV2 crude harvest material. Using [...] Read more.
The growing demand for viral vectors as nanoscale therapeutic agents in gene therapy necessitates efficient and scalable purification methods. This study examined the role of nanoscale biomaterials in optimizing viral vector clarification through a model system mimicking real AAV2 crude harvest material. Using lysed HEK293 cells and silica nanoparticles (20 nm) as surrogates for AAV2 crude harvest, we evaluated primary (depth filters) and secondary (membrane-based) filtration processes under different process parameters and solution conditions. These filtration systems were then assessed for their ability to recover nanoscale viral vectors while reducing DNA (without the need for endonuclease treatment), protein, and turbidity. Primary clarification demonstrated that high flux rates (600 LMH) reduced the depth filter’s ability to leverage adsorptive and electrostatic interactions, resulting in a lower DNA removal. Conversely, lower flux rates (150 LMH) enabled >90% DNA reduction by maintaining these interactions. Solution conductivity significantly influenced performance, with high conductivity screening electrostatic interactions, and the model system closely matching real system outcomes under these conditions. Secondary clarification highlighted material-dependent trade-offs. The PES membranes achieved exceptional AAV2 recovery rates exceeding 90%, while RC membranes excelled in DNA reduction (>80%) due to their respective surface charge and hydrophilic properties. The integration of the primary clarification step dramatically improved PES membrane performance, increasing the final flux from ~60 LMH to ~600 LMH. Fouling analysis revealed that real AAV2 systems experienced more severe and complex fouling compared to the model system, transitioning from intermediate blocking to irreversible cake layer formation, which was exacerbated by nanoscale impurities (~10–600 nm). This work bridges nanomaterial science and biomanufacturing, advancing scalable viral vector purification for gene therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Development of Nano-Biomaterials)
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30 pages, 4824 KiB  
Review
Advancements in Lignin Valorization for Energy Storage Applications: Sustainable Technologies for Lignin Extraction and Hydrothermal Carbonization
by Haoyu Wang, Haozheng Meng, Joshua O. Olowoyo, Yimin Zeng and Ying Zheng
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040309 - 18 Feb 2025
Viewed by 492
Abstract
The conversion of industrial waste lignin into sustainable carbon materials is an essential step towards reducing dependency on fossil fuels and mitigating environmental impacts. This review explores various aspects of lignin utilization, with particular focus on the extraction of lignin and the application [...] Read more.
The conversion of industrial waste lignin into sustainable carbon materials is an essential step towards reducing dependency on fossil fuels and mitigating environmental impacts. This review explores various aspects of lignin utilization, with particular focus on the extraction of lignin and the application of lignin-derived carbon materials in energy storge applications. The review explores advanced chemical methods to improve the efficiency of biomass conversion, detailing emerging technologies for lignin extraction from various biomasses using innovative solvents and techniques, such as Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs). Additionally, it discusses the parameters that impact the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process. The produced hydrochar shows potential for use as optimized precursors for energy storage applications. This review also considers the implications of these technologies for environmental sustainability and the circular economy, suggesting future research directions to enhance and scale these processes for global impact. This comprehensive analysis highlights the critical role of advanced biomass conversion technologies in achieving sustainability and outlines pathways for future lignin-based carbon materials innovations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)
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25 pages, 2372 KiB  
Article
Systematic Simulations of Structural Stability, Phonon Dispersions, and Thermal Expansion in Zinc-Blende ZnO
by Devki N. Talwar and Piotr Becla
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040308 - 17 Feb 2025
Viewed by 496
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) has recently gained considerable attention due to its exceptional properties, including higher electron mobility, good thermal conductivity, high breakdown voltage, and a relatively large exciton-binding energy. These characteristics helped engineers to develop low dimensional heterostructures (LDHs)-based advanced flexible/transparent nanoelectronics, which [...] Read more.
