Prevalence and Risk Factors for the Presence of Gastric Ulcers in Pleasure and Breeding Horses in Italy
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Horses
2.2. Gastroscopy
2.3. Questionnaire for the Caretakers
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Question | ESGD | EGGD | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Number of Answers (Percentage) | Positive (Percentage) | Negative (Percentage) | Positive (Percentage) | Negative (Percentage) | |
SECTION A: Signalment | |||||
1. Age groups | |||||
Young | 169/316 (53%) | 72/169 (43%) | 97/169 (57%) | 25/169 (15%) | 144/169 (85%) |
Adult | 124/316 (39%) | 38/124 (31%) | 86/124 (69%) | 7/124 (6%) | 117/124 (94%) |
Old | 23/316 (7%) | 4/23 (17%) | 19/23 (83%) | 0/23 (0%) | 23/23 (100%) |
2. Breed groups | |||||
Blood horses | 149/316 (47%) | 69/149 (46%) | 80/149 (54%) | 22/149 (15%) | 127/149 (85%) |
Saddlebred | 144/316 (46%) | 35/144 (24%) | 109/144 (76%) | 7/144 (5%) | 137/144 (95%) |
Baroque horses | 14/316 (4%) | 5/14 (36%) | 9/14 (64%) | 1/14 (7%) | 13/14 (93%) |
Coldblooded horses | 2/316 (1%) | 2/2 (100%) | 0/2 (0%) | 0/2 (0%) | 2/2 (100%) |
Ponies | 7/316 (2%) | 3/7 (43%) | 4/7 (57%) | 2/7 (29%) | 5/7 (71%) |
3. Sex | |||||
Female | 185/316 (58%) | 69/185 (37%) | 116/185 (63%) | 14/185 (8%) | 171/185 (92%) |
Gelding | 88/316 (28%) | 27/88 (31%) | 61/88 (69%) | 10/88 (11%) | 78/88 (89%) |
Male | 43/316 (14%) | 18/43 (42%) | 25/43 (58%) | 8/43 (19%) | 35/43 (81%) |
4. Temperament | |||||
Calm | 238/316 (75%) | 74/238 (31%) | 164/238 (69%) | 24/238 (10%) | 214/238 (90%) |
Nervous | 78/316 (25%) | 40/78 (51%) | 38/78 (49%) | 8/78 (10%) | 70/78 (90%) |
5. How long have you been the owner/caretaker of your horse? | |||||
Since foal | 51/316 (16%) | 11/51 (22%) | 40/51 (78%) | 1/51 (2%) | 50/51 (98%) |
Less than 6 months | 83/316 (26%) | 36/83 (43%) | 47/83 (57%) | 8/83 (10%) | 75/83 (90%) |
6 months–1 year | 31/316 (10%) | 15/31 (48%) | 16/31 (52%) | 7/31 (23%) | 24/31 (77%) |
1–2 years | 24/316 (8%) | 11/24 (46%) | 13/24 (54%) | 3/24 (13%) | 21/24 (87%) |
3–5 years | 73/316 (23%) | 26/73 (36%) | 47/73 (64%) | 9/73 (12%) | 64/73 (88%) |
6–10 years | 36/316 (11%) | 12/36 (33%) | 24/36 (67%) | 4/36 (11%) | 32/36 (89%) |
More than 10 years | 18/316 (6%) | 3/18 (17%) | 15/18 (83%) | 0/18 (0%) | 18/18 (100%) |
SECTION B: MANAGEMENT | |||||
6. What kind of bedding do you use for your horse? | |||||
The horse does not live in a stable | 91/316 (29%) | 32/91 (35%) | 59/91 (65%) | 6/91 (7%) | 85/91 (93%) |
Shavings | 66/316 (21%) | 17/66 (26%) | 49/66 (74%) | 3/66 (5%) | 63/91 (95%) |
Straw | 128/316 (41%) | 58/128 (45%) | 70/128 (55%) | 19/128 (15%) | 109/128 (85%) |
Other (no bedding, rice hull, and paper) | 31/316 (10%) | 7/31 (23%) | 24/31 (77%) | 4/31 (13%) | 27/31 (87%) |
7. What kind of paddock does your horse use? | |||||
No paddock available | 124/316 (39%) | 57/124 (46%) | 67/124 (54%) | 20/124 (16%) | 104/124 (84%) |
Sand | 108/316 (34%) | 39/108 (39%) | 69/108 (64%) | 7/108 (6%) | 101/108 (94%) |
Pasture | 76/316 (24%) | 15/76 (20%) | 61/76 (80%) | 5/76 (7%) | 71/76 (93%) |
Other (woodland and concrete) | 8/316 (3%) | 3/8 (38%) | 5/8 (62%) | 0/8 (0%) | 8/8 (100%) |
8. How much time does your horse spend in the paddock? | |||||
No paddock available | 123/316 (39%) | 57/123 (46%) | 66/123 (54%) | 20/123 (16%) | 103/123 (84%) |
All day | 120/316 (38%) | 39/120 (32%) | 81/120 (68%) | 7/120 (6%) | 113/120 (94%) |
Stabled in the box during the night | 73/316 (23%) | 18/73 (25%) | 55/73 (75%) | 5/73 (7%) | 68/73 (93%) |
9. How many times a day do you feed your horse (roughage and supplementary feed)? | |||||
Ad libitum | 88/316 (28%) | 26/88 (30%) | 62/88 (70%) | 4/88 (5%) | 84/88 (95%) |
2 times | 94/316 (30%) | 21/94 (22%) | 73/94 (78%) | 1/94 (1%) | 93/94 (99%) |
3 times | 113/316 (36%) | 52/113 (46%) | 61/113 (54%) | 19/113 (17%) | 94/113 (83%) |
More than 3 times | 21/316 (7%) | 15/21 (71%) | 6/21 (29%) | 8/21 (38%) | 13/21 (62%) |
10. What kind of hay do you feed your horse? | |||||
