Animals

23 pages, 1383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Machine Learning Models for the Early Detection of Metritis in Dairy Cows Based on Physiological, Behavioural and Milk Quality Indicators

by Karina Džermeikaitė, Justina Krištolaitytė and Ramūnas Antanaitis

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1674; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111674 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 686

Abstract

Metritis is one of the most common postpartum diseases in dairy cows, associated with impaired reproductive performance and substantial economic losses. In this study, we investigated the potential of machine learning (ML) techniques applied to physiological, behavioural, and milk quality parameters for the [...] Read more.

Metritis is one of the most common postpartum diseases in dairy cows, associated with impaired reproductive performance and substantial economic losses. In this study, we investigated the potential of machine learning (ML) techniques applied to physiological, behavioural, and milk quality parameters for the early detection of metritis in dairy cows during the postpartum period. A total of 2707 daily observations were collected from 94 cows in early lactation, of which 11 cows (275 records) were diagnosed with metritis. The dataset included daily measurements of body weight, rumination time, milk yield, milk composition (fat, protein, lactose), somatic cell count (SCC), and feed intake. Five classification models—partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), neural network (NN), and an Ensemble model—were developed using standardised features and stratified 80/20 training/test splits. To address class imbalance, model loss functions were adjusted using class weights. Models were evaluated based on accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV), area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC), and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). The NN model demonstrated the highest overall performance (accuracy = 96.1%, AUC = 96.3%, MCC = 0.79), indicating strong capability in distinguishing both healthy and diseased animals. The SVM achieved the highest sensitivity (90.9%), while RF and Ensemble models showed high specificity (>98%) and PPV. This study provides novel evidence that ML methods can effectively detect metritis using routinely collected, non-invasive on-farm data. Our findings support the integration of neural and Ensemble learning models into automated health monitoring systems to enable earlier disease detection and improved animal welfare. Although external validation was not performed, internal cross-validation demonstrated consistent performance across models, suggesting suitability for application in multi-farm settings. To the best of our knowledge, this is among the first studies to apply ML for early metritis detection based exclusively only automated herd data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic AI, Deep Learning, and Machine Learning in Veterinary Science Imaging)

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16 pages, 1401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tree Shade Improves Milking Performance, Apparent Digestibility, Antioxidant Capacity, and Immunity of Dairy Cows in Open Sheds

by Jianjie Li, Yinghao Zhou, Man Feng, Lianjie Song, Yuqing Liu, Haitong Yang, Lu Zhang, Ao Zhang, Xinnian Zhao, Xinsheng Sun, Yuhong Gao and Jianjun Guo

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1673; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111673 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 549

Abstract

Dairy cows are suffering from heat stress (HS) worldwide, and this has become a continual challenge in dairy production systems. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the shade of poplar trees on alleviating HS via measuring milk production, [...] Read more.

Dairy cows are suffering from heat stress (HS) worldwide, and this has become a continual challenge in dairy production systems. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the shade of poplar trees on alleviating HS via measuring milk production, nutrient digestibility, immunity, and antioxidant capability in the serum of dairy cows in open cowsheds. A total of 540 lactating Holstein cows were assigned to 2 groups (3 cowsheds per group, 90 cows per cowshed), including the treatment group with poplar trees on the west side of sheds and the control group without trees. This study was carried out in the early-hot season, hot season, and late-hot season. The results showed the following: (1) During the hot season, shaded cows exhibited lower respiration rate (p < 0.05) and higher dry matter intake (p < 0.05) and daily milk yield (p < 0.05), compared with the control. Also, apparent digestibility of crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber demonstrated an increase (p < 0.05) in shaded cows during the hot season. (2) Total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity in the serum of shaded cows increased (p < 0.05) during the hot season and late-hot season, compared with the control. (3) Serum interleukin-4, immunoglobulin G, and immunoglobulin M concentrations of shaded cows were greater (p < 0.05) than the control during the hot season. Additionally, serum concentrations of HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 in shaded cows showed a decrease (p < 0.05) during the hot season. In conclusion, shade from poplar trees can mitigate the adverse impact of high-temperature environments on cows in open cowsheds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Stress in Farm Animals: The Impacts of Climate Change on Animal Comfort Conditions)

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25 pages, 3875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics and Functions of Different Intestinal Segments in Juvenile Greater Amberjack (Seriola dumerili)

by Kunfeng Zhu, Mouyan Jiang, Mengyao Yan, Yang Huang, Tonglin Yang and Chunhua Zhu

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1672; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111672 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 494

Abstract

The greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili), a key species in marine aquaculture, relies heavily on its intestine for nutrient absorption and immune function. However, the structural and functional specialization of its intestinal segments remains poorly understood. In this study, we divided the [...] Read more.

The greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili), a key species in marine aquaculture, relies heavily on its intestine for nutrient absorption and immune function. However, the structural and functional specialization of its intestinal segments remains poorly understood. In this study, we divided the intestine of S. dumerili into foregut, midgut, and hindgut, and conducted a multi-omics analysis integrating histological staining (H&E/AB-PAS), digestive enzyme assays, transcriptome sequencing, and 16S rRNA microbiota profiling to characterize structural, functional, molecular, and microbial differences across intestinal segments. Histological examinations revealed that brush border microvillus length, muscle layer thickness, and folding height were significantly greater in the foregut and hindgut compared to the midgut, while mucus and goblet cell density was higher in the foregut and midgut. Digestive enzyme assays showed that lipase activity peaked in the foregut, α-amylase in the midgut, and protease in the midgut and hindgut. Alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) activities were highest in the foregut and midgut. Immune-related enzyme activities (SOD (Superoxide dismutase), GSH-Px (Glutathione peroxidase), T-AOC (Total Antioxidant Capacity)) were elevated and MDA levels were lower in the midgut, indicating its role as the primary immune site. Transcriptome analysis identified segment-specific expression of nutrient transporters, such as slc6a19b (hindgut, protein), apoa1b (foregut, lipid), and slc37a4 (midgut, carbohydrate). Microbiome analysis revealed Ruminococcus dominance in the foregut (lipid digestion) and Prevotella, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus enrichment in the midgut (carbohydrate metabolism and immunity). These findings highlight functional zonation in S. dumerili: the foregut specializes in lipid digestion, the midgut in carbohydrate metabolism and immunity, and the hindgut in protein digestion. This study provides foundational insights for optimizing aquaculture practices and advancing research in nutrition, immunology, and disease modeling in S. dumerili. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Omics in Economic Aquatic Animals)

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19 pages, 5125 KiB

Open AccessArticle

VDAC2 Mediates the Apoptosis of Cashmere Goat Hair Follicle Stem Cells Through the P53 Signaling Pathway

by Long Zhu, Yueqi Zhao, Mei Zhou, Xiaotong Guo, Yinxian Zhang, Dongjun Liu and Xudong Guo

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1671; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111671 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 370

Abstract

Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) are pluripotent stem cells located in the bulges of hair follicles. Apoptosis regulates tissue homeostasis by eliminating unnecessary or damaged cells during development and aging. VDAC2, located in the outer mitochondrial membrane (MOM), is a key apoptosis regulator, [...] Read more.

Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) are pluripotent stem cells located in the bulges of hair follicles. Apoptosis regulates tissue homeostasis by eliminating unnecessary or damaged cells during development and aging. VDAC2, located in the outer mitochondrial membrane (MOM), is a key apoptosis regulator, but its role in cashmere goat hair follicles remains unclear. In previous studies, through proteomic sequencing, we found that VDAC2 was significantly differentially expressed in the anagen, catagen, and telogen phases of the hair follicles of Albas cashmere goats. This study aimed to explore the role of VDAC2 in secondary hair follicle stem cells (SHFSCs) and preliminarily investigate its regulatory mechanism through RNA-seq. Overexpression of VDAC2 promoted apoptosis in SHFSCs, while knockdown had the opposite effect. RNA-seq analysis, together with expression validation of downstream genes, indicates that the P53 signaling pathway may be involved in VDAC2-mediated SHFSC regulation. RT-qPCR and Western blotting confirmed that VDAC2 activated the P53 signaling pathway in SHFSCs. Furthermore, the use of a P53 inhibitor after VDAC2 overexpression partially rescued the apoptosis of cells caused by VDAC2. These results demonstrate that VDAC2 plays an important role in SHFSC apoptosis. Our findings greatly enhance our understanding of the role of VDAC2 in SHFSC apoptosis and hair follicle growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

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12 pages, 342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential Growth and Chemical Composition Changes During the Growth of New Zealand White Rabbits

by Adenike Adetutu Eniwaiye and Zikhona Theodora Rani-Kamwendo

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1670; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111670 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 351

Abstract

This study was conducted on New Zealand White male and female rabbits over a period of 133 days to ascertain their potential growth rates, body composition for major body parts, and chemical makeup. A total of 220 New Zealand White rabbits, evenly distributed [...] Read more.

This study was conducted on New Zealand White male and female rabbits over a period of 133 days to ascertain their potential growth rates, body composition for major body parts, and chemical makeup. A total of 220 New Zealand White rabbits, evenly distributed between males and females, were used for this study. One hundred rabbits for potential growth were weighed from day 14 to day 140, while twelve rabbits, six males and six females, were randomly selected at days 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 56, 70, 84, 112, and 140 for carcass analysis. Although the rate of maturation was faster in females than in males, the Gompertz equation fitted separately to the growth data for males and females indicated that the body weights were similar throughout the trial (0.0243 vs. 0.0239), but males had a higher mature weight (315 g) than the females (309 g). Mature body protein weights averaged 1497 g in males and 843 g in females, and mature body lipid contents averaged 252 and 227 g, respectively. The rate of maturation per day of pelt-free body protein of males and females was 0.0103 and 0.0172, while that of body lipids was 0.0410 and 0.0471, respectively. Separate equations were required for males and females to describe the allometric relationship between protein and lipids in the pelt-free body. The rate of maturation of pelts in females was higher than in males (0.0249 vs. 0.0214/d), and the mature weight was lower (456 vs. 523 g, respectively). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

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16 pages, 1312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Fiber Fermentation and Protein Digestion Properties on Growth Performance and Microbial Metabolites in Weaned Pigs

by Jingyi Huang, Zhiqiang Sun, Qi Zhu, Fudong Zhang, Changhua Lai and Jinbiao Zhao

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1669; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111669 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 465

Abstract

Dietary nutrient digestion and utilization patterns influence pig performance and intestinal health. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of protein digestion and fiber fermentation speed among different feed ingredients on growth performance and fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in weaned pigs. [...] Read more.

Dietary nutrient digestion and utilization patterns influence pig performance and intestinal health. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of protein digestion and fiber fermentation speed among different feed ingredients on growth performance and fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in weaned pigs. A total of 192 weaned pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire [6.87 ± 0.14 kg]) were selected and randomly divided into four dietary groups: fast-digesting protein with fast-fermenting fiber, fast-digesting protein with slow-fermenting fiber, slow-digesting protein with fast-fermenting fiber, and slow-digesting protein with slow-fermenting fiber. The results showed that cottonseed and wheat protein powders exhibited faster protein digestion than potato protein powder (p < 0.05). In vitro microbial fermentation of hawthorn powder and orange pomace resulted in greater and faster gas production and SCFA concentrations than sugarcane bagasse (p < 0.05). Orange pomace increased the abundance of Klebsiella and Escherichia–Shigella, whereas sugarcane bagasse increased the abundance of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and norank_f__Muribaculaceae. In addition, the fast-fermentation fiber tended to increase the daily weight gain and feed intake of piglets (p < 0.10), and the slow-fermentation fiber significantly reduced diarrhea incidence in pigs (p < 0.05). Fast fermentation increased acetate and valerate concentrations, and slow-digestion protein increased branched-chain SCFA and valerate contents (p < 0.05). In conclusion, there were large variations in protein digestion and fiber fermentation speed among the different common feed ingredients. Dietary protein digestion and fiber fermentation speed would affect growth performance and diarrhea incidence in weaned pigs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Agro-Industrial Co-Products in Animal Nutrition)

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12 pages, 1718 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Description of Acute and Chronic Cases of Poisoning by Oxalis pes-caprae

by Luigia Pinna, Daniela Mandas, Davide Pintus, Bruna Zulato, Marina Frongia, Maria Maurichi and Annamaria Coccollone

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1668; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111668 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 371

Abstract

Oxalis pes-caprae is one of the most widespread invasive plants in the Mediterranean areas, especially in central and southern Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia. It is an herbaceous species of South African origin, very common in uncultivated areas, in meadows, and at the edges [...] Read more.

Oxalis pes-caprae is one of the most widespread invasive plants in the Mediterranean areas, especially in central and southern Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia. It is an herbaceous species of South African origin, very common in uncultivated areas, in meadows, and at the edges of roads but also in vegetable gardens and fields, where it can become a weed. Its negative impact on the economic sector is significant due to the presence of large quantities of oxalates, which are toxic and dangerous for grazing livestock; the ingestion of high amounts of oxalates causes the accumulation of oxalate crystals, which can lead to kidney failure and anuria. This work represents a descriptive, field-based case report of epidemiological relevance, describing two cases of acute and chronic poisoning by Oxalis pes-caprae found in two different sheep farms in southern Sardinia. In February 2024, the sudden death of about 40 animals was reported in a sheep farm. On another farm, seven animals died (between March and July 2024), while others showed poisoning symptoms such as weight loss, submandibular edema, and a barrel-shaped abdomen. This manuscript aims to highlight the damage caused by poor attention in pasture management and the importance of seasonal risk management; it is necessary to pay attention to the herbaceous species present in pastures, especially in our region, where climatic temperatures no longer respect seasonality and herbaceous species that normally grow in spring are easily found also in the winter months. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ruminant Health: Management, Challenges, and Veterinary Solutions)

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13 pages, 6770 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Expression Characteristics of Two Isoforms nr5a2f and nr5a2m in Gonadal Differentiation of Chinese Giant Salamanders, Andrias davidianus

by Dan Hu, Guanglve Li, Guohua Zou, Jiaqing Xu, Wenyin Luo and Qiaomu Hu

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1667; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111667 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 344

Abstract

Nr5a2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group a, member 2) is involved in gonad development and sex hormone synthesis. In this study, the full length of Nr5a2f and Nr5a2m were obtained by Nr5a2 variable splicing from Andrias davidianus, and the tissue distribution was [...] Read more.