Zinc oxide (ZnO) has recently gained considerable attention due to its exceptional properties, including higher electron mobility, good thermal conductivity, high breakdown voltage, and a relatively large exciton-binding energy. These characteristics helped engineers to develop low dimensional heterostructures (LDHs)-based advanced flexible/transparent nanoelectronics, which were then integrated into thermal management systems. Coefficients of thermal expansion αT, phonon dispersions  ωj(q→), and Grüneisen parameters  γjq→ can play important roles in evaluating the suitability of materials in such devices. By adopting a realistic rigid-ion model in the quasi-harmonic approximation, this work aims to report the results of a methodical study to comprehend the structural, lattice dynamical, and thermodynamic behavior of zinc-blende (zb) ZnO. Systematic calculations of ωj(q→), γjq→, and αT have indicated negative thermal expansion (NTE) at low T. Soft transverse acoustic shear mode gammas  γTA at critical points offered major contributions to NTE. Our results of ωj(q→) at ambient pressure compare reasonably well with Raman scattering spectroscopy measurements and first-principles calculations. By adjusting the layers of materials with positive and negative thermal expansion, it is possible to create LDHs with near-zero αT. Such a nanostructure might experience a minimal dimensional change with T fluctuations, making it ideal for devices where precise dimensional stability is crucial. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)
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12 pages, 3447 KiB  
Article
High Performance Phototransistor Based on 0D-CsPbBr3/2D-MoS2 Heterostructure with Gate Tunable Photo-Response
by Chen Yang, Yangyang Xie, Lei Zheng, Hanqiang Liu, Peng Liu, Fang Wang, Junqing Wei and Kailiang Zhang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040307 - 17 Feb 2025
Viewed by 367
Abstract
Monolayer MoS2 has been widely researched in high performance phototransistors for its high carrier mobility and strong photoelectric conversion ability. However, some defects in MoS2, such as vacancies or impurities, provide more possibilities for carrier recombination; thus, restricting the formation [...] Read more.
Monolayer MoS2 has been widely researched in high performance phototransistors for its high carrier mobility and strong photoelectric conversion ability. However, some defects in MoS2, such as vacancies or impurities, provide more possibilities for carrier recombination; thus, restricting the formation of photocurrents and resulting in decreased responsiveness. Herein, all-inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots (QDs) with high photoelectric conversion efficiency and light absorption coefficients are introduced to enhance the responsivity of a 2D MoS2 phototransistor. The CsPbBr3/MoS2 heterostructure has a type II energy band, and it has a high responsivity of ~1790 A/W and enhanced detectivity of ~2.4 × 1011 Jones. Additionally, the heterostructure CsPbBr3/MoS2 enables the synergistic effect mechanism of photoconduction and photogating effects with the gate tunable photo-response, which could also contribute to an improved performance of the MoS2 phototransistor. This work provides new strategies for performance phototransistors and is expected to play an important role in many fields, such as optical communication, environmental monitoring and biomedical imaging, and promote the development and application of related technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
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12 pages, 11964 KiB  
Article
Evaporation of Nanofluid Sessile Droplets Under Marangoni and Buoyancy Effects: Internal Convection and Instability
by Yuequn Tao and Zhiqiang Zhu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040306 - 17 Feb 2025
Viewed by 335
Abstract
Previous research has studied the evolution of patterns during the evaporation of sessile droplets of pure liquid, although there is a lack of reports focusing on the transition of flow regimes and flow stability of nanofluids. In this study, we investigate the evaporation [...] Read more.
Previous research has studied the evolution of patterns during the evaporation of sessile droplets of pure liquid, although there is a lack of reports focusing on the transition of flow regimes and flow stability of nanofluids. In this study, we investigate the evaporation of sessile droplets of Al2O3-ethanol nanofluid to elucidate the dynamic characteristics of the evaporation process from the perspective of internal convection. As the temperature increases, internal convection intensifies, significantly accelerating the evaporation rate. Three distinct convection flow patterns are observed under the combined influence of the Marangoni effect and buoyancy during evaporation: initially, two macroscopic convection cells form, followed by the periodic generation and propagation of hydrothermal waves (HTWs) near the contact line. Subsequently, Bénard–Marangoni (BM) convection cells gradually emerge and ultimately dominate the flow dynamics. The deposition patterns, which differ in part from the classic coffee-ring pattern, are closely related to the flow patterns of HTWs and BM convection cells during the pinning stage of droplet evaporation. Furthermore, the critical Marangoni (Ma) and Rayleigh (Ra) numbers for the onset of convection flow instability increase with rising substrate heating temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nano-Engineered Composite Materials for Thermal Management)
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20 pages, 6454 KiB  
Article
Variation in Nanocrystalline Phase Content on Mechanical Properties and Wear Resistance of FeCrMoWBRE Amorphous/Nanocrystalline Coating Deposited by High-Velocity Arc Spraying
by Hao Du, Wei Xin, Bo Wang, Ji’an Feng, Xingchuan Xia, Yujiang Wang and Shicheng Wei
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040305 - 17 Feb 2025
Viewed by 334
Abstract
The incorporation of a homogeneously distributed nanocrystalline phase in Fe-based amorphous coatings is widely acknowledged to enhance wear resistance across various applications. In this study, FeCrMoWBRE amorphous/nanocrystalline composite coatings were fabricated on 45# steel substrates using high-velocity arc spraying (HVAS). The coatings were [...] Read more.