Grass hay | 269/316 (85%) | 97/269 (36%) | 172/269 (64%) | 23/269 (9%) | 246/269 (91%) |
Alfalfa | 25/316 (8%) | 14/25 (56%) | 11/25 (44%) | 9/25 (36%) | 16/25 (64%) |
Grass hay supplemented only during winter | 20/316 (6%) | 2/20 (10%) | 18/20 (90%) | 0/20 (0%) | 20/20 (100%) |
Other (hay cobs) | 2/316 (1%) | 1/2 (50%) | 1/2 (50%) | 0/2 (0%) | 2/2 (100%) |
11. What kind of supplementary feed do you give your horse? | |||||
Nothing | 20/316 (6%) | 3/20 (15%) | 17/20 (85%) | 2/20 (10%) | 18/20 (90%) |
Mixed | 170/316 (54%) | 50/170 (29%) | 120/170 (71%) | 7/170 (4%) | 163/170 (96%) |
Mixed + pelleted | 83/316 (26%) | 42/83 (51%) | 41/83 (49%) | 20/83 (24%) | 63/83 (76%) |
Oats only | 1/316 (0%) | 0/1 (0%) | 1/1 (100%) | 0/1 (0%) | 1/1 (100%) |
Pelleted | 7/316 (2%) | 3/7 (43%) | 4/7 (57%) | 0/7 (0%) | 7/7 (100%) |
Pressed | 22/316 (7%) | 14/22 (64%) | 8/22 (36%) | 1/22 (5%) | 21/22 (95%) |
Other (vegetables, bread, and bran) | 13/316 (4%) | 2/13 (15%) | 11/13 (85%) | 2/13 (15%) | 11/13 (85%) |
SECTION C: ACTIVITY | |||||
12. What kind of activity does your horse perform? | |||||
Nothing | 64/316 (20%) | 13/64 (20%) | 51/64 (80%) | 3/64 (5%) | 61/64 (95%) |
Breeding | 99/316 (31%) | 42/99 (42%) | 57/99 (58%) | 7/99 (7%) | 92/99 (93%) |
Trekking | 30/316 (9%) | 8/30 (27%) | 22/30 (73%) | 2/30 (7%) | 28/30 (93%) |
Jumping/Dressage/Eventing | 64/316 (20%) | 21/64 (33%) | 43/64 (67%) | 6/64 (9%) | 58/64 (91%) |
Endurance | 14/316 (4%) | 2/14 (14%) | 12/14 (86%) | 2/14 (14%) | 12/14 (86%) |
Riding lessons | 15/316 (5%) | 6/15 (40%) | 9/15 (60%) | 2/15 (13%) | 13/15 (87%) |
Other (driving, Western, and show) | 30/316 (9%) | 22/30 (73%) | 8/30 (27%) | 10/30 (33%) | 20/30 (67%) |
13. How many days and for how long does your horse exercise each week? | |||||
No exercise | 179/316 (57%) | 63/179 (35%) | 116/179 (65%) | 10/179 (6%) | 169/179 (94%) |
1 time/week or less | 30/316 (9%) | 6/30 (20%) | 24/30 (80%) | 2/30 (7%) | 28/30 (93%) |
2–3 times/week or 2–3 h/week | 35/316 (11%) | 9/35 (26%) | 26/35 (74%) | 0/35 (0%) | 35/35 (100%) |
4–5 times/week or 4–6 h/week | 19/316 (6%) | 7/19 (37%) | 12/19 (63%) | 2/19 (11%) | 17/19 (89%) |
6–7 times/week or more than 6 h/week | 53/316 (17%) | 29/53 (55%) | 24/53 (45%) | 18/53 (34%) | 35/53 (66%) |
14. How many shows/competitions does your horse attend in a month? | |||||
None | 273/316 (86%) | 100/273 (37%) | 173/273 (63%) | 25/273 (9%) | 248/273 (91%) |
1 or less | 28/316 (9%) | 10/28 (36%) | 18/28 (64%) | 5/28 (18%) | 23/28 (82%) |
2 or 3 | 15/316 (5%) | 4/15 (27%) | 11/15 (73%) | 2/15 (13%) | 13/15 (87%) |
15. How many times per month does your horse travel? | |||||
None | 271/316 (86%) | 97/271 (36%) | 174/271 (64%) | 24/271 (9%) | 247/271 (91%) |
1 or less | 30/316 (9%) | 11/30 (37%) | 19/30 (63%) | 5/30 (17%) | 25/30 (83%) |
2 or 3 | 15/316 (5%) | 6/15 (40%) | 9/15 (60%) | 3/15 (20%) | 12/15 (80%) |
16. Did your horse perform heavy exercise in the past (at least more than 2 years ago)? | |||||
None | 226/316 (72%) | 81/226 (36%) | 145/226 (64%) | 22/226 (10%) | 204/226 (90%) |
Endurance | 11/316 (3%) | 0/11 (0%) | 11/11 (100%) | 0/11 (0%) | 11/11 (100%) |
Show jumping | 11/316 (3%) | 2/11 (18%) | 9/11 (82%) | 0/11 (0%) | 11/11 (100%) |
Racing | 62/316 (20%) | 26/62 (42%) | 36/62 (58%) | 8/62 (13%) | 54/62 (87%) |
Historical horseracing | 5/316 (2%) | 4/5 (80%) | 1/5 (20%) | 2/5 (40%) | 3/5 (60%) |
Long distance trekking | 1/316 (0%) | 1/1 (100%) | 0/1 (0%) | 0/1 (0%) | 1/1 (100%) |
SECTION D: HEALTH | |||||
17. How long ago was your horse’s last dental checkup? | |||||
Never | 189/316 (60%) | 84/189 (44%) | 105/189 (56%) | 27/189 (14%) | 162/189 (86%) |
Less than 1 month | 4/316 (1%) | 2/4 (50%) | 2/4 (50%) | 0/4 (0%) | 4/4 (100%) |
Between 1 and 2 months | 4/316 (1%) | 0/4 (0%) | 4/4 (100%) | 1/4 (25%) | 3/4 (75%) |
Between 2 and 6 months | 13/316 (4%) | 6/13 (46%) | 7/13 (54%) | 3/13 (23%) | 10/13 (77%) |
Between 6 months and 1 year | 42/316 (13%) | 5/42 (12%) | 37/42 (88%) | 0/42 (0%) | 42/42 (100%) |