Nr5a2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group a, member 2) is involved in gonad development and sex hormone synthesis. In this study, the full length of Nr5a2f and Nr5a2m were obtained by Nr5a2 variable splicing from Andrias davidianus, and the tissue distribution was detected. We identified Nr5a2f of 2455 bp and Nr5a2m of 2150 bp length, encoding 479 and 325 amino, respectively. We first characterized Nr5a2f and Nr5a2m gene expression in developing gonads. Results showed that Nr5a2f had significantly high expression in the ovary and little expression in other tissues, during the sex differentiation and sex reversal, Nr5a2f expression was gradually decreased in the ovary and the expression in the testis was significantly lower than in the ovary from 1 year to 6 year old. Significantly high expression was observed in the ovary and reversal ovary, while low expression was in the testis and reversal testis. While Nr5a2m expression exhibited the opposite profile, high expression was observed in the brain and testis. During sex differentiation and sex reversal, high expression was shown in the testis and low expression in the ovary from one year to six years old and significantly higher expression emerged in testis and reversal testis than in ovary and reversal ovary. In situ hybridization, results showed that Nr5a2f began to express in female undifferentiated gonads and the expression level increased from 48 dpf to 91, while Nr5a2m was expressed in male undifferentiated gonads. Three RNA interference sites were designed and we detected that site 293 exhibited a significant inhibitory effect in ovary cells. After Nr5a2f expression was inhibited by site 293, we observed that female-based gene Nr5a2f, foxl2 and cyp19 expression were decreased, while the male-based gene dmrt1 and cyp17 expression was increased. These results suggested that Nr5a2f and Nr5a2m exhibited different expression patterns in the process of sex differentiation, which provided a foundation for further functional characterizations. Full article

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14 pages, 1410 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacokinetic Profile of Two Active Dipyrone Metabolites, 4-Methylaminoantipyrine (MAA) and 4-Aminoantipyrine (AA), Following Intravenous Administration in Dogs: A Preliminary Study

by Andressa N. Mouta, Kathryn N. Arcoverde, Naftáli S. Fernandes, Yanna D. B. Passos, Caio V. A. de Oliveira, Robson A. Honorato, Gabriel Araujo-Silva and Valéria V. de Paula

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1666; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111666 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 586

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of the active dipyrone metabolites, 4-methylaminoantipyrine and 4-aminoantipyrine, following intravenous administration in dogs. Eleven mixed-breed dogs received a 25 mg·kg⁻¹ dipyrone dose and blood samples were collected at 0, 5, 15, 30 and 45 [...] Read more.

This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of the active dipyrone metabolites, 4-methylaminoantipyrine and 4-aminoantipyrine, following intravenous administration in dogs. Eleven mixed-breed dogs received a 25 mg·kg⁻¹ dipyrone dose and blood samples were collected at 0, 5, 15, 30 and 45 min, as well as at 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. Plasma concentrations of both metabolites were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The PKSolver 2.0 and GraphPad Prisma 10 software programs were used for pharmacokinetic and statistical analyses, applying a Principal Component Analysis for MAA and descriptive statistics for both metabolites. Two groups were noteworthy concerning MAA: slow metabolizers (SM) and normal/rapid metabolizers (NM). Significant differences were observed between half-life (T_½) and MRT_{0_inf obs} values between the MAA groups. The T_½ and MRT_{0_info obs} were 44.44 ± 11.74 and 32.62 ± 16.53 h for the SM group and 11.25 ± 5.37 and 7.44 ± 4.25 h for the NM group, respectively. The C_max of AA was 2.80 ± 1.43 µg mL⁻¹. Metabolites were detectable for 48 h in all animals for MAA and seven for AA. These findings suggest that metamizole reaches analgesia plasma concentrations associated with cyclooxygenase inhibition with few adverse effects in dogs. However, additional pharmacogenetic and pharmacotherapeutic monitoring studies are required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anesthesia and Analgesia in Companion Animals Surgery)

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Graphical abstract

22 pages, 456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recognizing and Mitigating Canine Stress in Human–Canine Interaction Research: Proposed Guidelines

by Simone B. Sidel, Jaci Gandenberger, Kerry Murphy and Kevin N. Morris

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1665; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111665 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1039

Abstract

The research into human–canine interactions (HCIs) has grown substantially, yet limited attention has focused on the welfare of canines involved, particularly pet dogs owned by volunteer participants. To address this gap, we conducted a secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial, [...] Read more.

The research into human–canine interactions (HCIs) has grown substantially, yet limited attention has focused on the welfare of canines involved, particularly pet dogs owned by volunteer participants. To address this gap, we conducted a secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial, examining canine welfare during an acute human stress protocol. Our methodology incorporated evidence-based screening tools, environmental modifications, researchers trained in canine behavior assessments and safe interactions, and canine stress monitoring using the Fear Free™ Canine Fear, Anxiety, and Stress (FAS) Spectrum. Dogs’ stress levels showed a non-significant increase from the rest to stressor phase (0.80 to 1.00, p = 0.073) and a significant decrease during recovery (1.00 to 0.48, p < 0.001). Only two dogs (7.6%) required withdrawal due to elevated stress levels, though these levels remained within acceptable safety parameters. The peak stress remained within acceptable limits, with only 24% (6 of 25) reaching an FAS score of two during the TSST. By final recovery, 96% of dogs achieved FAS scores of zero to one (Green Zone), indicating relaxed states. Salivary collection proved challenging, highlighting limitations in low-invasive physiological measurement techniques. Based on our findings and literature review, we propose standardized guidelines for HCI research, including thorough pre-screening, environmental preparation, researcher training, stress-monitoring protocols, and informed consent procedures emphasizing withdrawal rights. These guidelines aim to establish ethical standards for this rapidly expanding field, protecting canine participant welfare while enabling valuable research to continue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human-Animal Interactions, Animal Behaviour and Emotion)

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33 pages, 1335 KiB

Open AccessReview

Enhancing Biosecurity in Mollusc Aquaculture: A Review of Current Isothermal Nucleic Acid Detection Methods

by Hoda Abbas, Gemma Zerna, Alexandra Knox, Danielle Ackerly, Jacinta Agius, Karla Helbig and Travis Beddoe

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1664; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111664 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 667

Abstract

The growing human population has increased the need for food beyond what terrestrial sources can provide. This boosts aquaculture demand for molluscs, fish, and crustaceans. Molluscs are popular for their nutritional benefits, making them a profitable industry. Despite a 3% annual growth in [...] Read more.