The incorporation of a homogeneously distributed nanocrystalline phase in Fe-based amorphous coatings is widely acknowledged to enhance wear resistance across various applications. In this study, FeCrMoWBRE amorphous/nanocrystalline composite coatings were fabricated on 45# steel substrates using high-velocity arc spraying (HVAS). The coatings were produced under varying spraying voltages, currents, and distances, following the Taguchi experimental design methodology. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of the coatings were systematically analyzed, with a particular focus on the relationship between nanocrystalline/amorphous phase content and key performance metrics, including microhardness, adhesive strength, and wear rate. A positive correlation was observed between the nanocrystalline phase content and both mechanical properties and wear resistance. The coating with optimized nanocrystalline phase content of 21.4% exhibits the lowest wear rate of 1.39 × 10−7 mm3·N−1·m−1 under a 100 N load and oil lubrication. These findings underscore the critical role of controlling the nanocrystalline phase content in Fe-based amorphous/nanocrystalline composite coatings to maximize wear resistance under oil-lubricated conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano Surface Engineering: 2nd Edition)
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12 pages, 3426 KiB  
Article
Porous Carbon Electrode Made of Biomass DNAs for High-Efficiency Quasi-Solid-State Supercapacitor
by Samanth Kokkiligadda, Surya Kiran Ampasala, Yeonju Nam, Jeonghun Kim, Suk Ho Bhang and Soong Ho Um
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040304 - 17 Feb 2025
Viewed by 274
Abstract
Since companies have declared their commitment to operating with 100% renewable energy, developing electrical storage systems using natural eco-friendly resources is in full swing. Efforts to replace existing materials in core electrode materials are accelerating, but the use of toxic chemicals in the [...] Read more.
Since companies have declared their commitment to operating with 100% renewable energy, developing electrical storage systems using natural eco-friendly resources is in full swing. Efforts to replace existing materials in core electrode materials are accelerating, but the use of toxic chemicals in the complex production process is decreasing its value. This study presents a unique porous carbon electrode made of pure biomass DNA wastes synthesized simply via a single step of hydrogelation-calcination without activation through carbonization. Electrochemical analysis of the electrodes revealed energy storage performance with an outstanding specific capacitance of 563.34 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. The QSSC exhibited an energy density of 13.05 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 486.67 W kg−1. It was connected to a solar panel for renewable energy storage and successfully powered a digital clock and LEDs (Light Emitting Diode), demonstrating the potential of advanced sustainable and cost-effective energy storage solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanostructured Electrode Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion Systems)
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21 pages, 7162 KiB  
Review
Research Progress on Chemiresistive Carbon Monoxide Sensors
by Minghui Wei, Xuerong Shi, Min Zhu, Shengming Zhang, Heng Zhang, Haiyu Yao and Shusheng Xu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040303 - 16 Feb 2025
Viewed by 317
Abstract
The development of high-performance carbon monoxide (CO) sensors is essential for protecting human health, ensuring industrial safety, and maintaining environmental well-being. Among various types of sensors, chemiresistive sensors exhibit considerable promise for real-time applications due to their operational capabilities. To achieve high performances [...] Read more.
The development of high-performance carbon monoxide (CO) sensors is essential for protecting human health, ensuring industrial safety, and maintaining environmental well-being. Among various types of sensors, chemiresistive sensors exhibit considerable promise for real-time applications due to their operational capabilities. To achieve high performances of chemiresistive sensors, this review emphasizes various enhancement strategies, encompassing the refinement of sensing materials, the augmentation of sensor structures, and the optimization of gas recognition algorithms. Specifically, the modification techniques of sensing materials, which include the construction of heterostructures, the decoration with noble metals, surface functionalization, hetero-element-doping, and morphology engineering, are delved into comprehensively. This review provides insights into the rational design of cost-effective CO sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanocomposites for Sensing Applications)
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35 pages, 5019 KiB  
Review
Beyond Thermal Conductivity: A Review of Nanofluids for Enhanced Energy Storage and Heat Transfer
by Ali Mirahmad, Ravi Shankar Kumar, Breogán Pato Doldán, Cristina Prieto Rios and Javier Díez-Sierra
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040302 - 16 Feb 2025
Viewed by 551
Abstract
The development of nanofluids (NFs) has significantly advanced the thermal performance of heat transfer fluids (HTFs) in heating and cooling applications. This review examines the synergistic effects of different nanoparticles (NPs)—including metallic, metallic oxide, and carbonaceous types—on the thermal conductivity (TC) and specific [...] Read more.
