Journal of Intelligence

15 pages, 1013 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Increasing IQ Test Scores and Decreasing g: The Flynn Effect and Decreasing Positive Manifold Strengths in Austria (2005–2018)

by Denise Andrzejewski, Sandra Oberleiter, Marco Vetter and Jakob Pietschnig

J. Intell. 2024, 12(12), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12120130 - 23 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3359

Abstract

After almost a century of global generational IQ test score gains, the Flynn effect has, in the past decades, been observed to show stagnation and reversals in several countries. Tentative evidence from academic achievement data has suggested that these trajectory changes may be [...] Read more.

After almost a century of global generational IQ test score gains, the Flynn effect has, in the past decades, been observed to show stagnation and reversals in several countries. Tentative evidence from academic achievement data has suggested that these trajectory changes may be rooted in a decreasing strength of the positive manifold of intelligence due to increasing ability differentiation and specialization in the general population. Here, we provide direct evidence for generational IQ test score and positive manifold strength changes based on IQ test standardization data from 1392 Austrian residents between 2005 and 2018. Our analyses revealed positive Flynn effects across all domains of the IQ test (Cohen’s d from 0.21 to 0.91) but a trend toward decreasing strength in the positive manifold of intelligence (R² from .908 to .892), though these changes were not statistically significant. Our results are consistent with the idea that increasingly inconsistent Flynn effect trajectories may be attributed to increasing ability differentiation and specialization in the general population over time. Full article

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26 pages, 1724 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Relationship Between Game-Related Assessment and Traditional Measures of Cognitive Ability—A Meta-Analysis

by Tanja Bipp, Serena Wee, Marvin Walczok and Laura Hansal

J. Intell. 2024, 12(12), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12120129 - 16 Dec 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4705

Abstract

Technological advances have introduced new methods for assessing psychological constructs, moving beyond traditional paper-pencil tests. Game-related assessments (GRAs) offer several advantages for research and practice, though questions about their construct validity persist. This meta-analysis investigated the relationship between indicators derived from computer-based games [...] Read more.

Technological advances have introduced new methods for assessing psychological constructs, moving beyond traditional paper-pencil tests. Game-related assessments (GRAs) offer several advantages for research and practice, though questions about their construct validity persist. This meta-analysis investigated the relationship between indicators derived from computer-based games and traditional cognitive ability measures, examining whether measurement scope (single vs. multiple indicators) or measurement medium of cognitive ability (computer-based vs. paper-pencil) influences this relationship. We identified 52 eligible samples stemming from 44 papers, including data from over 6100 adult participants. The results from three-stage mixed-effects meta-analyses showed an overall observed correlation of r = 0.30 (p < 0.001; corrected r = 0.45) between GRA indicators and traditional cognitive ability measures with substantial heterogeneity in effect sizes. Stronger relationships were found when cognitive ability was measured by multiple indicators, but no differences emerged based on the measurement medium of cognitive ability. Furthermore, GRAs intended to assess cognitive ability did not show stronger relationships with traditional measures of cognitive ability than GRAs not specifically used to measure cognitive ability. Overall, our findings suggest that GRAs are related to traditional cognitive ability measures. However, the overall effect size raises questions about whether GRAs and traditional measures capture the same aspects of cognitive ability or if GRAs also measure other constructs beyond cognitive ability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Ability Testing in the Workplace: Modern Approaches and Methods)

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14 pages, 1281 KB

Open AccessArticle

Yes, I Can: The Interplay of Need for Cognition and Task Confidence in Cognitive Task Performance

by Monika Fleischhauer, Felix M. Schweitzer and Sören Enge

J. Intell. 2024, 12(12), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12120128 - 15 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2184

Abstract

Need for Cognition (NFC) refers to the enjoyment of and the search for intellectual challenges. Although numerous studies suggest associations between NFC and cognitive performance, the processes and factors that may mediate the relationship are not yet well understood. Based on the literature [...] Read more.