The growing human population has increased the need for food beyond what terrestrial sources can provide. This boosts aquaculture demand for molluscs, fish, and crustaceans. Molluscs are popular for their nutritional benefits, making them a profitable industry. Despite a 3% annual growth in mollusc populations, recent high mortality rates and population losses due to poor feeding practices and water pollution have made them more disease-prone. Limited treatment options exist for mollusc diseases in aquaculture systems. Hence, developing rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective diagnostic tools for field use is essential to identify and prevent infections promptly. Recently developed isothermal nucleic acid amplification technologies, like loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), offer rapid results within an hour. This review examines these isothermal diagnostic techniques for mollusc pathogens and their potential for field application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial and Viral Diseases in Aquatic Animals)

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16 pages, 2145 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Porcine SCD1 Regulates Lipid Droplet Number via CLSTN3B in PK15 Cells

by Wenzhe Bai, Qianhai Fang, Yanzhen Bi, Rui Wang, Ke Xu, Ao Zhou, Hao Gu and Hongbo Chen

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1663; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111663 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 456

Abstract

Fat deposition plays a key role in determining porcine meat quality traits, with lipid droplets serving as critical organelles for lipid storage in adipose tissue. Inhibiting lipid droplet biogenesis disrupts the lipid storage capacity of adipocytes. The Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) family [...] Read more.

Fat deposition plays a key role in determining porcine meat quality traits, with lipid droplets serving as critical organelles for lipid storage in adipose tissue. Inhibiting lipid droplet biogenesis disrupts the lipid storage capacity of adipocytes. The Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) family is crucial in regulating polyunsaturated fatty acid/monounsaturated fatty acid (PUFA/MUFA) composition, while its role in lipid droplet formation remains unclear. This study employed CRISPR/Cas9 to create SCD1-deficient porcine renal epithelial cells (PK15), enabling an investigation into SCD1’s role in fatty acid composition and lipid droplet regulation. RNA-seq analysis was conducted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying SCD1’s impact on lipid droplet numbers. Results showed that SCD1 deletion significantly decreased triacylglycerols (TAG) content, altered fatty acid composition, and decreased lipid droplet numbers. Conversely, SCD1 overexpression increased lipid droplet numbers, confirming SCD1’s role in regulating lipid droplet abundance. RNA-seq analysis revealed that SCD1 regulates lipid metabolism via Calsyntenin 3β (CLSTN3B). Experimental validation confirmed the SCD1-CLSTN3B regulation of lipid droplet numbers. In summary, we discovered the role of SCD1 in regulating the number of lipid droplets, highlighting its potential impact on lipid metabolism and adipocyte function in pigs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

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25 pages, 2226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Replacing Soybean Meal with Hemp Leaves with Very Low THC Content in the Diet for Dairy Cows: Impact on Digestibility, Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Energy Metabolism

by Jessica Schwerdtfeger, Solvig Görs and Björn Kuhla

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1662; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111662 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 465

Abstract

The aim was to investigate the suitability of Santhica 27 industrial hemp leaves as a protein source in dairy cow nutrition. Twelve Holstein dairy cows received a total mixed ration (TMR) containing 7.4% industrial hemp leaves (HEMP) and a TMR containing 3.5% soya [...] Read more.

The aim was to investigate the suitability of Santhica 27 industrial hemp leaves as a protein source in dairy cow nutrition. Twelve Holstein dairy cows received a total mixed ration (TMR) containing 7.4% industrial hemp leaves (HEMP) and a TMR containing 3.5% soya extraction meal (CON) in a crossover design. Cows were kept in a free-stall barn for 2 weeks to measure feed intake, milk yield and sample plasma, ruminal fluid, and urine. In week 3, cows were housed in a respiration chamber to measure gas exchange, urine, and feces excretions. In the first two weeks, cows of the HEMP group rested longer but spent less time ruminating. Feeding the HEMP diet reduced dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, and urinary N-metabolite concentrations and tended to lower total N-excretion, milk fat, and lactose concentrations. During the stay in the respiration chamber, DMI, milk yield, apparent digestibility, and crude protein degradability were similar between groups, but feeding the HEMP diet tended to reduce methane yield. In conclusion, Santhica 27 hemp leaves are a suitable protein source for dairy cows as they have no negative effects on animal health, apparent digestibility, and crude protein degradability. Nevertheless, inadequate adaptation to the diet reduces feed intake and milk yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alternative Protein Sources for Animal Feeds)

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18 pages, 703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Bench to Piglet: A Comparison of In Vivo and In Vitro Effects of Phytogenics on Post-Weaning Diarrhea, Growth Performance, and Bacterial Behavior

by Anika Weitmann, Sonja Axmann, Klaus Männer, Teemu Rinttilä and Tobias Aumiller

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1661; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111661 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 446

Abstract

Finding effective alternatives to antibiotics and zinc oxide in livestock feed remains challenging, but phytogenic compounds show promising potential. In the first part of the present study, the in vitro antimicrobial activities of carvacrol, eugenol, garlic oil, star anise oil, and tea tree [...] Read more.

Finding effective alternatives to antibiotics and zinc oxide in livestock feed remains challenging, but phytogenic compounds show promising potential. In the first part of the present study, the in vitro antimicrobial activities of carvacrol, eugenol, garlic oil, star anise oil, and tea tree oil as well as their effects on the biofilm formation of two Escherichia coli field isolates, quorum sensing of Chromobacterium violaceum, and the adhesion of an E. coli field isolate to piglets’ small intestinal mucus were determined. Based on these results, two prototypes were formulated. Phytogenic feed additive (PFA) Core 2, containing carvacrol, eugenol, and star anise oil, showed stronger in vitro antimicrobial activity, inhibition of biofilm formation, and quorum sensing than PFA Core 1, which was mainly composed of garlic oil and tea tree oil. In the second part of the present study, 1000 post-weaning piglets were divided into four groups receiving a control or diets with either PFA Core 1, PFA Core 2, or zinc oxide. Only PFA Core 2 and zinc oxide significantly improved body weight, daily gain, feed efficiency, and fecal scores compared with the control, while PFA Core 1 increased the feed efficiency and fecal scores. The results show that feed additives based on carvacrol and eugenol can improve the growth performance of post-weaning piglets and reduce the incidence of diarrhea, possibly by influencing detrimental bacteria. Furthermore, the present study demonstrates the potential of combinations of in vitro assays to support the development of effective feed additives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

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16 pages, 2279 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Myocarditis in Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis Can Be Cured with GS-441524 and Symptomatic Cardiovascular Treatment

by Katharina Buchta, Jana Friederich, Anna-Maria Zuzzi-Krebitz, Jessica Schöbel, Jenny Eberhard, Katharina Zwicklbauer, Andrea M. Spiri, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann, Katrin Hartmann and Gerhard Wess

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1660; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111660 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 840

Abstract

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a fatal disease in cats characterized by variable manifestations. Myocarditis represents a less commonly described pathology within the clinical spectrum of FIP. No research has described the successful treatment of FIP-induced myocarditis. In [...] Read more.