The development of nanofluids (NFs) has significantly advanced the thermal performance of heat transfer fluids (HTFs) in heating and cooling applications. This review examines the synergistic effects of different nanoparticles (NPs)—including metallic, metallic oxide, and carbonaceous types—on the thermal conductivity (TC) and specific heat capacity (SHC) of base fluids like molecular, molten salts and ionic liquids. While adding NPs typically enhances TC and heat transfer, it can reduce SHC, posing challenges for energy storage and sustainable thermal management. Key factors such as NP composition, shape, size, concentration, and base fluid selection are analyzed to understand the mechanisms driving these improvements. The review also emphasizes the importance of interfacial interactions and proper NP dispersion for fluid stability. Strategies like optimizing NP formulations and utilizing solid–solid phase transitions are proposed to enhance both TC and SHC without significantly increasing viscosity, a common drawback in NFs. By balancing these properties, NFs hold great potential for renewable energy systems, particularly in improving energy storage efficiency. The review also outlines future research directions to overcome current challenges and expand the application of NFs in sustainable energy solutions, contributing to reduced carbon emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Thermal Energy Transfer and Storage)
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26 pages, 2570 KiB  
Review
The Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles and Their Applications in Enhancing Plant Stress Resistance: A Review
by Xin Qin, Zijun Wang, Jie Lai, You Liang and Kun Qian
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040301 - 16 Feb 2025
Viewed by 437
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based strategies have emerged as transformative tools for addressing critical challenges in sustainable agriculture, offering precise modulation of plant–environment interactions through enhanced biocompatibility and stimuli-responsive delivery mechanisms. Among these innovations, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) present unique advantages due to their dual functionality as both [...] Read more.
Nanoparticle-based strategies have emerged as transformative tools for addressing critical challenges in sustainable agriculture, offering precise modulation of plant–environment interactions through enhanced biocompatibility and stimuli-responsive delivery mechanisms. Among these innovations, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) present unique advantages due to their dual functionality as both essential micronutrient carriers and redox homeostasis modulators. Compared to conventional selenium treatments, SeNPs offer a more efficient and environmentally friendly solution for improving plant resilience while minimizing toxicity, even at low doses. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of methods for synthesizing SeNPs, including chemical reduction, green synthesis using plant extracts, and biological techniques with microbial agents. Additionally, the review discusses the effects of SeNPs on biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants, focusing on how these nanoparticles activate stress-response pathways and enhance plant immune function. The primary objective of this study is to offer theoretical insights into the application of SeNPs for addressing critical challenges in modern agriculture, such as improving crop yield and quality under stress conditions. Moreover, the research highlights the role of SeNPs in advancing sustainable agricultural practices by reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The findings underscore the transformative potential of SeNPs in crop management, contributing to a more sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanopesticides: Potential Benefits and Challenges in Agricultural Production)
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14 pages, 7468 KiB  
Article
Study on the Transverse Vibration Characteristics of Phenine Nanotubes
by Zhuoqun Zheng, Han Li, Lifeng Wang, Xu Xu and Eric Li
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040300 - 16 Feb 2025
Viewed by 331
Abstract
Phenine nanotubes are tubular molecular structures with periodic hexatomic vacancies. The holes formed by these vacancies have a significant impact on their electrical, mechanical, and other properties. In this paper, the transverse vibration characteristics of phenine nanotubes (PNTs) are investigated by molecular dynamics [...] Read more.
Phenine nanotubes are tubular molecular structures with periodic hexatomic vacancies. The holes formed by these vacancies have a significant impact on their electrical, mechanical, and other properties. In this paper, the transverse vibration characteristics of phenine nanotubes (PNTs) are investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and continuum mechanics. A geometrically equivalent beam model is established for describing the geometric characteristics of holes. The effective static mechanical parameters of PNTs used in the proposed model are calibrated by MD simulations. The first four-order natural frequencies of PNTs are predicted by MD simulations and geometrically equivalent beam models. The results indicate that the geometrically equivalent beam model performs well in describing the transverse vibration characteristics of PNTs. Furthermore, the applicability ranges of geometrically equivalent beam models are discussed. This study offers valuable insights into the transverse vibration characteristics of porous nanostructure, which would be beneficial for the design of nanoscale mechanical resonators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Electromechanical Systems Built with Low-Dimensional Materials)
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15 pages, 3563 KiB  
Article
Toward Enhancing the Thermoelectric Properties of Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 Alloys by Co-Evaporation of Bi2Te3:Bi and Sb2Te3:Te
by Bernardo S. Dores, Marino J. Maciel, José H. Correia and Eliana M. F. Vieira
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040299 - 16 Feb 2025
Viewed by 402
Abstract
In this work, we developed nanostructured Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 thin films by thermal co-evaporation of their alloys with corresponding pure elements (Bi, Sb, and Te). The films were fabricated on borosilicate glass at different substrate temperatures and [...] Read more.
