Sports

10 pages, 241 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lower-Limb Neuromuscular Profiles from Force Plate Testing During Elite Women’s Basketball National Team Camps: A Retrospective Comparison by Final Roster Status

by Hiroki Ogata, Kazuya Yamazaki, Tomohiro Usui, Kotaro Shinchi, Katsuya Ikeda, Frederick James Henderson and Daichi Yamashita

Sports 2026, 14(2), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020084 - 15 Feb 2026

Viewed by 796

Abstract

This study compared force plate-derived lower-limb strength and power metrics between selected and non-selected female basketball players for major international competitions. Thirty-two female players attending the final national team camps for the 2022 World Cup and the 2024 Olympic Games completed isometric mid-thigh [...] Read more.

This study compared force plate-derived lower-limb strength and power metrics between selected and non-selected female basketball players for major international competitions. Thirty-two female players attending the final national team camps for the 2022 World Cup and the 2024 Olympic Games completed isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) and countermovement jump (CMJ) testing on dual force plates (1000 Hz). IMTP peak force, rate of force development (RFD) over 0–200 and 0–250 ms, CMJ height, and phase-specific kinetic variables were compared between roster (n = 14) and non-roster (n = 18) players. Eleven roster players had previous World Cup/Olympic experience (1.5 ± 1.2 selections across all 14 players), whereas non-roster players had none. The roster group was older than the non-roster group (26.8 ± 4.2 vs. 22.3 ± 3.1 years, p = 0.002); therefore, between-group comparisons were adjusted for age and playing position using analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs). After adjustment, no between-group differences were observed in IMTP- or CMJ-derived performance outcomes (all p ≥ 0.12; partial η² = 0.00–0.09). Therefore, in this elite cohort, roster status did not reflect force plate metrics but may reflect factors beyond these tests, including age and prior international experience. Full article

16 pages, 1478 KB

Open AccessArticle

Accuracy of Voluntary Force Modulation During the Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull

by S. Alexander Long, Olivia Vadas, Stephanie Balint, Michael H. Stone and Christopher B. Taber

Sports 2026, 14(2), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020083 - 14 Feb 2026

Viewed by 642

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate voluntary force modulation accuracy during the isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) and to investigate biological sex and relative strength as factors relating to error. Strength-trained males (n = 18) and females (n = 18) completed ascending [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to investigate voluntary force modulation accuracy during the isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) and to investigate biological sex and relative strength as factors relating to error. Strength-trained males (n = 18) and females (n = 18) completed ascending (ASC) (25%, 50%, 75%) or descending (DESC) (75%, 50%, 25%) submaximal testing followed by maximal testing. Subjects rested before completing the opposite submaximal testing sequence. External feedback was not provided during testing. Measured and intended (INT) forces were analyzed with two-way repeated-measures ANOVAs with within- (ASC, DESC, and INT) and between-subject factors (male or female). Independent-samples t-tests analyzed differences in error between males and females. Pearson correlations were calculated to investigate associations between relative strength and error. Statistically significant differences were observed between INT and measured force at every intensity (p < 0.05); however, differences in error were not significant between males and females (p > 0.05). Statistically non-significant small relationships were observed between relative strength and error (p > 0.05). Subjects demonstrate error in force modulation during the IMTP, with the greatest error occurring at lower relative intensity. However, these results indicate that biological sex and relative strength may not influence force modulation accuracy. Full article

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38 pages, 3720 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chronic Self-Myofascial Release in Road Cyclists: Effects on Cardiorespiratory Capacity, Metabolism, and Mechanical Power

by Doris Posch, Markus Antretter, Martin Burtscher and Martin Faulhaber

Sports 2026, 14(2), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020082 - 13 Feb 2026

Viewed by 2014

Abstract

Background: Foam rolling is a popular self-myofascial release (SMR) technique, yet empirical evidence regarding its long-term impact on cycling endurance remains inconclusive. This study investigated the effects of chronic SMR on cardiorespiratory capacity, metabolic kinetics, and mechanical performance in road cyclists. Methods [...] Read more.