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a fatal disease in cats characterized by variable manifestations. Myocarditis represents a less commonly described pathology within the clinical spectrum of FIP. No research has described the successful treatment of FIP-induced myocarditis. In this study, 40 cats were included and treated with 15 mg/kg of GS-441524 every 24 h orally. All cats were diagnosed with FIP by reverse transcription quantitative PCR in effusion in combination with typical clinical and laboratory changes. Echocardiography was performed in all cats, and myocarditis was suspected in 4/40 cats. Equivocal wall thickness was diagnosed in 2/4 cats, while systolic dysfunction with biatrial dilation was diagnosed in the other 2/4 cats. One cat also presented with ventricular ectopy. A severe increase in cardiac troponin I was seen in all four cats (median 1.82 ng/mL (1.20–5.84 ng/mL)). Cardiac dimensions and electrocardiographic abnormalities completely normalized in all four cats during treatment with GS-441524 and remained stable after treatment discontinuation during a one-year follow-up period. Myocarditis can be a clinical feature of FIP and present with different cardiologic manifestations. FIP-induced myocarditis can be cured with GS-441524 in combination with symptomatic cardiovascular treatment including pimobendan, clopidogrel, furosemide, or atenolol, depending on the clinical presentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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20 pages, 811 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici in the Feed of Salmonids: A Strategy to Improve Reproductive Parameters

by Rommy Díaz, Doris Carrasco, John Quiñones, Ailín Martínez, Gastón Sepúlveda, Isabela Pérez-Núñez, Rodrigo Huaiquipán, David Cancino-Baier, Jorge F. Beltrán, Jorge G. Farías, Erwin A. Paz and Néstor Sepúlveda

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1659; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111659 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 502

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with the probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici on the reproductive performance and offspring viability of male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). A total of 48 mature males were divided into three groups—Group A (control, no probiotic), [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with the probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici on the reproductive performance and offspring viability of male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). A total of 48 mature males were divided into three groups—Group A (control, no probiotic), Group B (60-day supplementation), and Group C (120-day supplementation). The fish were kept in 10 m³ tanks at a constant temperature of 9 °C under a natural photoperiod and evaluated for multiple reproductive and physiological parameters. The results demonstrate that Group C exhibited significantly higher gonad weight, gonadosomatic index (GSI), and sperm concentration than Groups A and B. The blood biochemistry revealed reduced bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in Group C; however, values were within normal reference ranges for the species in all groups. While sperm quality parameters such as membrane integrity and motility showed no significant differences, fertility and embryo viability were significantly higher in Group C across all three developmental stages (180, 300, and 380 accumulated thermal units, ATUs). Additionally, Group C showed lower rates of embryonic malformation and mortality at later stages of development. Statistical analyses confirmed a significant interaction between treatment duration and embryo viability, with the 120-day probiotic treatment (Group C) producing the best outcomes. These findings support the hypothesis that P. acidilactici supplementation positively influences male reproductive parameters and improves embryo quality and survival in Atlantic salmon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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14 pages, 1270 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Activity Rhythm and Home Range Characteristics of Released Chinese Pangolins (Manis pentadactyla)

by Haochen Huang, Zhenhui Shen, Xinhao Zhang, Hongyi Cheng, Chungang Xie and Rongquan Zheng

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1658; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111658 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 404

Abstract

As a mammal with unique ecological habits, the Chinese pangolin, Manis pentadactyla, exhibits nocturnal behavior and has a hidden, cave-dwelling lifestyle. Severe habitat degradation and fragmentation have led to a rapid decline in its wild population. Moreover, the immature state of artificial breeding [...] Read more.

As a mammal with unique ecological habits, the Chinese pangolin, Manis pentadactyla, exhibits nocturnal behavior and has a hidden, cave-dwelling lifestyle. Severe habitat degradation and fragmentation have led to a rapid decline in its wild population. Moreover, the immature state of artificial breeding technology restricts the availability of research samples, particularly with regard to behavioral and ecological data. This makes it extremely difficult to continuously monitor the pangolin’s ecological habits and population dynamics for a long time. The comprehensive research archive is yet to be established, greatly limiting the in-depth understanding of this species’ ecological behavior. To mitigate this data shortage, this study installed GPS positioning and accelerometer technology devices on five Chinese pangolins that were rescued from Zhejiang and released into the wild. Activity rhythms and home ranges were then analyzed based on the collected data. The results showed that all the five released Chinese pangolins were active in the wild and survived throughout the tracking period (21–72 days). The pangolins were mainly active at night, with activity starting after 18:00 and being mainly concentrated between 22:00 and 4:00. The home range of the Chinese pangolins based on MCP was 777.41 ± 426.26 hm², and the core range based on KDE was 596.21 ± 265.58 hm² (50% KDE). This result confirms that high-frequency GPS positioning combined with accelerometer data can effectively determine the home range sizes, habitat utilization, and fine-scale activity rhythms of wild-released pangolins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mammals)

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19 pages, 2874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Natural Spawning, Early Development, and First Successful Hatchery Production of the Vermiculated Angelfish (Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus), Exploring the Influence of Temperature and Salinity

by Yu-Hsuan Sun, Yu-Ru Lin, Hung-Yen Hsieh and Pei-Jie Meng

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1657; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111657 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 387

Abstract

The marine ornamental species trade relies heavily on wild-caught specimens, including the Vermiculated angelfish (Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus). Captive breeding of this species faces challenges with limited detailed knowledge available beyond 2 days post-hatch (dph) regarding the influence of environmental factors. This study [...] Read more.