In this work, we developed nanostructured Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 thin films by thermal co-evaporation of their alloys with corresponding pure elements (Bi, Sb, and Te). The films were fabricated on borosilicate glass at different substrate temperatures and deposition rates. At 300 °C, enhanced thermoelectric performance was demonstrated for n-type Bi2Te3:Bi and p-type Sb2Te3:Te, with Seebeck coefficients of 195 µV K−1 and 178 μV K−1, along with electrical conductivities of 4.6 × 104 (Ω m)−1 and 6.9 × 104 (Ω m)−1, resulting in maximum power factor values of 1.75 mW K−2 m−1 and 2.19 mW K−2 m−1, respectively. These values are found to be higher than some reported works in the literature, highlighting the advantage of not introducing additional elements to the system (such as extra doping, which induces complexity to the system). The structural properties, film morphology, and chemical composition of the optimized films were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The films were found to be polycrystalline with preferred (0 0 6) and (0 1 5) orientations for Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 films, respectively, and stable rhombohedral phases. Additionally, a ring-shaped p-n thermoelectric device for localized heating/cooling was developed and a temperature difference of ~7 °C between the hot and cold zones was obtained using 4.8 mA of current (J = 0.068 mA/mm2). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Based Advanced Thermoelectric Design)
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37 pages, 9511 KiB  
Review
Trends in Flexible Sensing Technology in Smart Wearable Mechanisms–Materials–Applications
by Sen Wang, Haorui Zhai, Qiang Zhang, Xueling Hu, Yujiao Li, Xin Xiong, Ruhong Ma, Jianlei Wang, Ying Chang and Lixin Wu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040298 - 15 Feb 2025
Viewed by 682
Abstract
Flexible sensors are revolutionizing our lives as a key component of intelligent wearables. Their pliability, stretchability, and diverse designs enable foldable and portable devices while enhancing comfort and convenience. Advances in materials science have provided numerous options for creating flexible sensors. The core [...] Read more.
Flexible sensors are revolutionizing our lives as a key component of intelligent wearables. Their pliability, stretchability, and diverse designs enable foldable and portable devices while enhancing comfort and convenience. Advances in materials science have provided numerous options for creating flexible sensors. The core of their application in areas like electronic skin, health medical monitoring, motion monitoring, and human–computer interaction is selecting materials that optimize sensor performance in weight, elasticity, comfort, and flexibility. This article focuses on flexible sensors, analyzing their “sensing mechanisms–materials–applications” framework. It explores their development trajectory, material characteristics, and contributions in various domains such as electronic skin, health medical monitoring, and human–computer interaction. The article concludes by summarizing current research achievements and discussing future challenges and opportunities. Flexible sensors are expected to continue expanding into new fields, driving the evolution of smart wearables and contributing to the intelligent development of society. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric 3D Printing: Applications in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)
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13 pages, 4012 KiB  
Article
Understanding the Energy Band Mechanism in MoS2/Co3O4 Heterojunction-Based Bioplastics Affected by Carrier Concentration
by Posak Tippo and Wattikon Sroila
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040297 - 15 Feb 2025
Viewed by 372
Abstract
Bioplastics are adopted to replace fossil-based plastics because they are microplastic-free and self-degradable without releasing greenhouse gasses. Despite having many benefits, the main applications of bioplastics are packaging and kitchenware. Moreover, the utilization of bioplastics in electronic applications is still underexplored. Consequently, the [...] Read more.
