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10.3390/jmse13020189
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Article

Impact of Internal Solitary Wave on Acoustic Propagation Based on Coupled Normal Mode Theory

by
Zhuolong Liu
1,
Yongchui Zhang
1,2,*,
Fei Gao
3,*,
Yunxiang Zhang
1,
Yang Wang
1 and
Mei Hong
1,2
1
College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defence Technology, Changsha 410003, China
2
High Impact Weather Key Laboratory of China Meteorological Administration, Changsha 410073, China
3
Naval Research Institute, Tianjin 300061, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(2), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13020189
Submission received: 18 December 2024 / Revised: 9 January 2025 / Accepted: 20 January 2025 / Published: 21 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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Abstract

An internal solitary wave (ISW) significantly affects acoustic propagation; however, its detailed characteristics are poorly understood. Simulation experiments of sound propagation in a shallow water environment are presented to examine the effects of the source conditions and characteristics of the ISW on transmission loss (TL). The results show that the TL decreases as the depth of the source increases and the frequency of the source decreases and that the different characteristics of the ISW are highly important for estimating sound propagation when a SONAR system is in an ISW environment. Coupled normal mode theory is further employed to analyse the variations in coupling between sound field modes in an ISW environment. Further analysis reveals that the magnitude of the TL is affected by the direction and fluctuation of energy propagation between different modes, and in different ISW environments under the deep and low-frequency source conditions, the sound field energy is mainly in lower-order modes.
Keywords: internal solitary wave; sound propagation; mode coupling internal solitary wave; sound propagation; mode coupling

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MDPI and ACS Style

Liu, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Gao, F.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Hong, M. Impact of Internal Solitary Wave on Acoustic Propagation Based on Coupled Normal Mode Theory. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13, 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13020189

AMA Style

Liu Z, Zhang Y, Gao F, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Hong M. Impact of Internal Solitary Wave on Acoustic Propagation Based on Coupled Normal Mode Theory. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2025; 13(2):189. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13020189

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Zhuolong, Yongchui Zhang, Fei Gao, Yunxiang Zhang, Yang Wang, and Mei Hong. 2025. "Impact of Internal Solitary Wave on Acoustic Propagation Based on Coupled Normal Mode Theory" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 13, no. 2: 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13020189

APA Style

Liu, Z., Zhang, Y., Gao, F., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., & Hong, M. (2025). Impact of Internal Solitary Wave on Acoustic Propagation Based on Coupled Normal Mode Theory. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 13(2), 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13020189

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