The marine ornamental species trade relies heavily on wild-caught specimens, including the Vermiculated angelfish (Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus). Captive breeding of this species faces challenges with limited detailed knowledge available beyond 2 days post-hatch (dph) regarding the influence of environmental factors. This study provides a detailed characterization of C. mesoleucus from early development to 381 dph. Under controlled laboratory conditions, the effect of temperature (22–37 °C) on hatching rate, deformity rate, hatching period duration, time to 50% hatch, and survival rate is investigated. Additionally, the influence of different salinities (0–38 psu) on hatching rates and larval deformity rates was also examined. The optimal incubation temperatures for high hatching rate and minimal larval deformities are found to be within 25–28 °C. A lower salinity threshold of 10 psu was established for successful hatching, and the optimal salinity range for minimizing larval deformities was 33–36 psu. These findings provide crucial baseline data and practical recommendations for optimizing hatchery protocols for C. mesoleucus, contributing to enhanced larval survival and the potential for sustainable aquaculture production, thereby reducing the pressure on wild populations. Full article

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5 pages, 182 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Amino Acid Supplementation in Fish Nutrition and Welfare

by Cláudia Aragão, Sofia Engrola and Benjamín Costas

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1656; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111656 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 428

Abstract

Amino acids are not only the fundamental building blocks of proteins and, consequently, essential for animal growth, but they have also gained recognition in recent years for their critical roles in regulating key metabolic processes [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amino Acid Supplementation in Fish Nutrition and Welfare)

25 pages, 2455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Administration of Heat Shock Protein-70 Bacterial Homolog (DnaK) Improves the Cumulative Survival and the Expression of Immune-Related Genes in Gnotobiotic Full-Sibling Sea Bass Larvae Challenged with Vibrio anguillarum

by Eva Vallejos-Vidal, Camino Fierro-Castro, María Jesús Santillán-Araneda, Merari Goldstein, Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa, Joan Carles Balasch, Ali Reza Khansari, Kristof Dierckens, Peter Bossier, Lluis Tort and Felipe E. Reyes-López

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1655; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111655 - 4 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 573

Abstract

Heat shock proteins (HSPs), particularly HSP70, play a vital role in fish immune defense against pathogens. The administration of DnaK (bacterial homolog of HSP70) may be a strategy to potentiate the immune response and survival of aquatic organisms. This study evaluates the effect [...] Read more.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs), particularly HSP70, play a vital role in fish immune defense against pathogens. The administration of DnaK (bacterial homolog of HSP70) may be a strategy to potentiate the immune response and survival of aquatic organisms. This study evaluates the effect of cells overexpressing DnaK on mortality and immune-related gene expression in gnotobiotic sea bass larvae challenged with Vibrio anguillarum. Larvae were subjected to different treatments: NB (no bacteria), YS0 (E. coli with no plasmid), YS1 (E. coli expressing truncated DnaK), and YS2 (E. coli expressing DnaK), and then infected with V. anguillarum at 7 days post-hatching (dph). Mortality was monitored, and RT-qPCR was used to evaluate immune gene expression at 0, 18, 24, 36, and 120 hpc. While no significant variations were recorded in the non-challenged larvae, constant and sustained mortality was observed in challenged larvae from 60 to 120 hpc. However, lower mortality was observed in the larvae treated with DnaK. DnaK treatment promoted the expression of antimicrobial (hepcidin, transferrin) and chemotaxis genes (ccl4), which was further enhanced after a challenge with V. anguillarum, in conjunction with the modulation of il1β and il-8 at 120 hpc. These findings suggest that DnaK induces a potent innate immune response, improving survival against V. anguillarum and supporting its potential use as a disease-preventive strategy in aquaculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Innate Immune Responses of Fish to Infectious Diseases)

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14 pages, 2054 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanism Analysis of UCP2 During the Oxidative Stress Injury of Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cell Line-J2

by Weide Su, Chuanhui Xu, Hongping Jiang, Wenjing Song, Pingwen Xiong, Jiang Chen, Gaoxiang Ai, Qiongli Song, Zhiheng Zou, Qipeng Wei and Xiaolian Chen

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1654; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111654 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 448

Abstract

Oxidative stress poses a significant challenge in livestock production, impairing intestinal function, nutrient absorption, and overall animal performance. Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is a mitochondrial regulator known for its protective effects against oxidative damage, but its specific function in porcine intestinal epithelial cells [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress poses a significant challenge in livestock production, impairing intestinal function, nutrient absorption, and overall animal performance. Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is a mitochondrial regulator known for its protective effects against oxidative damage, but its specific function in porcine intestinal epithelial cells and its regulation by genipin—a natural UCP2 inhibitor with potential therapeutic properties—remains unclear. In this study, we cloned and overexpressed the porcine UCP2 gene in intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2), generating a stable UCP2-overexpressing cell line (IPEC-J2-UCP2). Under hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress, UCP2 overexpression significantly improved cell viability, reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GPx, and CAT). Additionally, UCP2 upregulated the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 and downregulated pro-apoptotic genes (Fas, Caspase-3, and Bax), indicating a protective role against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. We also investigated the regulatory effects of genipin on UCP2. Under non-stress conditions, genipin mildly promoted anti-apoptotic gene expression. However, under oxidative stress, genipin strongly inhibited UCP2 expression, exacerbated ROS accumulation, reduced cell viability, and increased expression of pro-apoptotic markers, particularly Caspase-3 and Bax. These findings reveal that UCP2 plays a critical role in protecting porcine intestinal epithelial cells from oxidative injury and that genipin exerts context-dependent effects on cell fate by modulating UCP2. This study provides a mechanistic basis for targeting UCP2 to manage oxidative stress and improve intestinal health and performance in pigs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

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18 pages, 675 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prospects for Data Collection to Optimise Kid Rearing in Dutch Dairy Goat Herds

by Eveline Dijkstra, Inge Santman-Berends, Tara de Haan, Gerdien van Schaik, René van den Brom and Arjan Stegeman

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1653; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111653 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 457

Abstract

Optimising kid rearing is essential for sustainable dairy goat farming, yet validated parameters and practical benchmark data are lacking. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a set of key performance indicators (KPIs) for monitoring kid-rearing practices through a participatory approach. Researchers, veterinarians [...] Read more.

Optimising kid rearing is essential for sustainable dairy goat farming, yet validated parameters and practical benchmark data are lacking. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a set of key performance indicators (KPIs) for monitoring kid-rearing practices through a participatory approach. Researchers, veterinarians and five dairy goat farms participated developed a prototype set of KPIs covering birth, colostrum management, average daily gain (ADG), and mortality, which were stratified across four rearing phases: perinatal (first 48 h), postnatal (birth to weaning), postweaning (weaning to 12 weeks), and final rearing (12 weeks to mating). The set of KPIs was subsequently tested for its added value but also for its feasibility in practice on the five participating farms as proof of principle. On these farms, data were gathered over a six-month period (June 2020–January 2021), combining routine census data with on-farm records. Only three out of five farms returned complete datasets encompassing data from 715 kids. Results revealed significant variation in rearing outcomes across farms, particularly in birth weights and postweaning growth. Birth weight emerged as a key predictor for ADG, while differences in weaning strategies had the greatest impact on postweaning performance. Although the farmers acknowledged the added value of the developed KPIs, collection of these data during the kidding season was challenging and required further automation to simplify data collection on the farm. This study demonstrates the feasibility and value of individual-level data collection in dairy goat systems and underscores the need for practical tools to support routine monitoring and data-driven management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal System and Management)

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17 pages, 293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Genetic Parameters of Growth Traits in the Inner Mongolia White Cashmere Goat (Erlangshan Type)

by Yue Shi, Yan Liu, Yunpeng Qi, Youjun Rong, Xiaofang Ao, Mingzhu Zhang, Qincheng Xia, Yanjun Zhang and Ruijun Wang

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1652; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111652 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 322

Abstract

This study aimed to estimate the variance, heritability, and genetic correlation of growth traits in Inner Mongolia white cashmere goats (Erlangshan type) (IMWCG-ER). Data collected from the Erlang Mountain Ranch in 2022–2023 were analyzed. The traits studied included birth weight (BW), weaning weight [...] Read more.