More than 1 year | 64/316 (20%) | 17/64 (27%) | 47/64 (73%) | 1/64 (2%) | 63/64 (98%) |
18. Are you using any medications on your horse? | |||||
No | 313/316 (99%) | 113/313 (36%) | 200/316 (64%) | 32/313 (10%) | 281/313 (90%) |
Yes (inhaled corticosteroids, pergolide) | 3/316 (1%) | 1/3 (33%) | 2/3 (67%) | 0/3 (0%) | 3/3 (100%) |
19. Did your horse show any colic signs while under your care? | |||||
No | 289/316 (91%) | 103/289 (36%) | 186/289 (64%) | 30/289 (10%) | 259/289 (90%) |
Yes | 27/316 (9%) | 11/27 (41%) | 16/27 (59%) | 2/27 (7%) | 25/27 (93%) |
20. When was the last colic episode? | |||||
Never | 289/316 (91%) | 103/289 (36%) | 186/289 (64%) | 30/289 (10%) | 259/289 (90%) |
1–6 months ago | 21/316 (7%) | 9/21 (43%) | 12/21 (57%) | 2/21 (10%) | 19/21 (90%) |
7–12 months ago | 1/316 (0%) | 1/1 (100%) | 0/1 (0%) | 0/1 (0%) | 1/1 (100%) |
1–2 years ago | 2/316 (1%) | 0/2 (0%) | 2/2 (100%) | 0/2 (0%) | 2/2 (100%) |
More than 2 years ago | 3/316 (1%) | 0/3 (0%) | 3/3 (100%) | 0/3 (0%) | 3/3 (100%) |
21. How severe were the colic signs, and what kind of treatment did the referring veterinarian administer? | |||||
No colic signs | 289/316 (91%) | 103/289 (36%) | 186/289 (64%) | 30/289 (10%) | 259/289 (90%) |
Low-intensity signs; no treatment required | 8/316 (3%) | 1/8 (13%) | 7/8 (88%) | 0/8 (0%) | 8/8 (100%) |
Low-intensity signs; medical treatment required (flunixin meglumine, N-butylscopolammonium bromide, fluid therapy, other) | 11/316 (3%) | 6/11 (55%) | 5/11 (45%) | 1/11 (9%) | 10/11 (91%) |
High-intensity signs; medical treatment required (flunixin meglumine, N-butylscopolammonium bromide, fluid therapy, other) | 2/316 (1%) | 0/2 (0%) | 2/2 (100%) | 0/2 (0%) | 2/2 (100%) |
High-intensity signs; surgical treatment required | 0/316 (0%) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Recurrent colic signs | 6/316 (2%) | 3/6 (50%) | 3/6 (50%) | 1/6 (17%) | 5/6 (83%) |
22. Does your horse have any stable vices (windsucking, weaving, etc.) | |||||
No | 302/316 (96%) | 106/302 (35%) | 196/302 (65%) | 31/302 (10%) | 271/302 (90%) |
Yes | 14/316 (4%) | 8/14 (57%) | 6/14 (43%) | 1/14 (7%) | 13/14 (93%) |
23. Is your horse’s feeding behavior normal? | |||||
Yes | 312/316 (99%) | 112/312 (36%) | 200/312 (64%) | 31/312 (10%) | 281/312 (90%) |
No (dysorexia) | 4/316 (1%) | 2/4 (50%) | 2/4 (50%) | 1/4 (25%) | 3/4 (75%) |
24. Is your horse showing changes in behavior (more agitated, quieter, etc.)? | |||||
No | 312/316 (99%) | 113/312 (36%) | 199/312 (64%) | 31/312 (10%) | 281/312 (90%) |
Yes | 4/316 (1%) | 1/4 (25%) | 3/4 (75%) | 1/4 (25%) | 3/4 (75%) |
25. Is your horse showing “strange” behaviors (“playing with drinking water, yawning, etc.)? | |||||
No | 311/316 (98%) | 112/311 (36%) | 199/311 (64%) | 31/311 (10%) | 280/311 (90%) |
Yes | 5/316 (2%) | 2/5 (40%) | 3/5 (60%) | 1/5 (20%) | 4/5 (80%) |
Question | Odds Ratio | Confidence Interval | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age as number | 0.95 | 0.91–0.99 | 0.025 |
Age groups | |||
Young | reference | ||
Adult | 0.60 | 0.36–0.97 | 0.037 |
Old | 0.28 | 0.08–0.79 | 0.028 |
Breed groups | |||
Blood horses | reference | ||
Saddlebred | 0.37 | 0.22–0.61 | <0.001 |
Baroque horses | 0.64 | 0.19–1.96 | 0.4 |
Coldblood horses | NA | NA | >0.9 |
Ponies | 0.87 | 0.17–4.07 | 0.9 |
Temperament | |||
Calm | reference | ||
Nervous | 2.33 | 1.39–3.94 | 0.001 |
How long have you been the owner/caretaker of your horse? | |||
Since foal | reference | ||
Less than 6 months | 2.79 | 1.29–6.39 | 0.012 |
6 months–1 year | 3.41 | 1.31–9.22 | 0.013 |
1–2 years | 3.08 | 1.09–8.91 | 0.035 |
3–5 years | 2.01 | 0.90–4.71 | 0.1 |
6–10 years | 1.82 | 0.69–4.83 | 0.2 |
More than 10 years | 0.73 | 0.15–2.73 | 0.7 |
What kind of paddock does your horse use? | |||
No paddock available | reference | ||
Grass | 0.29 | 0.14–0.55 | <0.001 |
Sand | 0.66 | 0.39–1.12 | 0.13 |
Other | 0.71 | 0.14–3.00 | 0.6 |
How much time does your horse spend in the paddock? | |||
No paddock available | reference | ||
All day | 0.56 | 0.33–0.94 | 0.028 |
Only during daylight | 0.38 | 0.20–0.71 | 0.003 |
