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Nanomaterials, Volume 13, Issue 2 (January-2 2023) – 151 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): NO2, a well-known pollutant, can cause cancers even with a very small amount. Therefore, we need to build a highly sensitive detecting system for an early warning. There are several sensors available on the market with working principles based on resistive measurements or a chemiluminescence effect, but these are neither sensitive enough for detection of a small amount nor suitable for multiple uses. In this study, we propose a very simple, graphene-based FET device that can detect a sub-ppm level of target molecules with almost zero standby power consumption, working based on the quantum capacitance effect. View this paper
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18 pages, 2730 KiB  
Article
Preparation, Characterization, and Environmental Safety Assessment of Dithiocarbazate Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
by Thacilla Menezes, Sirine Bouguerra, Tatiana Andreani, Ruth Pereira and Carlos Pereira
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020370 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2346
Abstract
Dithiocarbazates comprise an important class of Schiff bases with remarkable biological applications due to the imine group present in their structure. However, full exploitation of the biological activity of 3-methyl-5-phenyl-pyrazoline-1-(S-benzyldithiocarbazate) (DTC) is limited due to its easy degradation and poor solubility [...] Read more.
Dithiocarbazates comprise an important class of Schiff bases with remarkable biological applications due to the imine group present in their structure. However, full exploitation of the biological activity of 3-methyl-5-phenyl-pyrazoline-1-(S-benzyldithiocarbazate) (DTC) is limited due to its easy degradation and poor solubility in aqueous solutions. The loading of DTC into mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSiNPs) can be an excellent strategy to improve the solubility of DTC in the aqueous medium. Therefore, the main goal of the present work was to design MSiNP-DTC and to evaluate the success of the loading process by measuring its physicochemical properties and evaluating the environmental safety of the new DTC formulation using different aquatic organisms, such as the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata, the macrophyte Lemna minor, and the marine bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri. DTC, MSiNP, and MSiNP-DTC concentrations ranging from 8.8 to 150 mg L−1 were tested for all the species, showing low toxicity against aquatic organisms. Loading DTC into MSiNPs caused a slight increase in the toxicity at the concentrations tested, only allowing for the estimation of the effect concentration causing a 20% reduction in bioluminescence or growth rate (EC20). Therefore, despite the potential of MSiNPs as a drug delivery system (DDS), it is of utmost importance to assess its impact on the safety of the new formulations. Full article
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11 pages, 3095 KiB  
Article
Size Effect of Electrical and Optical Properties in Cr2+:ZnSe Nanowires
by Yuqin Zhang, Shi He, Honghong Yao, Hao Zuo, Shuang Liu, Chao Yang and Guoying Feng
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020369 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1930
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the nano-crystallization process has an appreciable impact on the luminescence properties of nanocrystals, which determines their defect state composition, size and morphology. This project aims to explore the influence of nanocrystal size on the electrical and optical properties [...] Read more.
Previous studies have shown that the nano-crystallization process has an appreciable impact on the luminescence properties of nanocrystals, which determines their defect state composition, size and morphology. This project aims to explore the influence of nanocrystal size on the electrical and optical properties of Cr2+:ZnSe nanowires. A first-principles study of Cr2+:ZnSe nanowires with different sizes was carried out at 0 K in the density functional framework. The Cr2+ ion was found to prefer to reside at the surface of ZnSe nanowires. As the size of the nanocrystals decreased, a considerable short-wave-length shift in the absorption of the vis-near infrared wavelength was observed. A quantum mechanism for the wavelength tunability was discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue First-Principles Investigations of Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials)
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15 pages, 5252 KiB  
Article
Halogen-Doped Chevrel Phase Janus Monolayers for Photocatalytic Water Splitting
by Ekaterina V. Sukhanova, Nursultan E. Sagatov, Aleksandr S. Oreshonkov, Pavel N. Gavryushkin and Zakhar I. Popov
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020368 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2283
Abstract
Chevrel non-van der Waals crystals are promising candidates for the fabrication of novel 2D materials due to their versatile crystal structure formed by covalently bonded (Mo6X8) clusters (X–chalcogen atom). Here, we present a comprehensive theoretical study of the stability [...] Read more.
Chevrel non-van der Waals crystals are promising candidates for the fabrication of novel 2D materials due to their versatile crystal structure formed by covalently bonded (Mo6X8) clusters (X–chalcogen atom). Here, we present a comprehensive theoretical study of the stability and properties of Mo-based Janus 2D structures with Chevrel structures consisting of chalcogen and halogen atoms via density functional theory calculations. Based on the analysis performed, we determined that the S2Mo3I2 monolayer is the most promising structure for overall photocatalytic water-splitting application due to its appropriate band alignment and its ability to absorb visible light. The modulated Raman spectra for the representative structures can serve as a blueprint for future experimental verification of the proposed structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)
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10 pages, 2820 KiB  
Article
A Super Anticorrosive Ultrathin Film by Restarting the Native Passive Film on 316L Stainless Steel
by Ying Ren, Yuchen Li, Zhenwei Kang, Xiaoke Zhang, Shaojun Wu, Jun Shen and Genshu Zhou
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020367 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1752
Abstract
The corrosion resistance of stainless steel is attributed to the extraordinary protectiveness of the ultrathin native passive film (~3 nanometers) on alloy surface. This protectiveness, independent of alloying, can possibly be further increased by modifying the native film to resist corrosion in harsh [...] Read more.