Background: Foam rolling is a popular self-myofascial release (SMR) technique, yet empirical evidence regarding its long-term impact on cycling endurance remains inconclusive. This study investigated the effects of chronic SMR on cardiorespiratory capacity, metabolic kinetics, and mechanical performance in road cyclists. Methods: We conducted a six-month randomized controlled trial (RCT) with 32 male recreational cyclists. Both an intervention group (IG) and a control group (CG) followed a standardized training protocol. The IG additionally applied a Blackroll^® foam roller immediately after cycling training sessions. Outcomes included maximum oxygen uptake (VO₂max), submaximal heart rate, lactate slope, and relative mechanical power (W/kg) at aerobic and anaerobic thresholds. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models (LMM), with age included as a fixed-effect covariate to control for baseline imbalances between groups. Effect sizes were determined via marginal and conditional R². Additionally, model robustness was verified through Shapiro–Wilk tests and Q–Q plots of conditional residuals. Results: No significant effects were observed for VO₂max or submaximal heart rate. In contrast the IG demonstrated significant improvements in metabolic kinetics, evidenced by a reduced lactate slope (p = 0.004). Furthermore, foam rolling yielded a statistically significant positive effect on relative mechanical performance at both the aerobic (p = 0.031) and anaerobic (p = 0.007) lactate thresholds. Sensitivity analyses confirmed that these effects were independent of the age difference between groups. Conclusions: Foam rolling did not enhance all endurance-related variables but showed positive effects on metabolic kinetics and mechanical performance. While it did not shift systemic cardiorespiratory limits, SMR appeared to optimize performance through improved metabolic economy and mechanical efficiency, suggesting it is a valuable supplemental tool for recovery and long-term performance maintenance in cycling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Muscle Metabolism, Fatigue and Recovery During Exercise Training)

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19 pages, 1106 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Validation of a Perception, Attitude, and Practice of Physical Activity to Support Personalized Physical Activity Promotion Among U.S. Older Adults

by Oluwaseun Adeyemi, Dowin Boatright and Joshua Chodosh

Sports 2026, 14(2), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020081 - 13 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 669

Abstract

Background: This cross-sectional study aimed to develop and validate measures of perceptions, attitudes, and practices to support physical activity among older adults. Method: We enrolled online 310 community-dwelling U.S. older adults and 11 content experts. Using the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices framework, we [...] Read more.

Background: This cross-sectional study aimed to develop and validate measures of perceptions, attitudes, and practices to support physical activity among older adults. Method: We enrolled online 310 community-dwelling U.S. older adults and 11 content experts. Using the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices framework, we developed 14, seven, and nine items for the Perceived Physical Activity Benefits Scale (PBAS), Attitudes toward Physical Activity Scale (APAS), and Physical Activity Practice Scale (PAPS), respectively. We generated derivation and replication samples using a 30:70 simple random split. Content validity and item analyses were performed on the full sample, followed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for derivation and replication samples, respectively. Results: Item-level content validity indices for the PBAS, APAS, and PAPS were 0.96, 0.94, and 0.95, respectively. Also, the internal consistencies for the PBAS, APAS, and PAPS were 0.92, 0.77, and 0.91, respectively. Our EFA identified two subscale constructs for each measure, with good subscale reliability. CFA fit index ranges for the PBAS, APAS, and PAPS were 0.90–0.94, 0.97–0.99, and 0.95–0.97. Conclusions: The PBAS, APAS, and PAPS are reliable and valid instruments for assessing perceptions, attitudes, and practices related to physical activity among older adults. Full article

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13 pages, 2664 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of a Sport-Based Training Program on Reaction Time and Fine Motor Coordination in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Study

by Fabiana Laurenti, Valentina Presta, Michela Compiani, Gianni Zobbi, Barbara Ilari, Maria Pia Picchi, Eugenia Maré, Federica Severini, Alessandro Guarnieri, Salvatore Mazzei, Orsola di Martino, Giulia Pozzi, Giancarlo Condello and Giuliana Gobbi

Sports 2026, 14(2), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020080 - 11 Feb 2026

Viewed by 869

Abstract

Background: Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are generally less involved in physical activity and sport. Therefore, the present pilot study aimed at determining the effect of a sport-based training program on motor coordination development and functioning in children with ASD. Methods: Twenty [...] Read more.