Need for Cognition (NFC) refers to the enjoyment of and the search for intellectual challenges. Although numerous studies suggest associations between NFC and cognitive performance, the processes and factors that may mediate the relationship are not yet well understood. Based on the literature suggesting that self-efficacy (SE) expectancies mediate the relationship between NFC and cognitive performance, we sought to investigate this relationship systematically under controlled laboratory conditions. Additionally, we were interested in whether the visibility of the test subject’s performance to others (i.e., the experimenter) would influence these correlations. After an online questionnaire assessing NFC, 204 participants completed a set of highly demanding intelligence tasks in the laboratory. Following the sample tasks and prior to working through the task battery, task-specific SE about solving the tasks was assessed. To examine the role of visibility, participants either worked alone or were observed by the investigator while completing the tasks. We found a moderate positive association between NFC and task-specific SE, as well as a significant small positive association between NFC and task performance. Further analyses indicated that the relationship between NFC and task performance is fully mediated by task-specific SE, without any moderation effects related to the visibility of one’s own task performance to others. Our study suggests that the relationship between NFC and cognitive performance is also due to the positive influence of NFC on task-specific SE, which in turn influences cognitive performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive Motivation)

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12 pages, 1420 KB

Open AccessArticle

Planting the Seed of Epistemic Curiosity: The Role of the Satisfaction of the Needs for Autonomy and Competence

by Lizbeth Puerta-Sierra and Rogelio Puente-Díaz

J. Intell. 2024, 12(12), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12120127 - 13 Dec 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2310

Abstract

We posit that curiosity, an epistemic emotion, is an integral part of entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurial activities, and learning, which seek to develop an entrepreneurial mindset, a form of cognitive ability. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the influence of autonomy [...] Read more.

We posit that curiosity, an epistemic emotion, is an integral part of entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurial activities, and learning, which seek to develop an entrepreneurial mindset, a form of cognitive ability. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the influence of autonomy and competence satisfaction on epistemic curiosity and the influence of epistemic curiosity on epistemic satisfaction and performance on epistemic activities in entrepreneurial education. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires in three waves of data collection. Results showed a positive relationship between the satisfaction of the need for autonomy and competence in times 1 and 2. The satisfaction of the need for competence at times 1 and 2 then had a positive relationship with epistemic curiosity at times 1 and 2. Curiosity at time 2 had a positive relationship with epistemic satisfaction at time 3. Our results supported the idea that autonomy and competence satisfaction facilitated the experience of epistemic curiosity and epistemic satisfaction. The implications of developing an entrepreneurial mindset were discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Studies on Cognitive Processes)

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28 pages, 8279 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Development and Application of an Intelligent Assessment and Strategy Implementation System for Non-Intellectual Factors in Mathematics Learning Among Senior High School Students

by Yueyuan Kang, Guangming Wang, Luxuan Liu, Jing Liu and Qianqian Gao

J. Intell. 2024, 12(12), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12120126 - 11 Dec 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1729 | Correction

Abstract

Non-intellectual factors in mathematics are key psychological factors that influence students’ cognitive activities and, consequently, their learning efficiency. While the assessment of these factors has gained increasing academic attention, research on the effective use of intelligent tools to assess and improve students’ non-intellectual [...] Read more.

Non-intellectual factors in mathematics are key psychological factors that influence students’ cognitive activities and, consequently, their learning efficiency. While the assessment of these factors has gained increasing academic attention, research on the effective use of intelligent tools to assess and improve students’ non-intellectual factors remains insufficient. This study employed intelligent technology to develop the Intelligent Assessment and Strategy Implementation System for Non-intellectual Factors in Mathematics Learning for Primary and Secondary School Students, which integrates an assessment index system, scales, regional norms, and personalized improvement strategies, enabling it to automatically generate bulk reports on students’ non-intellectual factor scores across various dimensions and provide targeted improvement strategies. In order to test its effectiveness, the intelligent system was applied across several provinces, cities, and schools in China. Eleventh-grade students from X Middle School in T City served as a representative case study. The interventions were based on the strategies provided by the system, and the research consistently demonstrated that the “Intelligent Assessment and Strategy Implementation System of Mathematics Non-intellectual Factors for Primary and Secondary School Students” effectively delivers high-precision diagnoses and personalized intervention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Digital Technologies for Intelligence and Emotional intelligence)