The corrosion resistance of stainless steel is attributed to the extraordinary protectiveness of the ultrathin native passive film (~3 nanometers) on alloy surface. This protectiveness, independent of alloying, can possibly be further increased by modifying the native film to resist corrosion in harsh conditions. However, the modification based on the film itself is extremely difficult due to its rapid, self-limiting growth. Here we present a strategy by using low-temperature plasma processing so as to follow the growth kinetics of the native film. The native oxide film is restarted and can uniformly grow up to ~15 nanometers in a self-limiting manner. High-resolution TEM found that the film exhibited a well-defined, chemical-ordering layered structure. The following corrosion tests revealed that the anodic current density of the alloy decreased by two orders of magnitude in 0.6 M NaCl solution with a remarkable increase of pitting potential. This enhancement is also observed in Fe-Cr alloys with Cr contents above ~10.5 wt.%. The superior protectiveness of the alloy is thus attributed to the continuous and thickened high-quality ultrathin Cr2O3 layer in the restarted film. Full article
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21 pages, 7431 KiB  
Article
Mechanochemical Synthesis of Sustainable Ternary and Quaternary Nanostructured Cu2SnS3, Cu2ZnSnS4, and Cu2ZnSnSe4 Chalcogenides for Thermoelectric Applications
by Himanshu Nautiyal, Ketan Lohani, Binayak Mukherjee, Eleonora Isotta, Marcelo Augusto Malagutti, Narges Ataollahi, Ilaria Pallecchi, Marina Putti, Scott T. Misture, Luca Rebuffi and Paolo Scardi
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020366 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3246
Abstract
Copper-based chalcogenides have emerged as promising thermoelectric materials due to their high thermoelectric performance, tunable transport properties, earth abundance and low toxicity. We have presented an overview of experimental results and first-principal calculations investigating the thermoelectric properties of various polymorphs of Cu2 [...] Read more.
Copper-based chalcogenides have emerged as promising thermoelectric materials due to their high thermoelectric performance, tunable transport properties, earth abundance and low toxicity. We have presented an overview of experimental results and first-principal calculations investigating the thermoelectric properties of various polymorphs of Cu2SnS3 (CTS), Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS), and Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) synthesized by high-energy reactive mechanical alloying (ball milling). Of particular interest are the disordered polymorphs of these materials, which exhibit phonon-glass–electron-crystal behavior—a decoupling of electron and phonon transport properties. The interplay of cationic disorder and nanostructuring leads to ultra-low thermal conductivities while enhancing electronic transport. These beneficial transport properties are the consequence of a plethora of features, including trap states, anharmonicity, rattling, and conductive surface states, both topologically trivial and non-trivial. Based on experimental results and computational methods, this report aims to elucidate the details of the electronic and lattice transport properties, thereby confirming that the higher thermoelectric (TE) performance of disordered polymorphs is essentially due to their complex crystallographic structures. In addition, we have presented synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD) measurements and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations of the root-mean-square displacement (RMSD) in these materials, confirming anharmonicity and bond inhomogeneity for disordered polymorphs. Full article
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19 pages, 4356 KiB  
Article
Improved Performance of Composite Bipolar Plates for PEMFC Modified by Homogeneously Dispersed Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks Prepared by In Situ Chemical Deposition
by Wenkai Li, Zhiyong Xie, Shi Qiu, Haodong Zeng, Minqi Liu and Gangsheng Wu
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020365 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3087
Abstract
Composite bipolar plates with excellent performance play a crucial role in improving the overall performance of proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells. However, for graphite/resin composite bipolar plates, their electrical conductivity and mechanical properties are often too complex to meet the needs of users at the [...] Read more.
Composite bipolar plates with excellent performance play a crucial role in improving the overall performance of proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells. However, for graphite/resin composite bipolar plates, their electrical conductivity and mechanical properties are often too complex to meet the needs of users at the same time. Although nanoconductive fillers can alleviate this problem, the performance improvement for composite bipolar plates is often limited due to problems such as agglomeration. In this study, a uniformly dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotube network was prepared by in situ vapor deposition on the surface and pores of expanded graphite, which effectively avoided the problem of agglomeration and effectively improved the various properties of the composite BPs through the synergistic effect with graphite. With the addition of 2% in situ deposited carbon nanotubes, the modified composite bipolar plate has the best conductivity (334.53 S/cm) and flexural strength (50.24 MPa), and all the properties can meet the DOE requirements in 2025. Using the in situ deposition of carbon nanotubes to modify composite bipolar plates is a feasible route because it can result in multi-walled carbon nanotubes in large quantities and avoid the agglomeration phenomenon caused by adding nanofillers. It can also significantly improve the performance of composite bipolar plates, achieving the high performance of composite bipolar plates at a lower cost. Full article
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3 pages, 187 KiB  
Editorial
Novel Research in Low-Dimensional Systems
by Orion Ciftja
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020364 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1410
Abstract
Low-dimensional systems exhibit unique properties that have attracted considerable attention during the last few decades [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research in Low-Dimensional Systems)
20 pages, 3843 KiB  
Review
Uranium Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Aerogel-Based Adsorbents—A Critical Review
by Efthalia Georgiou, Grigorios Raptopoulos, Ioannis Anastopoulos, Dimitrios A. Giannakoudakis, Michael Arkas, Patrina Paraskevopoulou and Ioannis Pashalidis
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020363 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3970
Abstract
Aerogels are a class of lightweight, nanoporous, and nanostructured materials with diverse chemical compositions and a huge potential for applications in a broad spectrum of fields. This has led the IUPAC to include them in the top ten emerging technologies in chemistry for [...] Read more.
Aerogels are a class of lightweight, nanoporous, and nanostructured materials with diverse chemical compositions and a huge potential for applications in a broad spectrum of fields. This has led the IUPAC to include them in the top ten emerging technologies in chemistry for 2022. This review provides an overview of aerogel-based adsorbents that have been used for the removal and recovery of uranium from aqueous environments, as well as an insight into the physicochemical parameters affecting the adsorption efficiency and mechanism. Uranium removal is of particular interest regarding uranium analysis and recovery, to cover the present and future uranium needs for nuclear power energy production. Among the methods used, such as ion exchange, precipitation, and solvent extraction, adsorption-based technologies are very attractive due to their easy and low-cost implementation, as well as the wide spectrum of adsorbents available. Aerogel-based adsorbents present an extraordinary sorption capacity for hexavalent uranium that can be as high as 8.8 mol kg–1 (2088 g kg–1). The adsorption data generally follow the Langmuir isotherm model, and the kinetic data are in most cases better described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. An evaluation of the thermodynamic data reveals that the adsorption is generally an endothermic, entropy-driven process (ΔH0, ΔS0 > 0). Spectroscopic studies (e.g., FTIR and XPS) indicate that the adsorption is based on the formation of inner-sphere complexes between surface active moieties and the uranyl cation. Regeneration and uranium recovery by acidification and complexation using carbonate or chelating ligands (e.g., EDTA) have been found to be successful. The application of aerogel-based adsorbents to uranium removal from industrial processes and uranium-contaminated waste waters was also successful, assuming that these materials could be very attractive as adsorbents in water treatment and uranium recovery technologies. However, the selectivity of the studied materials towards hexavalent uranium is limited, suggesting further developments of aerogel materials that could be modified by surface derivatization with chelating agents (e.g., salophen and iminodiacetate) presenting high selectivity for uranyl moieties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Materials for Water Purification and Catalysis)
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17 pages, 5193 KiB  
Article
Fluorometric Sensing and Detection of p-Nitroaniline by Mixed Metal (Zn, Ni) Tungstate Nanocomposite
by Fahad A. Alharthi, Hend Khalid Aldubeikl, Hamdah S. Alanazi, Wedyan Saud Al-Nafaei and Imran Hasan
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020362 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2471
Abstract
Aromatic amines are important chemical intermediates that hold an irreplaceable significance for synthesizing many chemical products. However, they may react with substances excreted from human bodies to generate blood poisoning, skin eczema, and dermatitis disease and even induce cancer-causing high risks to human [...] Read more.