How many times per day do you feed your horse (roughage and supplementary feed)? | |||
Ad libitum | reference | ||
2 times | 0.69 | 0.35–1.33 | 0.3 |
3 times | 2.03 | 1.14–3.70 | 0.018 |
More than 3 times | 5.96 | 2.17–18.3 | <0.001 |
What kind of hay do you feed your horse? | |||
Grass hay | reference | ||
Alfalfa | 2.26 | 0.99–5.27 | 0.054 |
Grass hay supplemented only during winter | 0.20 | 0.03–0.70 | 0.032 |
Other | 1.77 | 0.07–45.2 | 0.7 |
What kind of supplementary feed do you feed your horse? | |||
No supplementary feed | reference | ||
Mixed | 2.36 | 0.75–10.4 | 0.2 |
Mixed + pelleted | 5.80 | 1.78–26.2 | 0.008 |
Oats only | 0.00 | >0.9 | |
Pelleted | 4.25 | 0.60–32.3 | 0.14 |
Pressed | 9.92 | 2.44–52.8 | 0.003 |
Other | 1.03 | 0.12–7.22 | >0.9 |
What kind of activity does your horse perform? | |||
No exercise | reference | ||
Breeding | 2.89 | 1.43–6.16 | 0.004 |
Endurance | 0.65 | 0.09–2.81 | 0.6 |
Jumping/dressage/eventing | 1.92 | 0.87–4.36 | 0.11 |
Riding lessons | 2.62 | 0.76–8.67 | 0.12 |
Trekking | 1.43 | 0.50–3.89 | 0.5 |
Other | 10.8 | 4.07–31.3 | <0.001 |
How many days and for how long does your horse exercise each week? | |||
No exercise | reference | ||
1 time/week or less | 0.46 | 0.16–1.12 | 0.11 |
2–3 times/week or 2–3 h/week | 0.64 | 0.27–1.40 | 0.3 |
4–5 times/week or 4–6 h/week | 1.07 | 0.38–2.81 | 0.9 |
6–7 times/week or more than 6 h/week | 2.22 | 1.20–4.17 | 0.012 |
How long ago was your horse’s dental checkup? | |||
Never | reference | ||
Less than 1 month | 1.25 | 0.15–10.6 | 0.8 |
Between 1 and 2 months | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Between 2 and 6 months | 1.07 | 0.33–3.34 | >0.9 |
Between 6 months and 1 year | 0.17 | 0.06–0.41 | <0.001 |
More than 1 year | 0.45 | 0.24–0.83 | 0.013 |
Question | Odds Ratio | Confidence Interval | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
SECTION A: SIGNALMENT | |||
Age groups | |||
Young | reference | ||
Adult | 0.60 | 0.34–1.07 | 0.087 |
Old | 0.45 | 0.10–1.65 | 0.3 |
Breed | |||
Blood horses | reference | ||
Saddlebred | 0.48 | 0.27–0.82 | 0.007 |
Baroque horses | 0.73 | 0.19–2.52 | 0.6 |
Coldblood horses | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Ponies | 1.37 | 0.24–7.37 | 0.7 |
Sex | |||
Female | reference | ||
Gelding | 1.06 | 0.57–1.97 | 0.9 |
Male | 1.46 | 0.65–3.29 | 0.4 |
Temperament | |||
Calm | reference | ||
Nervous | 2.12 | 1.19–3.79 | 0.010 |
How long have you been the owner/caretaker of your horse? | |||
Since foal | reference | ||
Less than 6 months | 2.53 | 1.07–6.29 | 0.038 |
6 months–1 year | 3.16 | 1.13–9.11 | 0.029 |
1–2 years | 2.69 | 0.87–8.42 | 0.085 |
3–5 years | 2.11 | 0.87–5.33 | 0.10 |
6–10 years | 2.46 | 0.81–7.55 | 0.11 |
More than 10 years | 1.47 | 0.24–7.45 | 0.7 |
SECTION B: MANAGEMENT | |||
What kind of bedding do you use for your horse? | |||
The horse does not live in a stable | reference | ||
Shavings | 0.26 | 0.07–0.89 | 0.035 |
Straw | 0.41 | 0.12–1.36 | 0.2 |
Others | 0.32 | 0.08–1.20 | 0.1 |
What kind of paddock does your horse use? | |||
No paddock | Reference | ||
Grass | 0.26 | 0.10–0.63 | 0.004 |
Sand | 0.70 | 0.29–1.65 | 0.4 |
Other | 0.40 | 0.07–1.96 | 0.3 |
How many times a day do you feed your horse (roughage and supplementary feed?) | |||
Ad libitum | reference | ||
2 times | 0.94 | 0.29–3.08 | >0.9 |
3 times | 3.17 | 0.92–11.5 | 0.073 |
More than 3 times | 4.30 | 0.78–24.7 | 0.10 |
What kind of hay do you feed your horse? | |||
Grass hay | reference | ||
Alfalfa | 2.75 | 0.75–10.4 | 0.13 |
Grass hay supplemented only during winter | 0.60 | 0.08–2.92 | 0.6 |
Other | 1.42 | 0.04–50.6 | 0.8 |
What kind of supplementary feed do you give your horse? | |||
No supplementary feed | reference | ||
Mixed | 4.03 | 1.20–18.6 | 0.04 |
Mixed + pelleted | 3.52 | 0.94–17.2 | 0.08 |
Oats only | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Pelleted | 13.8 | 1.46–140 | 0.022 |
Pressed | 15.6 | 3.01–104 | 0.002 |
Other | 1.19 | 0.11–10.4 | 0.9 |
SECTION C: ACTIVITY | |||