This study aimed to estimate the variance, heritability, and genetic correlation of growth traits in Inner Mongolia white cashmere goats (Erlangshan type) (IMWCG-ER). Data collected from the Erlang Mountain Ranch in 2022–2023 were analyzed. The traits studied included birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), pre-weaning daily gain (ADG), and the 12-month weight (12W). In animal models, single and multi-trait analyses were performed using the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method to estimate genetic parameters, and six different models were fitted for each trait by ignoring or including maternal permanent environmental effects, maternal additive genetic effects, and the interaction with individual additive genetic effects. The accuracy and suitability of each model were tested using the likelihood ratio and AIC and BIC tests. The heritability estimates of birth weight, weaning weight, daily gain before weaning, and the 12-month weight were 0.3884, 0.2951, 0.2749, and 0.2192, respectively. The absolute value of the genetic correlation coefficient between traits ranged from −0.8700 to 0.5529. The highest genetic association was between birth weight and pre-weaning daily gain (−0.8700), followed by birth weight and the 12-month weight (−0.6256). The absolute value of phenotypic correlation coefficients ranged from −0.7906 to 0.3562. The highest phenotypic correlation was between birth weight and daily gain before weaning, and the correlation coefficient was −0.7906. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

14 pages, 325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decision-Making Regarding On-Farm Culling Methods for Dairy Cows Related to Cow Welfare, Sustainable Beef Production, and Farm Economics

by Mariska Barten, Yvette de Geus, Joop den Hartog and Len Lipman

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1651; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111651 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 420

Abstract

In the Netherlands, around 52,000 dairy cows die on the primary farm each year due to natural death, euthanasia, or on-farm emergency slaughter (OFES). The decision as to what is the best option is made by the farmer, often after consulting a veterinarian, [...] Read more.

In the Netherlands, around 52,000 dairy cows die on the primary farm each year due to natural death, euthanasia, or on-farm emergency slaughter (OFES). The decision as to what is the best option is made by the farmer, often after consulting a veterinarian, a livestock trader, or a slaughterhouse operator. To determine which factors play a role in this decision-making process, semi-structured interviews were conducted with dairy farmers, private veterinary practitioners, livestock traders, and slaughterhouse operators in the Netherlands. Dairy cattle culling decisions are influenced and limited by strict enforcement of livestock transport regulations and limited options for on-farm killing methods. Requirements regarding mortality rates imposed by the dairy industry and private quality labels for raw milk also influence culling decisions in the Netherlands. Most participants stated that restrictive conditions regarding OFES and mobile slaughterhouses (MSHs) appear to have (unintended) negative effects on cow welfare and meat salvage in general. Different interests, such as cow welfare, food safety, economic concerns of various stakeholders, the reputational interests of the dairy and beef industries, and sustainability objectives such as meat salvage can be conflictive. The results of this study show that the decision-making process regarding culling or (prolonged) veterinary treatment of dairy cattle is complex because various factors, interests, and uncertainties must be weighed. This weighing can vary between individual dairy farms and individual dairy farmers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

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10 pages, 734 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Senecavirus A Incidence in U.S. Breeding Herds: A Decade of Surveillance Data

by Mariana Kikuti, Xiaomei Yue, Claudio Marcello Melini, Sarah Vadnais and Cesar A. Corzo

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1650; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111650 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 402

Abstract

Senecavirus A (SVA) is an endemic pathogen with ongoing relevance to the U.S. swine industry due to its clinical resemblance to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and its potential impact on animal health and trade. This study analyzes the incidence and geographic distribution of SVA [...] Read more.

Senecavirus A (SVA) is an endemic pathogen with ongoing relevance to the U.S. swine industry due to its clinical resemblance to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and its potential impact on animal health and trade. This study analyzes the incidence and geographic distribution of SVA outbreaks in U.S. breeding herds from January 2015 to December 2024. We used enhanced surveillance by combining diagnostic data from veterinary diagnostic laboratories and practitioners’ reports to assess SVA incidence, identifying temporal fluctuations and regional patterns. Our findings indicate that the cumulative incidence of SVA in U.S. breeding herds is low overall (<2.5% per year), with peak incidence observed during the third and fourth quarters of the calendar year. Outbreaks are more frequently reported in the Midwest. Our results suggest potential seasonality or regional factors influencing disease transmission. The median time interval between SVA outbreaks for sites experiencing more than one outbreak is 402 days. This study provides valuable insights into the current epidemiology of SVA in U.S. breeding herds, and highlights the need for continued monitoring and preparedness to prevent future outbreaks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

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16 pages, 1279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social Isolation of Horses vs. Support Provided by a Human

by Iwona Janczarek, Izabela Gazda, Joanna Barłowska, Julia Kurnik and Jarosław Łuszczyński

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1649; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111649 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 638

Abstract

It is assumed that horses have a strong herd instinct that cannot be suppressed by any form of social support from humans. The aim of this study was to assess the behaviour and heart rate parameters of horses that received various forms of [...] Read more.

It is assumed that horses have a strong herd instinct that cannot be suppressed by any form of social support from humans. The aim of this study was to assess the behaviour and heart rate parameters of horses that received various forms of human support during short-term social isolation. The research material consisted of 12 clinically healthy recreational warmblood mares and geldings. The test was carried out four times. The research test consisted of two parts, which began in the presence of accompanying horses and under conditions of social isolation, with and without support provided by a human (types of contact: tactile, vocal, tactile and vocal). Behavioural observations were carried out on a five-point scale, and the heart rate parameters were measured using Polar ELECTRO OY Kempele (Finland) measuring devices (Polar H9 type) and Polar Ignite2 receivers. Data analysis was carried out using the Polar Flowsync application coupled with the Polar Flow service. It was concluded that social support provided by humans in tactile, vocal, or tactile and vocal forms during the isolation of horses from the herd does not have very significant effects, especially in mares. The geldings respond much more favourably than the mares. In addition, at this point in the research, it can be suggested that vocal support may have the best effects. The more emotionally balanced the horses are, the more pronounced these effects should be. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Equids)

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13 pages, 1912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two Species of Long-Day Breeding Hamsters Exhibit Distinct Gut Microbial Responses to Photoperiodic Variations

by Chao Fan, Huiliang Xue, Jinhui Xu, Ming Wu, Lei Chen and Laixiang Xu

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1648; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111648 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 293

Abstract

The relationship between the gut microbiota and photoperiod has received widespread attention, and it is necessary to explore the probable common mechanisms involved. We tested whether the gut microbiota of animals with similar light-regulated life history traits would also exhibit consistent responses to [...] Read more.