Background: Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are generally less involved in physical activity and sport. Therefore, the present pilot study aimed at determining the effect of a sport-based training program on motor coordination development and functioning in children with ASD. Methods: Twenty children with ASD (age: 8.7 ± 1.6 years, 5 females) were included in a sport-based training program for 6 months. Participants were free to select their own sport discipline. Before and after the program, reaction time was evaluated using a simple (by identifying the targeted stimulus) and a complex (by discriminating the targeted stimulus among confounding signals) reactive test, while fine and gross motor coordination was assessed by transferring pennies, jumping in place (same sides synchronized), tapping feet and fingers (same side synchronized), and the Flamingo test. Results: The analysis showed a significant reduction (p = 0.016, d = 0.16) in complex reactive test (pre: 15.8 ± 14.8 s; post: 13.6 ± 11.1 s) and a significant improvement in transferring pennies test (pre: 6.3 ± 3.4 pt.; post: 7.8 ± 3.8 pt.; p = 0.034, d = 0.42). Furthermore, two of the low-functioning children, who did not perform any motor test before the program, were able to complete both reactive tests and transferring pennies test. No significant differences emerged for the remaining tests. Conclusions: A sport-based extra-curricular program improved reaction time and fine motor coordination in children with ASD. The complex reactive and transferring pennies tests were particularly effective in detecting changes, even in low-functioning children. These findings support the promotion of diverse physical activities to aid physical and cognitive development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport-Specific Testing and Training Methods in Youth: 2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 907 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Squash Under Strain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Injuries and Illnesses in Squash Players

by Rachel Victoria McCartney, Thomas Fallon and Neil Heron

Sports 2026, 14(2), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020079 - 11 Feb 2026

Viewed by 962

Abstract

Background: Squash, a high-intensity sport with growing global popularity and an upcoming 2028 Olympic debut, is known to pose a wide range of potential health risks. However, epidemiological research of squash-related injuries and illnesses lacks consistency regarding reporting metrics and methodological standardisation. Therefore, [...] Read more.

Background: Squash, a high-intensity sport with growing global popularity and an upcoming 2028 Olympic debut, is known to pose a wide range of potential health risks. However, epidemiological research of squash-related injuries and illnesses lacks consistency regarding reporting metrics and methodological standardisation. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically review the global literature to identify the incidence, prevalence, and anatomical distribution of reported squash-related health issues, calculate a pooled injury rate, and highlight research gaps. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO ID: CRD420251081709), a search conducted across MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science (from inception to 12 June 2025) yielded 12 studies, and a random-effects model estimated the pooled injury rate. Results: The pooled injury rate approximated 0.74 injuries per 365 athlete-days (95% CI: 0.26–2.07) and 2.01 injuries per 1000 athlete-days (95% CI: 0.72–5.67); however, extremely high heterogeneity (I² = 99.65%) revealed significant methodological inconsistencies. Lower limb soft tissue injuries were most common, though regional patterns varied substantially. Additionally, risks from cardiovascular strain and hyperthermia were noted within the literature, alongside a generally poor uptake of protective equipment and a significant research gap on squash-related illnesses. Conclusions: Lack of standardisation hinders risk assessment and prevention within squash; therefore, future research requires an international consensus on injury surveillance, particularly as squash enters its Olympic era. Full article

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10 pages, 245 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Knee Braces on Plantar Pressure Distribution in Elderly Individuals: Implications for Fall Risk Prevention

by José Lumini, Andrea Ribeiro, André Schneider, António M. Monteiro and João Sousa

Sports 2026, 14(2), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020078 - 11 Feb 2026