What kind of activity does your horse perform? | |||
Nothing | reference | ||
Breeding | 3.25 | 1.51–7.42 | 0.003 |
Endurance | 7.36 | 0.46–123 | 0.15 |
Jumping/dressage/eventing | 6.66 | 1.37–38.6 | 0.022 |
Riding lessons | 8.13 | 1.27–60.5 | 0.030 |
Trekking | 9.86 | 1.55–73.6 | 0.019 |
Other | 22.2 | 4.69–142 | <0.001 |
How many days and for how long does your horse exercise each week? | |||
No exercise | reference | ||
1 time/week or less | 0.10 | 0.01–0.57 | 0.013 |
2–3 times/week or 2–3 h/week | 0.20 | 0.03–0.95 | 0.053 |
4–5 times/week or 4–6 h/week | 0.43 | 0.07–2.39 | 0.3 |
6–7 times/week or more than 6 h/week | 0.97 | 0.16–5.04 | >0.9 |
How many shows/competitions does your horse attend in a month? | |||
None | reference | ||
1 or less | 0.26 | 0.01–3.47 | 0.4 |
2–3 times per month | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
How many times per month does your horse travel? | |||
None | reference | ||
1 time or less | 2.27 | 0.20–54.1 | 0.5 |
2–3 times per month | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Did your horse perform heavy exercise in the past (at least more than 2 years ago)? | |||
None | reference | ||
Endurance | 0.00 | >0.9 | |
Show jumping | 0.41 | 0.06–1.73 | 0.3 |
Racing | 0.90 | 0.46–1.75 | 0.8 |
Historical horseracing | 5.32 | 0.44–129 | 0.2 |
Long distance trekking | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
SECTION D: HEALTH | |||
How long ago was your horse’s last dental check? | |||
Never | reference | ||
Less than 1 month | 1.18 | 0.12–12.3 | 0.9 |
Between 1 and 2 months | 0.00 | - | >0.9 |
Between 2 and 6 months | 1.15 | 0.33–3.94 | 0.8 |
Between 6 months and 1 year | 0.12 | 0.04–0.33 | <0.001 |
More than 1 year | 0.39 | 0.19–0.76 | 0.007 |
Are you using any medications on your horse? | |||
No | reference | ||
Yes | 0.68 | 0.02–8.69 | 0.8 |
Did your horse show any colic signs while under your care? | |||
No | reference | ||
Yes | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
When was the last colic episode? | |||
No | reference | ||
1–6 months ago | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
7–12 months ago | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
1–2 years ago | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
More than 2 years ago | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
How severe were the colic signs, and what kind of treatment did the referring vet administer? | |||
No | reference | ||
Low intensity; no treatment | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Low intensity; treatment | 1.05 | 0.14–7.27 | >0.9 |
High-intensity signs; medical treatment | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Recurrent colic signs | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Does your horse have any stable vices (windsucking, weaving, etc.)? | |||
No | reference | ||
Yes | 2.09 | 0.56–8.80 | 0.3 |
Is your horse’s feeding behavior normal? | |||
Normal | reference | ||
Abnormal | 1.45 | 0.14–16.4 | 0.7 |
Is your horse showing changes in behavior (more agitated, quieter)? | |||
No | reference | ||
Yes | 0.72 | 0.06–9.63 | 0.8 |
Is your horse showing “strange” behaviors (“playing” with drinking water, yawning, etc.)? | |||
No | reference | ||
Yes | 0.29 | 0.01–3.10 | 0.4 |
SECTION D MODEL 1: COLIC SIGNS | |||
Did your horse show any colic signs while under your care? | |||
No | reference | ||
Yes | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
When was the last colic episode? | |||
Never | reference | ||
1–6 months ago | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
7–12 months ago | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
1–2 years ago | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
More than 2 years ago | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
How severe were the colic signs, and what kind of treatment did the referring veterinarian administer? | |||
No colic signs | reference | ||
Low intensity; no treatment | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Low intensity; treatment | 1.50 | 0.19–12.4 | 0.7 |