Aromatic amines are important chemical intermediates that hold an irreplaceable significance for synthesizing many chemical products. However, they may react with substances excreted from human bodies to generate blood poisoning, skin eczema, and dermatitis disease and even induce cancer-causing high risks to human health and the environment. Metal tungstates have been proven to be highly efficient materials for developing various toxic gases or chemical detection sensor systems. However, the major factors of the sensors, such as sensitivity, selectivity, stability, response, and recovery times, still need to be optimized for practical technological applications. In this work, Ni-doped ZnWO4 mixed metal tungstate nanocomposite material was synthesized by the hydrothermal method and explored as a sensor for the fluorometric determination of p-nitroaniline (p-NA). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used for the elucidation of the optimized particle diameter. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to observe the surface morphological changes in the material during the solid-state reactions. The vibration modes of as-prepared samples were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The chemical bonding and oxidation states of individual elements involved in material synthesis were observed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The PL activities of the metal tungstate nanoparticles were investigated for the sensing of p-nitroaniline (p-NA). The obtained results demonstrated that ZnNiWO4 was more effective in sensing p-NA than the other precursors were by using the quenching effect. The material showed remarkably high sensitivity towards p-NA in a concentration range of 25–1000 μM, and the limit of detection (LOD) value was found to be 1.93 × 10−8 M for ZnWO4, 2.17 × 10−8 M for NiWO4, and 2.98 × 10−8 M for ZnNiWO4, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanocomposite Materials for Water and Wastewater Treatment)
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21 pages, 4007 KiB  
Review
Recent Developments in DNA-Nanotechnology-Powered Biosensors for Zika/Dengue Virus Molecular Diagnostics
by Goeun Park, Hanbin Park, Sang-Chan Park, Moonbong Jang, Jinho Yoon, Jae-Hyuk Ahn and Taek Lee
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020361 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3932
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) are highly contagious and lethal mosquito-borne viruses. Global warming is steadily increasing the probability of ZIKV and DENV infection, and accurate diagnosis is required to control viral infections worldwide. Recently, research on biosensors for the accurate [...] Read more.
Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) are highly contagious and lethal mosquito-borne viruses. Global warming is steadily increasing the probability of ZIKV and DENV infection, and accurate diagnosis is required to control viral infections worldwide. Recently, research on biosensors for the accurate diagnosis of ZIKV and DENV has been actively conducted. Moreover, biosensor research using DNA nanotechnology is also increasing, and has many advantages compared to the existing diagnostic methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). As a bioreceptor, DNA can easily introduce a functional group at the 5′ or 3′ end, and can also be used as a folded structure, such as a DNA aptamer and DNAzyme. Instead of using ZIKV and DENV antibodies, a bioreceptor that specifically binds to viral proteins or nucleic acids has been fabricated and introduced using DNA nanotechnology. Technologies for detecting ZIKV and DENV can be broadly divided into electrochemical, electrical, and optical. In this review, advances in DNA-nanotechnology-based ZIKV and DENV detection biosensors are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology for Biosensors and Bioelectronics Applications)
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2 pages, 170 KiB  
Editorial
Nanomaterials for Catalysis and Energy Storage
by Sajid Ali Ansari, Nazish Parveen and Md. Mahbubur Rahman
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020360 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1703
Abstract
The development of nanomaterials with different shapes and sizes and which are utilized as effective materials for energy and environmental applications constitutes a challenge for researchers [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Catalysis and Energy Storage)
10 pages, 2840 KiB  
Article
Detach GaN-Based Film to Realize a Monolithic Bifunctional Device for Both Lighting and Detection
by Pan Dai, Ziwei Xu, Min Zhou, Min Jiang, Yukun Zhao, Wenxian Yang and Shulong Lu
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020359 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1773
Abstract
Due to the emerging requirements of miniaturization and multifunctionality, monolithic devices with both functions of lighting and detection are essential for next-generation optoelectronic devices. In this work, based on freestanding (In,Ga)N films, we demonstrate a monolithic device with two functions of lighting and [...] Read more.
Due to the emerging requirements of miniaturization and multifunctionality, monolithic devices with both functions of lighting and detection are essential for next-generation optoelectronic devices. In this work, based on freestanding (In,Ga)N films, we demonstrate a monolithic device with two functions of lighting and self-powered detection successfully. The freestanding (In,Ga)N film is detached from the epitaxial silicon (Si) substrate by a cost-effective and fast method of electrochemical etching. Due to the stress release and the lightening of the quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE), the wavelength blueshift of electroluminescent (EL) peak is very small (<1 nm) when increasing the injection current, leading to quite stable EL spectra. On the other hand, the proposed monolithic bifunctional device can have a high ultraviolet/visible reject ratio (Q = 821) for self-powered detection, leading to the excellent detection selectivity. The main reason can be attributed to the removal of Si by the lift-off process, which can limit the response to visible light. This work paves an effective way to develop new monolithic multifunctional devices for both detection and display. Full article
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12 pages, 2621 KiB  
Article
Manipulation of Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting by Controlling Direction of Carrier Movement Using InGaN/GaN Hetero-Structure Nanowires
by Siyun Noh, Jaehyeok Shin, Yeon-Tae Yu, Mee-Yi Ryu and Jin Soo Kim
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020358 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2024
Abstract
We report the improvement in photoelectrochemical water splitting (PEC-WS) by controlling migration kinetics of photo-generated carriers using InGaN/GaN hetero-structure nanowires (HSNWs) as a photocathode (PC) material. The InGaN/GaN HSNWs were formed by first growing GaN nanowires (NWs) on an Si substrate and then [...] Read more.