Bioplastics are adopted to replace fossil-based plastics because they are microplastic-free and self-degradable without releasing greenhouse gasses. Despite having many benefits, the main applications of bioplastics are packaging and kitchenware. Moreover, the utilization of bioplastics in electronic applications is still underexplored. Consequently, the development of bioplastics for electronic applications, especially heterojunctions, is essential. Here, we report a novel molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)/cobalt oxide (Co3O4) heterojunction based on bioplastic semiconductors, with agar as a matrix. This work also exposes the effect of carrier concentration on the mechanism of an energy band. Using the density of state in three dimensions, Anderson’s rule, and the Fermi energy level calculated by carrier concentration, we find that the energy gaps of the MoS2/Co3O4 heterojunction at various concentrations almost match the energy gap evaluated by Tauc’s relation. Additionally, leveraging the MoS2/Co3O4 heterojunction as a photodetector, the optimized device indicates an ideality factor of 1.59, a response time of 127 ms, and a recovery time of 115 ms. Our work not only represents a significant step towards using bioplastics in electronic applications but also reveals the mechanism of the energy band affected by carrier concentration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Polymeric Composites: Processing, Characterization and Mechanical Behavior)
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23 pages, 6804 KiB  
Article
Theoretical Analysis of Efficient Thermo-Optic Switching on Si3N4 Waveguide Platform Using SiOC-Based Plasmo-Photonics
by Dimitris V. Bellas, Eleftheria Lampadariou, George Dabos, Ioannis Vangelidis, Laurent Markey, Jean-Claude Weeber, Nikos Pleros and Elefterios Lidorikis
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040296 - 15 Feb 2025
Viewed by 443
Abstract
Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are crucial for advanced applications in telecommunications, quantum computing, and biomedical fields. Silicon nitride (SiN)-based platforms are promising for PICs due to their transparency, low optical loss, and thermal stability. However, achieving efficient thermo-optic (TO) modulation on SiN remains [...] Read more.
Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are crucial for advanced applications in telecommunications, quantum computing, and biomedical fields. Silicon nitride (SiN)-based platforms are promising for PICs due to their transparency, low optical loss, and thermal stability. However, achieving efficient thermo-optic (TO) modulation on SiN remains challenging due to limited reconfigurability and high power requirements. This study aims to optimize TO phase shifters on SiN platforms to enhance power efficiency, reduce device footprint, and minimize insertion losses. We introduce a CMOS-compatible plasmo-photonic TO phase shifter using a SiOC material layer with a high TO coefficient combined with aluminum heaters on a SiN platform. We evaluate four interferometer architectures—symmetric and asymmetric Mach–Zehnder Interferometers (MZIs), an MZI with a ring resonator, and a single-arm design—through opto-thermal simulations to refine performance across power, losses, footprint, and switching speed metrics. The asymmetric MZI with ring resonator (A-MZI-RR) architecture demonstrated superior performance, with minimal power consumption (1.6 mW), low insertion loss (2.8 dB), and reduced length (14.4 μm), showing a favorable figure of merit compared to existing solutions. The optimized SiN-based TO switches show enhanced efficiency and compactness, supporting their potential for scalable, energy-efficient PICs suited to high-performance photonic applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress of Nanoscale Materials in Plasmonics and Photonics)
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16 pages, 1969 KiB  
Article
Biocidal Properties of New Silver Nanoparticles Argirium SUNc® Against Food Hygiene Indicator Microorganisms
by Andrea Mancusi, Marica Egidio, Yolande Thérèse Rose Proroga, Luca Scotti, Hans Peter Deigner, Orlandina Di Maro, Santa Girardi, Marika Di Paolo and Raffaele Marrone
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040295 - 14 Feb 2025
Viewed by 345
Abstract
Microbial resistance to conventional biocides is closely linked to the more complex problem of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, the development of novel and highly antimicrobial effective disinfectants is encouraged. Due to their broad spectrum of action and low toxicity, Argirium Silver Ultra Nano Clusters [...] Read more.
Microbial resistance to conventional biocides is closely linked to the more complex problem of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, the development of novel and highly antimicrobial effective disinfectants is encouraged. Due to their broad spectrum of action and low toxicity, Argirium Silver Ultra Nano Clusters (Argirium SUNc®), a new generation of silver nanoparticles, could be one of them. In this regard, the aim of the present work was to evaluate their biocidal properties in two different formulations against the hygiene indicator microorganisms potentially present in three different Italian food industries and to compare them with the chemical disinfectant most commonly used by operators for routine cleaning. Therefore, a series of microbiological swabs on different foodstuff contact surfaces were performed before and after the application of the solutions at each food company. The data showed that this novel nanomaterial was effective against all the parameters analyzed, being able to inhibit or reduce the growth of the tested microorganisms. Furthermore, in most cases, the two sanitizing solutions tested had a greater inhibitory power than the conventional disinfectant. For this reason, Argirium SUNc® has great potential to be used in the near future as a new-generation disinfectant, an alternative to conventional disinfectants that promote the spread of antibiotic resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Nanoparticles)
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14 pages, 5967 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Oxygen Evolution Catalysis by Tuning the Electronic Structure of NiFe-Layered Double Hydroxides Through Selenization
by Ze Wang, Yifang Liang, Taifu Fang, Xinyu Song, Luobai Yang, Liying Wen, Jinnong Wang, Dongye Zhao and Shifeng Wang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040294 - 14 Feb 2025
Viewed by 522
Abstract
Electrocatalytic water splitting is a critical approach for achieving carbon neutrality, playing an essential role in clean energy conversion. However, the slow kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains a major bottleneck hindering energy conversion efficiency. Although noble metal catalysts (e.g., IrO [...] Read more.