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16 pages, 811 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

GenAI Creativity in Narrative Tasks: Exploring New Forms of Creativity

by Florent Vinchon, Valentin Gironnay and Todd Lubart

J. Intell. 2024, 12(12), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12120125 - 6 Dec 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2919

Abstract

This study examined generative artificial intelligences (GenAIs), as popularized by ChatGPT, in standardized creativity tests. Benchmarking GenAI against human performance, the results showed that ChatGPT demonstrated remarkable fluency in content generation, though the creative output was average. The random nature of AI creativity [...] Read more.

This study examined generative artificial intelligences (GenAIs), as popularized by ChatGPT, in standardized creativity tests. Benchmarking GenAI against human performance, the results showed that ChatGPT demonstrated remarkable fluency in content generation, though the creative output was average. The random nature of AI creativity and the dependency on the richness of the training database require a reassessment of traditional creativity metrics, especially for AI. Our findings highlight the integral role humans play in guiding AI to foster genuine originality, suggesting the need for future research in human–AI co-creation and the development of robust AI creativity measurement mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Generative AI: Reflections on Intelligence and Creativity)

24 pages, 3608 KB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting the Performance of Students Using Deep Ensemble Learning

by Bo Tang, Senlin Li and Changhua Zhao

J. Intell. 2024, 12(12), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12120124 - 3 Dec 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2412

Abstract

Universities and schools rely heavily on the ability to forecast student performance, as it enables them to develop efficient strategies for enhancing academic results and averting student attrition. The automation of processes and the management of large datasets generated by technology-enhanced learning tools [...] Read more.

Universities and schools rely heavily on the ability to forecast student performance, as it enables them to develop efficient strategies for enhancing academic results and averting student attrition. The automation of processes and the management of large datasets generated by technology-enhanced learning tools can facilitate the analysis and processing of these data, which provides crucial insights into the knowledge of students and their engagement with academic endeavors. The method under consideration aims to forecast the academic achievement of students through an ensemble of deep neural networks. The proposed method presents a new feature-ranking mechanism based on existing approaches. This mechanism is effective in identifying the most pertinent features and their correlation with the academic performance of students. The proposed method employs an optimization strategy to concurrently configure and train the deep neural networks within our ensemble system. Furthermore, the proposed ensemble model uses weighted voting among its learning components for more accurate prediction. Put simply, the suggested approach enhances the accuracy of academic performance predictions for students not only by employing weighted ensemble techniques, but also by optimizing the parameters of deep learning models. These experimental outcomes provide evidence that the proposed method outperformed the alternative approaches, accurately predicting student performance with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) value of 1.66, a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) value of 9.75, and an R-squared value of 0.7430. These results show a significant improvement compared to the null model (RMSE = 4.05, MAPE = 24.89, and R-squared = 0.2897) and prove the efficiency of the techniques employed in the proposed method. Full article

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23 pages, 912 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Does Students’ Level of Intelligence Moderate the Relationship Between Socio-Economic Status and Academic Achievement?

by Ricarda Steinmayr and Ursula Kessels

J. Intell. 2024, 12(12), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12120123 - 1 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4076

Abstract

The association between school students’ social background and school achievement is well documented. Recent studies demonstrated that this association might be moderated by the level of cognitive potential. Based on these results, we recruited an elementary school sample (N = 837) and [...] Read more.