We report the improvement in photoelectrochemical water splitting (PEC-WS) by controlling migration kinetics of photo-generated carriers using InGaN/GaN hetero-structure nanowires (HSNWs) as a photocathode (PC) material. The InGaN/GaN HSNWs were formed by first growing GaN nanowires (NWs) on an Si substrate and then forming InGaN NWs thereon. The InGaN/GaN HSNWs can cause the accumulation of photo-generated carriers in InGaN due to the potential barrier formed at the hetero-interface between InGaN and GaN, to increase directional migration towards electrolyte rather than the Si substrate, and consequently to contribute more to the PEC-WS reaction with electrolyte. The PEC-WS using the InGaN/GaN-HSNW PC shows the current density of 12.6 mA/cm2 at −1 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and applied-bias photon-to-current conversion efficiency of 3.3% at −0.9 V versus RHE. The high-performance PEC-WS using the InGaN/GaN HSNWs can be explained by the increase in the reaction probability of carriers at the interface between InGaN NWs and electrolyte, which was analyzed by electrical resistance and capacitance values defined therein. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanophotonics Materials and Devices)
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20 pages, 3232 KiB  
Article
Nanostructured Calcium-Incorporated Surface Compared to Machined and SLA Dental Implants—A Split-Mouth Randomized Case/Double-Control Histological Human Study
by Christian Makary, Abdallah Menhall, Pierre Lahoud, Hyun-Wook An, Kwang-Bum Park and Tonino Traini
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020357 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4163
Abstract
Background: Implant surface topography is a key element in achieving osseointegration. Nanostructured surfaces have shown promising results in accelerating and improving bone healing around dental implants. The main objective of the present clinical and histological study is to compare, at 4 and 6 [...] Read more.
Background: Implant surface topography is a key element in achieving osseointegration. Nanostructured surfaces have shown promising results in accelerating and improving bone healing around dental implants. The main objective of the present clinical and histological study is to compare, at 4 and 6 weeks, (w) bone-to-implant contact in implants having either machined surface (MAC), sandblasted, large grit, acid-etched implant surface (SLA) medium roughness surface or a nanostructured calcium-incorporated surface (XPEED®). Methods: 35 mini-implants of 3.5 × 8.5 mm with three different surface treatments (XPEED® (n = 16)—SLA (n = 13)—MAC (n = 6), were placed in the posterior maxilla of 11 patients (6 females and 5 males) then, retrieved at either 4 or 6w in a randomized split-mouth study design. Results: The BIC rates measured at 4w and 6w respectively, were: 16.8% (±5.0) and 29.0% (±3.1) for MAC surface; 18.5% (±2.3) and 33.7% (±3.3) for SLA surface; 22.4% (±1.3) and 38.6% (±3.2) for XPEED® surface. In all types of investigated surfaces, the time factor appeared to significantly increase the bone to implant contact (BIC) rate (p < 0.05). XPEED® surface showed significantly higher BIC values when compared to both SLA and MAC values at 4w (p < 0.05). Also, at 6w, both roughened surfaces (SLA and XPEED®) showed significantly higher values (p < 0.05) than turned surface (MAC). Conclusions: Nanostructured Calcium titanate coating is able to enhance bone deposition around implants at early healing stages. Full article
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88 pages, 531 KiB  
Editorial
Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Nanomaterials in 2022
by Nanomaterials Editorial Office
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020356 - 16 Jan 2023
Viewed by 5884
Abstract
High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...] Full article
16 pages, 3714 KiB  
Article
Highly Stable and Photoluminescent CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6 Composites for White-Light-Emitting Diodes and Visible Light Communication
by Longshi Rao, Bin Sun, Yang Liu, Guisheng Zhong, Mingfu Wen, Jiayang Zhang, Ting Fu, Shuangxi Wang, Fengtao Wang and Xiaodong Niu
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020355 - 15 Jan 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2615
Abstract
Inorganic lead halide perovskite is one of the most excellent fluorescent materials, and it plays an essential role in high-definition display and visible light communication (VLC). Its photochromic properties and stability determine the final performance of light-emitting devices. However, efficiently synthesizing perovskite with [...] Read more.
Inorganic lead halide perovskite is one of the most excellent fluorescent materials, and it plays an essential role in high-definition display and visible light communication (VLC). Its photochromic properties and stability determine the final performance of light-emitting devices. However, efficiently synthesizing perovskite with high quality and stability remains a significant challenge. Here, we develop a facile and environmentally friendly method for preparing high-stability and strong-emission CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6 composites using ultrasonication and liquid paraffin. Tuning the contents of liquid paraffin, bright-emission CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6 composite powders with a maximum PLQY of 74% were achieved. Thanks to the protection of the Cs4PbBr6 matrix and liquid paraffin, the photostability, thermostability, and polar solvent stability of CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6-LP are significantly improved compared to CsPbBr3 quantum dots and CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6 composites that were prepared without liquid paraffin. Moreover, the fabricated CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6-LP-based WLEDs show excellent luminescent performance with a power efficiency of 129.5 lm/W and a wide color gamut, with 121% of the NTSC and 94% of the Rec. 2020, demonstrating a promising candidate for displays. In addition, the CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6-LP-based WLEDs were also demonstrated in a VLC system. The results suggested the great potential of these high-performance WLEDs as an excitation light source to achieve VLC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescent Quantum Dot Nanomaterials)
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16 pages, 5381 KiB  
Article
Selective Area Epitaxy of Quasi-1-Dimensional Topological Nanostructures and Networks
by Abdur Rehman Jalil, Peter Schüffelgen, Helen Valencia, Michael Schleenvoigt, Christoph Ringkamp, Gregor Mussler, Martina Luysberg, Joachim Mayer and Detlev Grützmacher
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020354 - 15 Jan 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2720
Abstract
Quasi-one-dimensional (1D) topological insulators hold the potential of forming the basis of novel devices in spintronics and quantum computing. While exposure to ambient conditions and conventional fabrication processes are an obstacle to their technological integration, ultra-high vacuum lithography techniques, such as selective area [...] Read more.
