Comparative Hydrodynamic Analysis and Optimization of Gyroid and Diamond Scaffolds with Functionally Graded Porosity

Gong, Boming; Zhu, Jia’ao; Guo, Yun; Xiao, Yameng; Xu, Hongwen

doi:10.3390/jfb17070320

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Comparative Hydrodynamic Analysis and Optimization of Gyroid and Diamond Scaffolds with Functionally Graded Porosity

by

Boming Gong

¹,

Jia’ao Zhu

²,

Yun Guo

^1,*

,

Yameng Xiao

¹ and

Hongwen Xu

¹

School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China

²

School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(7), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17070320

Submission received: 21 May 2026 / Revised: 25 June 2026 / Accepted: 30 June 2026 / Published: 3 July 2026

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

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Abstract

This study presents a numerical investigation into the hydrodynamic and biomechanical performance of bone-repair scaffolds based on Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMSs). Focusing on Gyroid and Diamond architectures, scaffolds with uniform (40–70%) and functionally graded porosities were developed. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were employed to evaluate permeability, pressure drop, and Wall Shear Stress (WSS) distributions. Results indicate distinct topological advantages: the Gyroid structure demonstrates superior permeability and uniform WSS distribution due to its isotropic fluid channels, whereas the Diamond structure maintains better flow velocity stability. Crucially, the introduction of a porosity gradient (40–60%) successfully mitigates localized pressure surges and optimizes the bioactive WSS window for cell differentiation. Notably, increasing porosity to 70% in Gyroid scaffolds yielded a 277% enhancement in permeability. These findings establish a theoretical basis for designing functionally graded TPMS scaffolds that balance fluid transport efficiency with a favorable cellular microenvironment.

Keywords: bone tissue engineering; TPMS structure; Gyroid; porosity gradient; computational fluid dynamics

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gong, B.; Zhu, J.; Guo, Y.; Xiao, Y.; Xu, H. Comparative Hydrodynamic Analysis and Optimization of Gyroid and Diamond Scaffolds with Functionally Graded Porosity. J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17, 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17070320

AMA Style

Gong B, Zhu J, Guo Y, Xiao Y, Xu H. Comparative Hydrodynamic Analysis and Optimization of Gyroid and Diamond Scaffolds with Functionally Graded Porosity. Journal of Functional Biomaterials. 2026; 17(7):320. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17070320

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gong, Boming, Jia’ao Zhu, Yun Guo, Yameng Xiao, and Hongwen Xu. 2026. "Comparative Hydrodynamic Analysis and Optimization of Gyroid and Diamond Scaffolds with Functionally Graded Porosity" Journal of Functional Biomaterials 17, no. 7: 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17070320

APA Style

Gong, B., Zhu, J., Guo, Y., Xiao, Y., & Xu, H. (2026). Comparative Hydrodynamic Analysis and Optimization of Gyroid and Diamond Scaffolds with Functionally Graded Porosity. Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 17(7), 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17070320

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Comparative Hydrodynamic Analysis and Optimization of Gyroid and Diamond Scaffolds with Functionally Graded Porosity

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