The association between school students’ social background and school achievement is well documented. Recent studies demonstrated that this association might be moderated by the level of cognitive potential. Based on these results, we recruited an elementary school sample (N = 837) and an adolescent sample at the end of their compulsory school time (N = 2100) to investigate whether the associations between students’ social background and their academic achievement in math and language arts were moderated by the level of their general cognitive competencies, i.e., intelligence. To this end, we assessed intelligence, math and reading competencies, teacher-reported grades, and students’ socio-economic background (number of books at home). In both samples, the association between students’ socio-economic background and language arts grades was moderated by their intelligence level but not the ones with math grades, reading, and math competencies. The association between socio-economic background and language arts grades was strongest in the average intelligence sample and smaller in the above-average intelligence sample. Results are discussed with regard to their implications for the discussion of social injustice in schools. Full article

28 pages, 2082 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Gaming Platforms for People with ASD

by Irini Chaidi, Pantelis Pergantis, Athanasios Drigas and Charalampos Karagiannidis

J. Intell. 2024, 12(12), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12120122 - 27 Nov 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3055

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has a significant impact on a person’s social, emotional, and communication functioning. According to research, individualized instruction can significantly improve these deficits. One of the most successful methods of achieving this outcome is by gaming platforms that provide serious [...] Read more.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has a significant impact on a person’s social, emotional, and communication functioning. According to research, individualized instruction can significantly improve these deficits. One of the most successful methods of achieving this outcome is by gaming platforms that provide serious games (SGs). This article is a systematic review study using the PRISMA diagram that delves into current research on the characteristics and design criteria of serious gaming platforms suitable for people with autism, presenting the benefits of using serious gaming platforms and highlighting the importance of differentiated strategy and planning, as well as disadvantages such as financial cost and complexity. According to the conclusions of this analysis, the bulk of these programs focus on prototyping and strengthening social and emotional abilities. It is also emphasized that platforms aiming at a bigger audience of persons with ASD, as well as a larger sample size, are required. Full article

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14 pages, 1291 KB

Open AccessArticle

Emotional Intelligence May Be Associated with Some Forms of Creative Potential

by Ahmed M. Abdulla Alabbasi, Mark A. Runco, Abed Al-Nasser D. Al Jarrah, Nada A. Aljohani and Alaa Eldin A. Ayoub

J. Intell. 2024, 12(12), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12120121 - 26 Nov 2024

Viewed by 2308

Abstract

The current study examined the relationship between creative potential, estimated with tests of divergent thinking (DT), and emotional intelligence (EI). Previous research has hinted at a relationship, but the EI–DT relationship may differ as a function of the tasks and the specific components [...] Read more.

The current study examined the relationship between creative potential, estimated with tests of divergent thinking (DT), and emotional intelligence (EI). Previous research has hinted at a relationship, but the EI–DT relationship may differ as a function of the tasks and the specific components of EI. With this in mind, the present investigation compared two DT tests (Social Games vs. Titles Games) and examined whether or not the Interpersonal and Intrapersonal subscales of EI were more associated with DT than the Adaptability and Stress Management EI subscales. The youth version of the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i: YV) was used to measure EI. The measure of EI and the two DT tests were administered to 244 male and female gifted (N = 125) and nongifted (N = 119) high school students in Saudi Arabia. The first objective was to examine whether the EI–DT relationship differs based on the nature of the task of the two DT tests used in the current study (Social Games vs. Titles Games). The second objective was to test whether the Interpersonal and Intrapersonal subscales of EI are more associated with DT than the Adaptability and Stress Management EI subscales. Canonical correlation analysis showed that the relationship between the Social Games test and EI was stronger than the relationship between the Titles Games test and EI. Two path analyses were run: one for the total sample and the second for the gifted sample. The likelihood ratio test showed that the Social Games test was more associated with EQ-i subscales than the Titles Games test for both samples. As expected, the Inter- and the Intrapersonal subscales of the EQ-i were more highly related to Social Games fluency and originality scores compared with the Stress Management and Adaptability subscales. Limitations and future directions are discussed. Full article

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J. Intell., Volume 12, Issue 12 (December 2024) – 10 articles

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