Quasi-one-dimensional (1D) topological insulators hold the potential of forming the basis of novel devices in spintronics and quantum computing. While exposure to ambient conditions and conventional fabrication processes are an obstacle to their technological integration, ultra-high vacuum lithography techniques, such as selective area epitaxy (SAE), provide all the necessary ingredients for their refinement into scalable device architectures. In this work, high-quality SAE of quasi-1D topological insulators on templated Si substrates is demonstrated. After identifying the narrow temperature window for selectivity, the flexibility and scalability of this approach is revealed. Compared to planar growth of macroscopic thin films, selectively grown regions are observed to experience enhanced growth rates in the nanostructured templates. Based on these results, a growth model is deduced, which relates device geometry to effective growth rates. After validating the model experimentally for various three-dimensional topological insulators (3D TIs), the crystal quality of selectively grown nanostructures is optimized by tuning the effective growth rates to 5 nm/h. The high quality of selectively grown nanostructures is confirmed through detailed structural characterization via atomically resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Topological Materials in Low Dimensions)
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18 pages, 5824 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Deposition of Silver Nanowires on Porous Silicon as an Ultraviolet Light Photodetector
by Anas A. M. Alqanoo, Naser M. Ahmed, Md. R. Hashim, Munirah A. Almessiere, Sofyan A. Taya, Ahmed Alsadig, Osamah A. Aldaghri and Khalid Hassan Ibnaouf
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020353 - 15 Jan 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2532
Abstract
The applications of silver nanowires (AgNWs) are clearly relevant to their purity and morphology. Therefore, the synthesis parameters should be precisely adjusted in order to obtain AgNWs with a high aspect ratio. Consequently, controlling the reaction time versus the reaction temperature of the [...] Read more.
The applications of silver nanowires (AgNWs) are clearly relevant to their purity and morphology. Therefore, the synthesis parameters should be precisely adjusted in order to obtain AgNWs with a high aspect ratio. Consequently, controlling the reaction time versus the reaction temperature of the AgNWs is crucial to synthesize AgNWs with a high crystallinity and is important in fabricating optoelectronic devices. In this work, we tracked the morphological alterations of AgNWs during the growth process in order to determine the optimal reaction time and temperature. Thus, here, the UV–Vis absorption spectra were used to investigate how the reaction time varies with the temperature. The reaction was conducted at five different temperatures, 140–180 °C. As a result, an equation was developed to describe the relationship between them and to calculate the reaction time at any given reaction temperature. It was observed that the average diameter of the NWs was temperature-dependent and had a minimum value of 23 nm at a reaction temperature of 150 °C. A significant purification technique was conducted for the final product at a reaction temperature of 150 °C with two different speeds in the centrifuge to remove the heavy and light by-products. Based on these qualities, a AgNWs-based porous Si (AgNWs/P-Si) device was fabricated, and current-time pulsing was achieved using an ultra-violet (UV) irradiation of a 375 nm wavelength at four bias voltages of 1 V, 2 V, 3 V, and 4 V. We obtained a high level of sensitivity and detectivity with the values of 2247.49% and 2.89 × 1012 Jones, respectively. The photocurrent increased from the μA range in the P-Si to the mA range in the AgNWs/P-Si photodetector due to the featured surface plasmon resonance of the AgNWs compared to the other metals. Full article
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27 pages, 2947 KiB  
Review
The Properties of Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Metal–Organic Frameworks and Their Applications
by Pham Thi Phan, Jeongsoo Hong, Ngo Tran and Thi Hoa Le
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020352 - 15 Jan 2023
Cited by 56 | Viewed by 6336
Abstract
Metal–organic frameworks (MOF) are a class of porous materials with various functions based on their host-guest chemistry. Their selectivity, diffusion kinetics, and catalytic activity are influenced by their design and synthetic procedure. The synthesis of different MOFs has been of considerable interest during [...] Read more.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOF) are a class of porous materials with various functions based on their host-guest chemistry. Their selectivity, diffusion kinetics, and catalytic activity are influenced by their design and synthetic procedure. The synthesis of different MOFs has been of considerable interest during the past decade thanks to their various applications in the arena of sensors, catalysts, adsorption, and electronic devices. Among the different techniques for the synthesis of MOFs, such as the solvothermal, sonochemical, ionothermal, and mechanochemical processes, microwave-assisted synthesis has clinched a significant place in MOF synthesis. The main assets of microwave-assisted synthesis are the short reaction time, the fast rate of nucleation, and the modified properties of MOFs. The review encompasses the development of the microwave-assisted synthesis of MOFs, their properties, and their applications in various fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Metal-Organic Frameworks)
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9 pages, 6727 KiB  
Article
Quantum Cutting in KGd(CO3)2:Tb3+ Green Phosphor
by Dechuan Li, Jian Qian, Lei Huang, Yumeng Zhang and Guangping Zhu
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020351 - 15 Jan 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2076
Abstract
Phosphors with a longer excitation wavelength exhibit higher energy conversion efficiency. Herein, quantum cutting KGd(CO3)2:Tb3+ phosphors excited by middle-wave ultraviolet were synthesized via a hydrothermal method. All the KGd(CO3)2:xTb3+ phosphors remain [...] Read more.