Electrocatalytic water splitting is a critical approach for achieving carbon neutrality, playing an essential role in clean energy conversion. However, the slow kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains a major bottleneck hindering energy conversion efficiency. Although noble metal catalysts (e.g., IrO2 and RuO2) show excellent catalytic activity, their high cost and scarcity limit their applicability in large-scale industrial processes. In this study, we introduce a novel electrocatalyst based on selenized NiFe-layered double hydroxides (NiFe-LDHs), synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method. Its key innovation lies in the selenization process, during which Ni atoms lose electrons to form selenides, while selenium (Se) gains electrons. This leads to a significant increase in the concentration of high-valent metal ions, enhances electronic mobility, and improves the structural stability of the catalyst through the formation of Ni-Se bonds. Experimental results show that selenized NiFe-LDHs exhibit excellent electrocatalytic performance in 1 M KOH alkaline solution. In the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the catalyst achieved an ultra-low overpotential of 286 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm⁻2, with a Tafel slope of 63.6 mV dec⁻1. After 60 h of continuous testing, the catalyst showed almost no degradation, far outperforming conventional catalysts. These results highlight the potential of NiFe-LDH@selenized catalysts in large-scale industrial water electrolysis applications, providing an effective solution for efficient and sustainable clean energy production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Advanced Nanomaterials and Electrolytes for Batteries and Supercapacitors)
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13 pages, 7468 KiB  
Article
Microstructure, Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature and High Temperature of Near-α Titanium Alloys Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering
by Qiang Wang, Zhaohui Zhang, Xiaotong Jia, Yangyu He, Jinzhao Zhou, Yuanhao Sun and Xingwang Cheng
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040293 - 14 Feb 2025
Viewed by 374
Abstract
A near-α titanium alloy was fabricated using spark plasma sintering (SPS) to investigate the effects of sintering temperature on its relative density, microstructure, and mechanical properties. The relative density increased significantly with temperature, reaching 94.56%, 99.91%, and 99.99% at 850 °C, 900 °C, [...] Read more.
A near-α titanium alloy was fabricated using spark plasma sintering (SPS) to investigate the effects of sintering temperature on its relative density, microstructure, and mechanical properties. The relative density increased significantly with temperature, reaching 94.56%, 99.91%, and 99.99% at 850 °C, 900 °C, and 1000 °C, respectively. At 850 °C, the alloy contained numerous pores, leading to low density, while at 900 °C, full densification was achieved, resulting in a bimodal microstructure comprising 20% primary α phase (average size: 2.74 μm) and 80% transformed β phase (average lamellar width: 0.88 μm). Nanoscale equiaxed α phase (375 nm) and dispersed nanoscale β phase (80 nm) were observed within the lamellar structure. A distinct L-phase interfacial layer (50–100 nm) was identified at the α/β interfaces with a specific orientation relationship. At 1000 °C, the microstructure transformed into a fully lamellar structure with wider lamellae (1.99 μm), but mechanical properties declined due to coarsening. The alloy sintered at 900 °C exhibited the best properties, with a tensile strength of 989 ± 10 MPa at room temperature and 632 ± 10 MPa at 600 °C, along with elongations of 9.2 ± 0.5% and 13.0 ± 0.5%, respectively. These results highlight the importance of optimizing sintering temperature to balance densification and microstructural refinement for enhanced mechanical performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series in “Synthesis, Structure and Application of Functional Nanocomposites”)
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9 pages, 1685 KiB  
Article
Optimal Methylammounium Chloride Additive for High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells
by Qinghua Cao, Hui Liu, Jiangping Xing, Bing’e Li, Chuangping Liu, Fobao Xie, Xiaoli Zhang and Weiren Zhao
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040292 - 14 Feb 2025
Viewed by 492
Abstract
Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have presented promising improvements within recent years due to the superior photophysical properties of perovskites. The efficiency of PSCs is closely related to the quality of the of the perovskite film. Additive engineering is an effective [...] Read more.
Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have presented promising improvements within recent years due to the superior photophysical properties of perovskites. The efficiency of PSCs is closely related to the quality of the of the perovskite film. Additive engineering is an effective strategy to regulate the crystallization of perovskite film. Therefore, in this work, we introduce methylammounium chloride (MACl) into a perovskite precursor as an additive to improve the crystallization of perovskite film and to suppress the formation of defects to achieve high-performance PSCs. By meticulously investigating and studying the influence of different percentages of MACl additives on perovskite film quality, we obtain that the best amount of incorporated MACl is 10%. Thanks the employment of the optimal amount of MACl, the perovskite film shows a significantly improved morphology with larger grains, a smoother surface, and suppressed defects. Finally, the target PSCs with the addition of 10% MACl present the highest PCE of 23.61%, which is much higher than the value (16.72%) of the control device. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perovskite Nanomaterials for Photovoltaic and Optoelectronic Devices)
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21 pages, 3887 KiB  
Article
Analyzing Structural Optical and Phonon Characteristics of Plasma-Assisted Molecular-Beam Epitaxy-Grown InN/Al2O3 Epifilms
by Devki N. Talwar, Li Chyong Chen, Kuei Hsien Chen and Zhe Chuan Feng
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040291 - 14 Feb 2025
Viewed by 505
Abstract
The narrow bandgap InN material, with exceptional physical properties, has recently gained considerable attention, encouraging many scientists/engineers to design infrared photodetectors, light-emitting diodes, laser diodes, solar cells, and high-power electronic devices. The InN/Sapphire samples of different film thicknesses that we have used in [...] Read more.
The narrow bandgap InN material, with exceptional physical properties, has recently gained considerable attention, encouraging many scientists/engineers to design infrared photodetectors, light-emitting diodes, laser diodes, solar cells, and high-power electronic devices. The InN/Sapphire samples of different film thicknesses that we have used in our methodical experimental and theoretical studies are grown by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy. Hall effect measurements on these samples have revealed high-electron-charge carrier concentration, η. The preparation of InN epifilms is quite sensitive to the growth temperature T, plasma power, N/In ratio, and pressure, P. Due to the reduced distance between N atoms at a higher P, one expects the N-flow kinetics, diffusion, surface components, and scattering rates to change in the growth chamber which might impact the quality of InN films. We believe that the ionized N, rather than molecular, or neutral species are responsible for controlling the growth of InN/Sapphire epifilms. Temperature- and power-dependent photoluminescence measurements are performed, validating the bandgap variation (~0.60–0.80 eV) of all the samples. High-resolution X-ray diffraction studies have indicated that the increase in growth temperature caused the perceived narrow peaks in the X-ray-rocking curves, leading to better-quality films with well-ordered crystalline structures. Careful simulations of the infrared reflectivity spectra provided values of η and mobility μ, in good accordance with the Hall measurements. Our first-order Raman scattering spectroscopy study has not only identified the accurate phonon values of InN samples but also revealed the low-frequency longitudinal optical phonon plasmon-coupled mode in excellent agreement with theoretical calculations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanophotonics Materials and Devices)
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46 pages, 5532 KiB  
Review
Gum Arabic: A Commodity with Versatile Formulations and Applications
by Shaymaa A. Mohamed, Asmaa M. Elsherbini, Heba R. Alrefaey, Kareem Adelrahman, Alshaimaa Moustafa, Nishal M. Egodawaththa, Kaitlyn E. Crawford, Nasri Nesnas and Sally A. Sabra
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(4), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15040290 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 943
Abstract
Gum Arabic (GA), or acacia gum, refers to the dried exudate produced by certain Acacia trees. GA is composed mainly of a mixture of polysaccharides and glycoproteins, with proportions that can slightly differ from one species to another. It is commonly utilized in [...] Read more.
Gum Arabic (GA), or acacia gum, refers to the dried exudate produced by certain Acacia trees. GA is composed mainly of a mixture of polysaccharides and glycoproteins, with proportions that can slightly differ from one species to another. It is commonly utilized in the food and pharmaceutical industries as a stabilizer or an emulsifier owing to its biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and antibacterial properties. In addition, GA can be manipulated as it possesses many functional groups that can be used in grafting, cross-linking, or chemical modifications to add a new feature to the developed material. In this review, we highlight recent GA-based formulations, including nanoparticles, hydrogels, nanofibers, membranes, or scaffolds, and their possible applications in tissue regeneration, cancer therapy, wound healing, biosensing, bioimaging, food packaging, and antimicrobial and antifouling membranes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)
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