The relationship between the gut microbiota and photoperiod has received widespread attention, and it is necessary to explore the probable common mechanisms involved. We tested whether the gut microbiota of animals with similar light-regulated life history traits would also exhibit consistent responses to the photoperiod. Here, two species of long-day breeders, striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis) and Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus), were raised under different photoperiods (long daylight, LD; short daylight, SD), and their cecal contents were collected to assess the gut microbiota. There was no difference in the gut microbial diversity between the groups of striped hamsters; however, in the Djungarian hamsters, lower Chao and Shannon indices were observed in the LD group than in the SD group. The bacterial community variation in the striped hamsters was reflected mainly in the enrichment of the genera Enterorhabdus and Jeotgalicoccus in the LD group; meanwhile, more taxa with significant changes in relative abundance under different photoperiods were found in the Djungarian hamsters, such as the enrichment of the genera Lactobacillus and Faecalibaculum in the LD group and the enrichment of the genera Ruminococcus and Colidextribacter in the SD group. The LD conditions substantially reduced the complexity of the gut microbial network in the Djungarian hamsters and increased the R² value of the striped hamster gut microbiota under fitting with a neutral community model. Moreover, the potential gut microbial functions in the striped hamsters were relatively stable, but variations were observed in multiple pathways between the groups of Djungarian hamsters. These results contribute to the understanding of host species specificity in the response of the gut microbiota to external changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mammals)

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9 pages, 205 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of MHC Haplotype on Mortality Due to Marek’s Disease in Commercial Laying Hens

by Janet E. Fulton, Jesus Arango and Anna Wolc

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1647; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111647 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 454

Abstract

Mortality from Marek’s disease virus (MDV) infection results in economic loss for the poultry industry. It is controlled by vaccination, but the virus mutates and becomes more virulent. Variation within the MHC is well known to impact the outcomes following MDV infection from [...] Read more.

Mortality from Marek’s disease virus (MDV) infection results in economic loss for the poultry industry. It is controlled by vaccination, but the virus mutates and becomes more virulent. Variation within the MHC is well known to impact the outcomes following MDV infection from research performed utilizing the White Leghorn breed, with laboratory strains of the virus. The effect of the MHC haplotype following MDV challenge was determined from six lines of commercial elite (White Plymouth Rock (two), White Leghorn (three), and Rhode Island Red (one)) egg layer lines, challenged with vv+ virus. Mortality was recorded as sire daughter averages at 16–18 weeks of age from 19 generations of data. Sires were genotyped using a set of MHC-specific SNPs, encompassing 210,000 bp. Across all lines, there was a total of 23 unique MHC haplotypes, of which 15 were found at a frequency greater than 5% and used for further analysis. A significant impact on mortality was found for 16 of the haplotypes, with 9 haplotypes associated with decreased mortality and 7 haplotypes with increased mortality. There were three haplotypes identified in more than one line, allowing cross-line comparisons. The effect of these common haplotypes was consistent (either negative, positive or neutral) between lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Breeding Advances in Poultry Health and Production: 2nd Edition)

25 pages, 5788 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Bioclimatic Zoning and Climate Change Impacts on Dairy Cattle in Maranhão, Brazil

by Andressa Carvalho de Sousa, Andreza Maciel de Sousa, Wellington Cruz Corrêa, Jordânio Inácio Marques, Kamila Cunha de Meneses, Héliton Pandorfi, Thieres George Freire da Silva, Jhon Lennon Bezerra da Silva, Marcos Vinícius da Silva and Nítalo André Farias Machado

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1646; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111646 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 800

Abstract

To build climate-resilient livestock systems, public policies must be informed by bioclimatic zoning, enabling region-specific interventions and more efficient resource allocation. This study aimed to conduct bioclimatic zoning for dairy cattle farming in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Big data analysis techniques and [...] Read more.

To build climate-resilient livestock systems, public policies must be informed by bioclimatic zoning, enabling region-specific interventions and more efficient resource allocation. This study aimed to conduct bioclimatic zoning for dairy cattle farming in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Big data analysis techniques and predictive geostatistical modeling were applied to historical (2012–2023) and future climate scenarios under intermediate (RCP4.5) and high-intensity (RCP8.5) greenhouse gas emissions. Kriging maps of THI revealed a decreasing north–south thermal gradient, with values exceeding 80 during critical years. Milk yield losses were more pronounced in high-producing cows, reaching up to 5 kg/cow/day under extreme heat. Areas identified as drought-prone exhibited spatial patterns consistent with THI distributions. The projections indicate that, under the RCP 4.5 scenario, over 60% of Maranhão will exhibit average THI values between 78 and 81 by the end of the century. Under the RCP 8.5 scenario, large areas of the state are expected to reach THI values above 86. Under these conditions, estimated milk production losses may exceed 4 kg/cow/day for moderate-yielding animals and 9 kg/cow/day for high-yielding ones, respectively. The results reinforce the importance of bioclimatic zoning to support informed policymaking in the context of climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Climate Change on Animal Welfare, Health, and/or Product Quality of Livestock Species)

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17 pages, 2796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lipidomics and Transcriptomics Analyses Reveal Dietary Complex Plant Extracts Improve Lipid Composition of Back Fat in Sheep

by Hui Guo, Ruixue Nie, Tao Guo, Chang Gao, Jinju Mao, Yuchao Hu, Wenwen Wang, Na Liu, Xiaoping An, Jingwei Qi and Yuan Wang

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1645; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111645 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 435

Abstract

Fatty acid contributes notably to meat nutrition value. A previous study investigated how complex plant extracts (CPE) can improve the fatty acid composition of ruminants, but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. This study aimed to examine the effect of dietary CPE supplementation on [...] Read more.

Fatty acid contributes notably to meat nutrition value. A previous study investigated how complex plant extracts (CPE) can improve the fatty acid composition of ruminants, but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. This study aimed to examine the effect of dietary CPE supplementation on sheep growth performance and fatty acid composition in back fat (BF), combining lipidomics and transcriptomics analyses to explain the underlying mechanisms. Thirty-six female sheep, weighing 29.92 ± 2.52 kg and of a similar age (~4 months old), were randomly assigned into two groups: one received a basal diet (CTRL group), and the other received the same diet supplemented with 80 mg/kg of CPE (CPE group) for 75 days. The results revealed that the values of carcass fat content (GR) in the CPE group were significantly increased (p = 0.008), and the composition of fatty acid was changed. Lipidomic analysis indicated that CPE modulated lipid metabolism by regulating the contents of lipid molecules such as phosphatidylcholine (PC), fatty acyls (FAs), cardiolipin (CL), and triglyceride (TAG). After the addition of CPE, the lipid metabolism of BF was regulated mainly by regulating the glycerophospholipid metabolism, TNF signaling pathway, and cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction signaling pathway. These results revealed that changes in fatty acids were affected by the added CPE and corresponding molecular changes, which may provide new insights on the molecular level for applying CPE in sheep to improve fatty acid composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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