Phosphors with a longer excitation wavelength exhibit higher energy conversion efficiency. Herein, quantum cutting KGd(CO3)2:Tb3+ phosphors excited by middle-wave ultraviolet were synthesized via a hydrothermal method. All the KGd(CO3)2:xTb3+ phosphors remain in monoclinic structures in a large Tb3+ doping range. In the KGd(CO3)2 host, 6D3/2 and 6I17/2 of Gd3+ were employed for quantum cutting in sensitizing levels. The excited state electrons could easily transfer from Gd3+ to Tb3+ with high efficiency. There are three efficient excited bands for quantum cutting. The excited wavelengths of 244, 273, and 283 nm correspond to the transition processes of 8S7/26D3/2 (Gd3+), 8S7/26I17/2 (Gd3+), and 7F65F4 (Tb3+), and the maximum quantum yields of KGd(CO3)2:Tb3+ can reach 163.5, 119, and 143%, respectively. The continuous and efficient excitation band of 273–283 nm can well match the commercial 275 nm LED chip to expand the usage of solid-state light sources. Meanwhile, the phosphor also shows good excitation efficiency at 365 nm in a high Tb3+ doping concentration. Therefore, KGd(CO3)2:Tb3+ is an efficient green-emitting phosphor for ultraviolet-excited solid-state light sources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Luminescent Nanomaterials for LEDs)
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8 pages, 4778 KiB  
Article
Changes in the Raman Spectrum of Monolayer Graphene under Compression/Stretching Strain in Graphene/Piezoelectric Crystal Structures
by Artemy Irzhak, Dmitry Irzhak, Oleg Kononenko, Kirill Pundikov and Dmitry Roshchupkin
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020350 - 14 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2698
Abstract
Results from studying the effect of an applied electric voltage on the Raman spectrum of graphene deposited on a lithium niobate crystal substrate with a ferroelectric domain structure are presented. The use of the principal component method for data processing in combination with [...] Read more.
Results from studying the effect of an applied electric voltage on the Raman spectrum of graphene deposited on a lithium niobate crystal substrate with a ferroelectric domain structure are presented. The use of the principal component method for data processing in combination with correlation analysis made it possible to reveal the contribution to the change in the spectra associated with the linear deformation of the substrate due to the inverse piezoelectric effect. An effect of the graphene coating peeling was found. Furthermore, bending deformations of the graphene coating associated with the presence of a relief on the substrate were found. An analysis of the change in the spectra of graphene under the application of an electric voltage made it possible to determine the height of this relief. Full article
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13 pages, 2077 KiB  
Article
Effect of Deposition and Protease Digestion on the Ex Vivo Activity of Antimicrobial Peptide-Coated Contact Lenses
by Parthasarathi Kalaiselvan, Debarun Dutta, Nagaraju V. Konda, Savitri Sharma, Naresh Kumar, Fiona Stapleton and Mark D. P. Willcox
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020349 - 14 Jan 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2596
Abstract
A clinical study of antimicrobial contact lenses containing the cationic peptide Mel4 was conducted. The few adverse events that occurred with this lens occurred on or after 13 nights of wear. The current study examined whether the Mel4 contact lenses lost activity during [...] Read more.
A clinical study of antimicrobial contact lenses containing the cationic peptide Mel4 was conducted. The few adverse events that occurred with this lens occurred on or after 13 nights of wear. The current study examined whether the Mel4 contact lenses lost activity during wear and the mechanism of this loss. Participants wore contact lenses for up to 13 nights. Lenses were tested for their ability to reduce the adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The amount of protein and lipid extracted from lenses was measured. The ability of trypsin to affect the antimicrobial activity of Mel4-coated contact lenses was measured. Mel4-coated contact lenses lost their antimicrobial activity at six nights of wear for both bacteria. The amount of lipids (13 ± 11 vs. 21 ± 14 μg/lens at 13 nights wear) and proteins (8 ± 4 vs. 10 ± 3 mg/lens at 13 nights of wear) extracted from lenses was not different between Mel4-coated and uncoated lenses, and was not different after three nights when antimicrobial activity was maintained and thirteen nights when they had lost activity (lipid: 25 ± 17 vs. 13 ± 11, p = 0.2; protein: 8 ± 1 vs. 8 ± 4 mg/lens, p = 0.4). Trypsin digestion eliminated the antimicrobial activity of Mel4-coated lenses. In summary, Mel4-coated contact lenses lost antibacterial activity at six nights of wear, and the most likely reason was proteolytic digestion of the peptide. Future studies will design and test proteolytically stable peptide mimics as coatings for contact lenses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Antibacterial Nanoengineered Materials)
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13 pages, 4770 KiB  
Article
Water-Soluble Pd Nanoparticles for the Anti-Markovnikov Oxidation of Allyl Benzene in Water
by Edwin Avila, Christos Nixarlidis and Young-Seok Shon
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020348 - 14 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2777
Abstract
The catalytic activity and selectivity of two different water-soluble palladium nanoparticles capped with 5-(trimethylammonio)pentanethiolate and 6-(carboxylate)hexanethiolate ligands are investigated using the catalytic reaction of allyl benzene. The results show that the regioselective transformation of allyl benzene to 3-phenylpropanal occurs at room temperature and [...] Read more.
The catalytic activity and selectivity of two different water-soluble palladium nanoparticles capped with 5-(trimethylammonio)pentanethiolate and 6-(carboxylate)hexanethiolate ligands are investigated using the catalytic reaction of allyl benzene. The results show that the regioselective transformation of allyl benzene to 3-phenylpropanal occurs at room temperature and under atmospheric pressure in neat water via a Tsuji–Wacker type oxidation. Conventionally, the Tsuji–Wacker oxidation promotes the Markovnikov oxidation of terminal alkenes to their respective ketones in the presence of dioxygen. Water-soluble Pd nanoparticles, however, catalyze the anti-Markovnikov oxidation of allyl benzene to 3-phenylpropanal in up to 83% yields. Catalytic results of other aromatic alkenes suggest that the presence of benzylic hydrogen is a key to the formation of a p-allyl Pd intermediate and the anti-Markovnikov addition of H2O. The subsequent b-H elimination and tautomerization contribute to the formation of aldehyde products. Water-soluble Pd nanoparticles are characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), UV–vis spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Catalysis results are examined using 1H NMR and/or GC-MS analyses of isolated reaction mixtures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Semi-heterogeneous Metal Nanoparticles for Catalytic Applications)
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13 pages, 2679 KiB  
Article
Numerical and Experimental Study of Colored Magnetic Particle Mapping via Magnetoelectric Sensors
by Ron-Marco Friedrich, Mohammad Sadeghi and Franz Faupel
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020347 - 14 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2199
Abstract
Colored imaging of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) is a promising noninvasive method for medical applications such as therapy and diagnosis. This study investigates the capability of the magnetoelectric sensor and projected gradient descent (PGD) algorithm for colored particle detection. In the first step, the [...] Read more.