High-intensity signs, medical treatment | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Recurrent colic signs | -- | -- | -- |
SECTION D MODEL 2: CHANGES IN BEHAVIOR AND STABLE VICES | |||
Does your horse have any stable vices (windsucking, weaving, etc.)? | |||
No | reference | ||
Yes | 2.53 | 0.83–8.16 | 0.10 |
Is your horse’s feeding behavior normal? | |||
Normal | reference | ||
Abnormal | 2.20 | 0.25–21.4 | 0.5 |
Is your horse showing changes in behavior (more agitated, quieter, etc.)? | |||
No | reference | ||
Yes | 0.49 | 0.02–4.25 | 0.6 |
Is your horse showing strange behaviors (“playing” with drinking water, yawning, etc.)? | |||
No | reference | ||
Yes | 0.84 | 0.10–5.49 | 0.9 |
Risk Factor | Odds Ratio | Confidence Interval | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age as number | 0.93 | 0.86–0.99 | 0.04 |
Age groups | |||
Young | reference | ||
Adult | 0.34 | 0.13–0.79 | 0.017 |
Old | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Breed groups | |||
Blood horses | reference | ||
Saddlebred | 0.29 | 0.11–0.68 | 0.007 |
Baroque horses | 0.44 | 0.02–2.41 | 0.4 |
Coldblood horses | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Ponies | 2.31 | 0.32–11.5 | 0.3 |
Sex | |||
Female | reference | ||
Gelding | 1.57 | 0.65–3.66 | 0.3 |
Male | 2.79 | 1.05–7.04 | 0.033 |
How long have you been the owner/caretaker of your horse? | |||
Since foal | reference | ||
Less than 6 months | 5.33 | 0.94–100 | 0.12 |
6 months–1 year | 14.6 | 2.41–281 | 0.015 |
1–2 years | 7.14 | 0.86–149 | 0.10 |
3–5 years | 7.03 | 1.26–132 | 0.069 |
6–10 years | 6.25 | 0.88–125 | 0.11 |
More than 10 years | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
What kind of paddock does your horse use? | |||
No paddock available | reference | ||
Grass | 0.37 | 0.12–0.95 | 0.055 |
Sand | 0.36 | 0.14–0.85 | 0.027 |
Other | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
How much time does your horse spend in the paddock? | |||
No paddock available | reference | ||
All day | 0.32 | 0.12–0.75 | 0.013 |
Only during daylight | 0.38 | 0.12–0.99 | 0.064 |
How many times a day do you feed your horse (roughage and supplementary feed)? | |||
Ad libitum | reference | ||
2 times | 0.23 | 0.01–1.56 | 0.2 |
3 times | 4.24 | 1.52–15.1 | 0.011 |
More than 3 times | 12.9 | 3.56–54.5 | <0.001 |
What kind of hay do you feed your horse? | |||
Grass hay | reference | ||
Alfalfa | 6.02 | 2.32–15.0 | <0.001 |
Grass hay supplemented only during winter | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Other | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
What kind of activity does your horse perform? | |||
Nothing | reference | ||
Breeding | 1.55 | 0.41–7.39 | 0.5 |
Endurance | 3.39 | 0.41–22.7 | 0.2 |
Jumping/dressage/eventing | 2.10 | 0.53–10.3 | 0.3 |
Riding lessons | 3.13 | 0.38–20.8 | 0.2 |
Trekking | 1.45 | 0.18–9.24 | 0.7 |
Other | 10.2 | 2.80–48.8 | 0.001 |
How many days and for how long does your horse exercise each week? | |||
No exercise | reference | ||
1 time/week or less | 1.21 | 0.18–4.89 | 0.8 |
2–3 times/week or 2–3 h/week | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
4–5 times/week or 4–6 h/week | 1.99 | 0.29–8.37 | 0.4 |
6–7 times/week or more than 6 h/week | 8.69 | 3.77–21.1 | <0.001 |
How long ago was your horse’s last dental checkup? | |||
Never | reference | ||
Less than 1 month | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Between 1 and 2 months | 2.00 | 0.10–16.3 | 0.6 |
Between 2 and 6 months | 1.80 | 0.39–6.34 | 0.4 |
Between 6 months and 1 year | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
More than 1 year | 0.10 | 0.01–0.46 | 0.022 |
Risk Factor | Odds Ratio | Confidence Interval | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
PART A: SIGNALMENT | |||
Age groups | |||
Young | reference | ||
Adult | 0.32 | 0.10–0.91 | 0.046 |
Old | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Breed groups | |||
Blood horses | reference | ||
Saddlebred | 0.38 | 0.14–0.97 | 0.054 |
Baroque horses | 0.25 | 0.01–1.83 | 0.2 |
