The Effects of Low Air Temperatures on Thermoregulation and Sleep of Young Men While Sleeping Using Bedding
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Experimental Protocol
2.3. Measurements
2.4. Data Analysis and Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Sleep Parameters
3.2. Body Temperature and Microclimate
3.3. Whole-Body Mass Loss
3.4. Subjective Sensations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Ta | air temperature, °C |
Rh | relative humidity, % |
Ts | skin temperature, °C |
mean Ts | mean skin temperature, °C |
Tre | rectal temperature, °C |
Tmicro | microclimate temperature, °C |
Hmicro | microclimate humidity, Torr |
SEI | sleep efficiency index, % |
REM | rapid eye movement |
SWS | slow wave sleep |
S2 | Stage 2 |
PSG | polysomnographic |
EEG | electroencephalogram |
EOG | electrooculogram |
EMG | electromyogram |
ECG | electrocardiography |
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3 °C | 10 °C | 17 °C | F (2,33) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latency [min] | |||||
Sleep Onset | 10 ± 9.8 | 6.7 ± 5.9 | 9.8 ± 6.6 | 0.16 | 0.84 |
Stage REM | 92.1 ± 30.9 | 90.7 ± 27.8 | 105.6 ± 37.6 | 1.38 | 0.26 |
Time spend for [min] | |||||
Stage W | 26.4 ± 12.2 | 27.6 ± 22.3 | 26.4 ± 24.4 | 0.29 | 0.74 |
Stage 1 | 40.2 ± 11.8 | 33.9 ± 11.6 | 35.4 ± 11 | 0.92 | 0.40 |
Stage 2 | 233.1 ± 37.6 | 232.7 ± 25.7 | 239.3 ± 23.3 | 0.34 | 0.71 |
Stage 3 | 42.1 ± 19.3 | 38.7 ± 12.3 | 39.7 ± 9.5 | 0.07 | 0.93 |
Stage 4 | 31.2 ± 20.5 | 38.5 ± 21.3 | 37.3 ± 22.9 | 0.29 | 0.74 |
Stage 3 + 4 | 73.3 ± 29.8 | 77.2 ± 26.4 | 77 ± 23.8 | 0.11 | 0.89 |
Stage REM | 107 ± 16 | 108.6 ± 20.5 | 102 ± 17.9 | 0.18 | 0.83 |
TST | 453.6 ± 12.2 | 452.4 ± 22.3 | 453.7 ± 24.4 | 2.11 | 0.13 |
SEI [%] | 94.5 ± 2.5 | 94.2 ± 4.6 | 94.5 ± 5.1 | 0.01 | 0.99 |
[min] | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 °C | 11.5 ± 6.5 bd | 30.4 ± 16.0 ac | 16.9 ± 6.5 bd | 32.1 ± 16.2 ace | 18.1 ± 15.5 d | (8,32) 3.97 | 0.0099 |
10 °C | 12.3 ± 9.2 cd | 22.0 ± 12.6 e | 25.7 ± 19.2 ae | 32.6 ± 19.3 ae | 7.3 ± 10.2 bcd | (10,40) 4.67 | 0.0034 |
17 °C | 16.9 ± 9.6 c | 20.2 ± 7.0 | 27.1 ± 12.3 | 22.9 ± 12.2 | 16.3 ± 12.2 c | (8,32) 1.66 | 0.18 |
Location | Measurement | 3 °C | 10 °C | 17 °C | F (2,32) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chest | Ts (°C) | 35.1 (0.7) | 35.1 (1.0) | 35.2 (0.9) | 0.025 | 0.97 |
Tmicro1 (°C) | 34.5 (3.6) | 33.9 (2.8) | 33.6 (2.8) | 0.52 | 0.59 | |
Tmicro2 (°C) | 33.3 (2.6) | 32.4 (2.9) | 31.8 (3.5) | 0.85 | 0.43 | |
Foot | Ts (°C) | 34.1 (1.3) | 34.3 (1.2) | 34.8 (1.1) | 2.36 | 0.1 |
Tmicro3 (°C) | 29.6 (5.1) | 31.0 (3.6) | 32.3 (2.6) | 1.11 | 0.34 | |
Tmicro4 (°C) | 28.8 (6.1) | 31.1 (3.6) | 31.2 (3.3) | 1.92 | 0.16 | |
Chest | Hmicro1 (Pa) | 16.9 (5.2) | 17.7 (9.7) | 18.2 (13.2) | 0.21 | 0.81 |
Hmicro2 (Pa) | 14.1 (5.5) | 15.9 (5.9) | 15.5 (6.3) | 0.25 | 0.77 | |
Foot | Hmicro3 (Pa) | 12.6 (3.8) | 14.4 (4.5) | 16.8 (5.7) | 1.22 | 0.3 |
Hmicro4 (Pa) | 12.6 (6.3) | 13.8 (8.0) | 14.7 (4.4) | 3.33 | 0.048 |
Ta | Time | Ta × Time | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | F (2,32) | p | F (2, 64) | p | F (4,64) | p |
Thermal sensation for whole body | 3.269 | 0.051 | 15.291 | <0.0001 | 0.233 | 0.918 |
Thermal sensation for head | 3.057 | 0.061 | 12.913 | <0.001 | 1.965 | 0.11 |
Thermal sensation for foot | 1.52 | 0.234 | 4.193 | 0.019 | 0.64 | 0.635 |
Comfort sensation | 2.259 | 0.128 | 0.592 | 0.556 | 0.466 | 0.76 |
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Tsuzuki, K.; Okamoto-Mizuno, K.; Mizuno, K. The Effects of Low Air Temperatures on Thermoregulation and Sleep of Young Men While Sleeping Using Bedding. Buildings 2018, 8, 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8060076
Tsuzuki K, Okamoto-Mizuno K, Mizuno K. The Effects of Low Air Temperatures on Thermoregulation and Sleep of Young Men While Sleeping Using Bedding. Buildings. 2018; 8(6):76. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8060076
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsuzuki, Kazuyo, Kazue Okamoto-Mizuno, and Koh Mizuno. 2018. "The Effects of Low Air Temperatures on Thermoregulation and Sleep of Young Men While Sleeping Using Bedding" Buildings 8, no. 6: 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8060076