Colored imaging of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) is a promising noninvasive method for medical applications such as therapy and diagnosis. This study investigates the capability of the magnetoelectric sensor and projected gradient descent (PGD) algorithm for colored particle detection. In the first step, the required circumstances for image reconstruction are studied via a simulation approach for different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The spatial accuracy of the reconstructed image is evaluated based on the correlation coefficient (CC) factor. The inverse problem is solved using the PGD method, which is adapted according to a nonnegativity constraint in the complex domain. The MNP characterizations are assessed through a magnetic particle spectrometer (MPS) for different types. In the experimental investigation, the real and imaginary parts of the MNP’s response are used to detect the spatial distribution and particle type, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the average phase difference for CT100 and ARA100 particles is 14 degrees, which is consistent with the MPS results and could satisfy the system requirements for colored imaging. The experimental evaluation showed that the magnetoelectric sensor and the proposed approach could be potential candidates for color bio-imaging applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perspectives in Magnetoelectric and Magnetic Nanomaterials)
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6 pages, 1929 KiB  
Communication
A Centrifugal-Force-Driven Nano-Replication Strategy
by Wenning Zhao, Fan Lin and Xiuxun Han
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020346 - 14 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1550
Abstract
The replication of nano-patterns is a significant means of nanomanufacturing. However, there is still a dearth of nano-replication methods that meet the requirements of both high precision and low cost. Therefore, a new strategy to achieve the replication of nano-patterns, namely centrifugal-force-driven nano-replication [...] Read more.
The replication of nano-patterns is a significant means of nanomanufacturing. However, there is still a dearth of nano-replication methods that meet the requirements of both high precision and low cost. Therefore, a new strategy to achieve the replication of nano-patterns, namely centrifugal-force-driven nano-replication (CFDNR), is proposed here. An easily obtained centrifugal force which is perpendicular to the plane of a nanostructured template is designed as a driving power, to compel the dynamic polymer to fully fill the space of the template; then, the nano-pattern can be replicated on a polymer film. Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates with nanohole periods of ~450 nm and ~100 nm were employed as the original masters to investigate the nano-replication behaviors. The results of morphology measurements demonstrate excellent precision. The size deviations between the nanohole in the template and the nanopillar on the polymer film are less than 4%. Furthermore, a vacuum-assisted CFDNR scheme is proposed to prevent the formation of cavitation on the polymer replica. This work provides new possibilities and choices for facile, inexpensive and high-precision nanomanufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing)
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22 pages, 11689 KiB  
Review
MXene-Carbon Nanotube Composites: Properties and Applications
by Fatemeh Mohajer, Ghodsi Mohammadi Ziarani, Alireza Badiei, Siavash Iravani and Rajender S. Varma
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020345 - 14 Jan 2023
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 7717
Abstract
Today, MXenes and their composites have shown attractive capabilities in numerous fields of electronics, co-catalysis/photocatalysis, sensing/imaging, batteries/supercapacitors, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, tissue engineering/regenerative medicine, drug delivery, cancer theranostics, and soft robotics. In this aspect, MXene-carbon nanotube (CNT) composites have been widely constructed with [...] Read more.
Today, MXenes and their composites have shown attractive capabilities in numerous fields of electronics, co-catalysis/photocatalysis, sensing/imaging, batteries/supercapacitors, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, tissue engineering/regenerative medicine, drug delivery, cancer theranostics, and soft robotics. In this aspect, MXene-carbon nanotube (CNT) composites have been widely constructed with improved environmental stability, excellent electrical conductivity, and robust mechanical properties, providing great opportunities for designing modern and intelligent systems with diagnostic/therapeutic, electronic, and environmental applications. MXenes with unique architectures, large specific surface areas, ease of functionalization, and high electrical conductivity have been employed for hybridization with CNTs with superb heat conductivity, electrical conductivity, and fascinating mechanical features. However, most of the studies have centered around their electronic, EMI shielding, catalytic, and sensing applications; thus, the need for research on biomedical and diagnostic/therapeutic applications of these materials ought to be given more attention. The photothermal conversion efficiency, selectivity/sensitivity, environmental stability/recyclability, biocompatibility/toxicity, long-term biosafety, stimuli-responsiveness features, and clinical translation studies are among the most crucial research aspects that still need to be comprehensively investigated. Although limited explorations have focused on MXene-CNT composites, future studies should be planned on the optimization of reaction/synthesis conditions, surface functionalization, and toxicological evaluations. Herein, most recent advancements pertaining to the applications of MXene-CNT composites in sensing, catalysis, supercapacitors/batteries, EMI shielding, water treatment/pollutants removal are highlighted, focusing on current trends, challenges, and future outlooks. Full article
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19 pages, 43244 KiB  
Article
Exchange Bias Demonstrated in Bulk Nanocomposites Processed by High-Pressure Torsion
by Michael Zawodzki, Lukas Weissitsch, Heinz Krenn, Stefan Wurster and Andrea Bachmaier
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020344 - 14 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1868
Abstract
Ferromagnetic (Fe or Fe20Ni80) and antiferromagnetic (NiO) phases were deformed by high-pressure torsion, a severe plastic deformation technique, to manufacture bulk-sized nanocomposites and demonstrate an exchange bias, which has been reported predominantly for bilayer thin films. High-pressure torsion deformation [...] Read more.