Coldblood horses | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Ponies | 3.43 | 0.34–30.4 | 0.3 |
Sex | |||
Female | reference | ||
Gelding | 2.38 | 0.89–6.25 | 0.077 |
Male | 5.08 | 1.56–16.5 | 0.006 |
Temperament | |||
Calm | reference | ||
Nervous | 0.69 | 0.23–1.82 | 0.5 |
Time with the current caretaker | |||
Since foal | reference | ||
Less than 6 months | 7.63 | 1.21–150 | 0.069 |
6 months–1 year | 16.9 | 2.57–336 | 0.012 |
1–2 years | 9.57 | 1.05–210 | 0.065 |
3–5 years | 8.45 | 1.35–166 | 0.055 |
6–10 years | 16.0 | 1.71–366 | 0.028 |
More than 10 years | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
PART B: MANAGEMENT | |||
What kind of bedding do you use for your horse? | |||
No stable | reference | ||
Shavings | 0.48 | 0.05–4.03 | 0.5 |
Straw | 0.50 | 0.08–3.47 | 0.5 |
Others | 1.50 | 0.20–12.1 | 0.7 |
What kind of paddock does your horse use? | |||
No paddock available | reference | ||
Grass | 0.52 | 0.11–2.04 | 0.4 |
Sand | 0.52 | 0.11–1.99 | 0.4 |
Other | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
How many times a day do you feed your horse (roughage and supplementary feed)? | |||
Ad libitum | reference | ||
2 times | 0.16 | 0.01–1.83 | 0.2 |
3 times | 2.35 | 0.31–17.5 | 0.4 |
More than 3 times | 2.76 | 0.14–40.0 | 0.5 |
What kind of hay do you feed your horse? | |||
Grass hay | reference | ||
Alfalfa | 4.63 | 0.70–45.1 | 0.13 |
Grass hay is added only during winter | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Other | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
What kind of supplementary feed do you give your horse? | |||
No supplementary feed | reference | ||
Mixed | 0.68 | 0.13–5.23 | 0.7 |
Mixed + pelleted | 1.35 | 0.27–10.4 | 0.7 |
Oats only | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Pelleted | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Pressed | 0.45 | 0.02–5.96 | 0.6 |
Other | 0.75 | 0.03–12.6 | 0.8 |
SECTION C: ACTIVITY | |||
What kind of activity does your horse perform? | |||
Nothing | reference | ||
Breeding | 1.37 | 0.33–6.83 | 0.7 |
Endurance | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Jumping/dressage/eventing | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Riding lessons | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Trekking | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Other | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
How many days and for how long does your horse exercise each week? | |||
No exercise | reference | ||
1 time/week or less | -- | -- | >0.9 |
2–3 times/week or 2–3 h/week | -- | -- | >0.9 |
4–5 times/week or 4–6 h/week | -- | -- | >0.9 |
6–7 times/week or more than 6 h/week | -- | -- | >0.9 |
How many shows/competitions does your horse attend in a month? | |||
None | reference | ||
1 or less | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
2–3 times per month | 0.04 | 0.00–2.11 | 0.091 |
How many times per month does your horse travel? | |||
No | reference | ||
1 time or less | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
2–3 times per month | 13.6 | 0.49–383 | 0.081 |
Did your horse perform heavy exercise in the past (at least more than 2 years ago)? | |||
None | reference | ||
Endurance | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Show jumping | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Racing | 0.92 | 0.25–2.96 | 0.9 |
Historical horseracing | 1.07 | 0.08–13.2 | >0.9 |
Long distance trekking | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
SECTION D: HEALTH | |||
How long ago was your horse’s last dental check? | |||
Never | reference | ||
Less than 1 month | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Between 1 and 2 months | 2.04 | 0.10–16.7 | >0.9 |
Between 2 and 6 months | 2.28 | 0.47–8.57 | 0.3 |
Between 6 months and 1 year | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
More than 1 year | 0.05 | 0.00–0.34 | 0.02 |
Are you using any medications on your horse? | |||
No | reference | ||
Yes | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Did your horse show any colic signs while under your care? | |||