Ferromagnetic (Fe or Fe20Ni80) and antiferromagnetic (NiO) phases were deformed by high-pressure torsion, a severe plastic deformation technique, to manufacture bulk-sized nanocomposites and demonstrate an exchange bias, which has been reported predominantly for bilayer thin films. High-pressure torsion deformation at elevated temperatures proved to be the key to obtaining homogeneous bulk nanocomposites. X-ray diffraction investigations detected nanocrystallinity of the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases. Furthermore, an additional phase was identified by X-ray diffraction, which formed during deformation at elevated temperatures through the reduction of NiO by Fe. Depending on the initial powder composition of Fe50NiO50 or Fe10Ni40NiO50 the new phase was magnetite or maghemite, respectively. Magnetometry measurements demonstrated an exchange bias in high-pressure torsion-processed bulk nanocomposites. Additionally, the tailoring of magnetic parameters was demonstrated by the application of different strains or post-process annealing. A correlation between the amount of applied strain and exchange bias was found. The increase of exchange bias through applied strain was related to the microstructural refinement of the nanocomposite. The nanocrystalline maghemite was considered to have a crucial impact on the observed changes of exchange bias through applied strain. Full article
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10 pages, 9462 KiB  
Article
The Entrapment and Concentration of SARS-CoV-2 Particles with Graphene Oxide: An In Vitro Assay
by Beatriz Parra, Adolfo Contreras, José Herminsul Mina, Mayra Eliana Valencia, Carlos David Grande-Tovar, Carlos Humberto Valencia, Cristina Ramírez and Germán Armando Bolívar
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020343 - 14 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1954
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that graphene oxide (GO) has some antiviral capacity against some enveloped viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Given this background, we wanted to test the in vitro antiviral ability to GO using the viral plaque assay technique. Two-dimensional graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles [...] Read more.
Previous studies have suggested that graphene oxide (GO) has some antiviral capacity against some enveloped viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Given this background, we wanted to test the in vitro antiviral ability to GO using the viral plaque assay technique. Two-dimensional graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles were synthesized using the modified Hummers method, varying the oxidation conditions to achieve nanoparticles between 390 and 718 nm. The antiviral activity of GO was evaluated by experimental infection and plaque formation units assay of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in VERO cells using a titrated viral clinical isolate. It was found that GO at concentrations of 400 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL, 40 µg/mL, and 4 µg/mL was not toxic to cell culture and also did not inhibit the infection of VERO cells by SARS-CoV-2. However, it was evident that GO generated a novel virus entrapment phenomenon directly proportional to its concentration in the suspension. Similarly, this effect of GO was maintained in assays performed with the Zika virus. A new application for GO nanoparticles is proposed as part of a system to trap viruses in surgical mask filters, air conditioning equipment filters, and air purifier filters, complemented with the use of viricidal agents that can destroy the trapped viruses, an application of broad interest for human beings. Full article
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14 pages, 3336 KiB  
Article
Control of the Nanopore Architecture of Anodic Alumina via Stepwise Anodization with Voltage Modulation and Pore Widening
by Chanyoung Jeong, Jeki Jung, Keith Sheppard and Chang-Hwan Choi
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020342 - 13 Jan 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2960
Abstract
Control of the morphology and hierarchy of the nanopore structures of anodic alumina is investigated by employing stepwise anodizing processes, alternating the two different anodizing modes, including mild anodization (MA) and hard anodization (HA), which are further mediated by a pore-widening (PW) step [...] Read more.
Control of the morphology and hierarchy of the nanopore structures of anodic alumina is investigated by employing stepwise anodizing processes, alternating the two different anodizing modes, including mild anodization (MA) and hard anodization (HA), which are further mediated by a pore-widening (PW) step in between. For the experiment, the MA and HA are applied at the anodizing voltages of 40 and 100 V, respectively, in 0.3 M oxalic acid, at 1 °C, for fixed durations (30 min for MA and 0.5 min for HA), while the intermediate PW is applied in 0.1 M phosphoric acid at 30 °C for different durations. In particular, to examine the effects of the anodizing sequence and the PW time on the morphology and hierarchy of the nanopore structures formed, the stepwise anodization is conducted in two different ways: one with no PW step, such as MA→HA and HA→MA, and the other with the timed PW in between, such as MA→PW→MA, MA→PW→HA, HA→PW→HA, and HA→PW→MA. The results show that both the sequence of the voltage-modulated anodizing modes and the application of the intermediate PW step led to unique three-dimensional morphology and hierarchy of the nanopore structures of the anodic alumina beyond the conventional two-dimensional cylindrical pore geometry. It suggests that the stepwise anodizing process regulated by the sequence of the anodizing modes and the intermediate PW step can allow the design and fabrication of various types of nanopore structures, which can broaden the applications of the nanoporous anodic alumina with greater efficacy and versatility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Fabrication and Applications of Nanoporous Materials)
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21 pages, 4114 KiB  
Article
Mechanisms of Individual and Simultaneous Adsorption of Antibiotics and Dyes onto Halloysite Nanoclay and Regeneration of Saturated Adsorbent via Cold Plasma Bubbling
by Stefania Giannoulia, Irene-Eva Triantaphyllidou, Athanasia G. Tekerlekopoulou and Christos A. Aggelopoulos
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020341 - 13 Jan 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2545
Abstract
Halloysite nanoclay (HNC) was examined as an adsorbent for the individual and simultaneous removal of antibiotic enrofloxacin (ENRO) and methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions, alongside its regeneration via cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) bubbling. Initially, batch kinetics and isotherm studies were carried out, [...] Read more.
Halloysite nanoclay (HNC) was examined as an adsorbent for the individual and simultaneous removal of antibiotic enrofloxacin (ENRO) and methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions, alongside its regeneration via cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) bubbling. Initially, batch kinetics and isotherm studies were carried out, while the effect of several parameters was evaluated. Both ENRO and MB adsorption onto HNC was better described by Langmuir model, with its maximum adsorption capacity being 34.80 and 27.66 mg/g, respectively. A Pseudo-second order model fitted the experimental data satisfactorily, suggesting chemisorption (through electrostatic interactions) as the prevailing adsorption mechanism, whereas adsorption was also controlled by film diffusion. In the binary system, the presence of MB seemed to act antagonistically to the adsorption of ENRO. The saturated adsorbent was regenerated inside a CAP microbubble reactor and its adsorption capacity was re-tested by applying new adsorption cycles. CAP bubbling was able to efficiently regenerate saturated HNC with low energy requirements (16.67 Wh/g-adsorbent) in contrast to Fenton oxidation. Most importantly, the enhanced adsorption capacity of the CAP-regenerated HNC (compared to raw HNC), when applied in new adsorption cycles, indicated its activation during the regeneration process. The present study provides a green, sustainable and highly effective alternative for water remediation where pharmaceutical and dyes co-exist. Full article
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