No | reference | ||
Yes | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
When was the last colic episode? | |||
No | reference | ||
1–6 months ago | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
7–12 months ago | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
1–2 years ago | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
More than 2 years ago | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
How severe were the colic signs, and what kind of treatment did the referring vet administer? | |||
No | reference | ||
Low intensity; no treatment | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Low intensity; treatment | 0.16 | 0.00–7.20 | 0.3 |
High-intensity signs; medical treatment | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Recurrent colic signs | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Does your horse have any stable vices (windsucking, weaving, etc.)? | |||
No | reference | ||
Yes | 0.61 | 0.03–3.96 | 0.7 |
Is your horse’s feeding behavior normal? | |||
Normal | reference | ||
Abnormal | 1.70 | 0.04–24.4 | 0.7 |
Is your horse showing changes in behavior (more agitated, quieter)? | |||
No | reference | ||
Yes | 4.69 | 0.13–168 | 0.3 |
Is your horse showing “strange” behaviors (“playing” with drinking water, yawning, etc.)? | |||
No | reference | ||
Yes | 11.2 | 0.36–411 | 0.13 |
SECTION D MODEL 1: COLIC SIGNS | |||
Did your horse show any colic signs while under your care? | |||
No | reference | ||
Yes | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
When was the last colic episode? | |||
No | reference | ||
1–6 months ago | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
7–12 months ago | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
1–2 years ago | 1.16 | -- | >0.9 |
More than 2 years ago | 4.51 | -- | >0.9 |
How severe were the colic signs, and what kind of treatment did the referring vet administer? | |||
No | reference | ||
Low intensity; no treatment | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Low intensity; treatment | 0.56 | 0.02–16.1 | 0.7 |
High-intensity signs; medical treatment | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
Recurrent colic signs | 0.00 | -- | >0.9 |
SECTION D MODEL 2: CHANGES IN BEHAVIOR AND STABLE VICES | |||
Does your horse have any stable vices (windsucking, weaving, etc.)? | |||
No | reference | ||
Yes | 0.57 | 0.03–3.31 | 0.6 |
Is your horse’s feeding behavior normal? | |||
Normal | reference | ||
Abnormal | 2.38 | 0.10–21.8 | 0.5 |
Is your horse showing changes in behavior (more agitated, quieter)? | |||
No | reference | ||
Yes | 2.38 | 0.10–21.8 | 0.5 |
Is your horse showing “strange” behaviors (“playing” with drinking water, yawning, etc.)? | |||
No | reference | ||
Yes | 2.81 | 0.13–23.4 | 0.4 |
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Busechian, S.; Bindi, F.; Orvieto, S.; Zappulla, F.; Marchesi, M.C.; Nisi, I.; Rueca, F. Prevalence and Risk Factors for the Presence of Gastric Ulcers in Pleasure and Breeding Horses in Italy. Animals 2024, 14, 1806. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14121806
Busechian S, Bindi F, Orvieto S, Zappulla F, Marchesi MC, Nisi I, Rueca F. Prevalence and Risk Factors for the Presence of Gastric Ulcers in Pleasure and Breeding Horses in Italy. Animals. 2024; 14(12):1806. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14121806
Chicago/Turabian StyleBusechian, Sara, Francesca Bindi, Simona Orvieto, Francesco Zappulla, Maria Chiara Marchesi, Irma Nisi, and Fabrizio Rueca. 2024. "Prevalence and Risk Factors for the Presence of Gastric Ulcers in Pleasure and Breeding Horses in Italy" Animals 14, no. 12: 1806. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14121806
APA StyleBusechian, S., Bindi, F., Orvieto, S., Zappulla, F., Marchesi, M. C., Nisi, I., & Rueca, F. (2024). Prevalence and Risk Factors for the Presence of Gastric Ulcers in Pleasure and Breeding Horses in Italy. Animals, 14(12), 1806. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14121806