Viewed by 481

Abstract

(1) Background: Falls are a major public health concern in older adults, largely due to age-related declines in proprioception and postural control. Although knee braces are commonly prescribed to enhance joint stability and sensory feedback, their effects on plantar pressure distribution remain unclear; [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Falls are a major public health concern in older adults, largely due to age-related declines in proprioception and postural control. Although knee braces are commonly prescribed to enhance joint stability and sensory feedback, their effects on plantar pressure distribution remain unclear; (2) Methods: Thirteen community-dwelling older adults (mean age: 79.6 ± 3.2 years) participated in a repeated-measures study under three conditions: no brace, knee brace A, and knee brace B. Plantar pressure variables were assessed barefoot during quiet standing using a baropodometric platform. Conditions were compared using non-parametric Friedman tests; (3) Results: Significant differences were observed for left foot total surface area (p = 0.041) and left rearfoot surface area (p = 0.020). Compared with no brace, brace A increased plantar contact area, whereas brace B reduced it. No significant differences were found for pressure magnitude, load distribution, or right foot variables; (4) Conclusions: Knee braces induce subtle, brace-specific and lateralized changes in plantar pressure distribution, potentially reflecting altered postural control strategies. Although limited to specific variables, these effects may be clinically relevant for fall risk assessment and individualized knee brace prescription in older adults. Full article

18 pages, 925 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Physical-Literacy-Based Educational Intervention on Physical Activity and Body Composition in Preadolescent Children: A School-Based Controlled Trial

by Petra Rajkovic Vuletic, Barbara Gilic, Vladimir Pavlinovic, Paula Matijasevic and Damir Sekulic

Sports 2026, 14(2), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020077 - 9 Feb 2026

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 851

Abstract

Improving physical literacy (PL) is recognized as a potentially effective approach for enhancing overall physical activity (PA) and fitness status, including body composition, but few studies have examined the impact of PL-oriented education on directly measured PA and body composition in children. The [...] Read more.

Improving physical literacy (PL) is recognized as a potentially effective approach for enhancing overall physical activity (PA) and fitness status, including body composition, but few studies have examined the impact of PL-oriented education on directly measured PA and body composition in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a three-month quasi-experimental PL-based educational intervention, delivered as part of the regular physical education (PE) curriculum, in preadolescent children. A total of 119 children aged 9–11 years (51 girls) from southern Croatia participated in the study and were assigned to either a control group (n = 68) or an intervention group (n = 51). The intervention group received a PL-focused educational program integrated into regular PE classes, whereas the control group followed the standard PE curriculum. PA was assessed using accelerometers, and body composition was measured using bioimpedance analysis. A pre–post–retention design was applied (baseline at the start of the school year, post-intervention in December, and retention testing at the end of the school year), and a three-way repeated-measures ANOVA (group × gender × time) was conducted. The intervention prevented declines in vigorous physical activity (VPA) and step count (STEPS) and maintained overall sedentary time (ST) in the experimental group throughout the school year. Significant group × time interaction effects were detected for VPA, STEPS, and ST (F = 4.01, 4.09, and 5.34, respectively; all p < 0.05). No significant effects were found for body composition. In conclusion, the PL-based intervention allowed effective mitigation of the typical seasonal decline in activity levels observed during the school year. Further studies evaluating the effects of similar interventions on other indices of fitness status are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Health Through Physical Activity and Sports Science: Innovations in Applied Research)

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14 pages, 2208 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Bench Press Volume on Performance, Recovery, and Physiological Response

by José A. Páez-Maldonado, África Calvo Lluch, Manuel Ortega-Becerra and Fernando Pareja-Blanco

Sports 2026, 14(2), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020076 - 9 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1249

Abstract

Background: The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of training volume in bench press (BP) on acute mechanical, metabolic, and cardiovascular responses, and the time course of recovery. Methods: Fourteen men with moderate resistance training experience performed, in randomized order [...] Read more.

Background: The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of training volume in bench press (BP) on acute mechanical, metabolic, and cardiovascular responses, and the time course of recovery. Methods: Fourteen men with moderate resistance training experience performed, in randomized order and separated by one week, three BP protocols differing in volume: 3 (LOW), 15 (MOD), and 24 (HIG) repetitions. To isolate the effect of training volume by minimizing fatigue accumulation across repetitions, short rest periods were inserted between repetitions. The rest duration was individualized based on the performance impairment induced in each repetition. A battery of tests was performed at baseline (Pre) and post-exercise, in the following order: (a) heart rate (HR), blood systolic and diastolic pressure (SBP and DBP), and oxygen saturation (SpO2), (b) blood lactate, and (c) dynamic strength test, which was also conducted at 24 h-Post and 48 h-Post. Results: Performance within-session (best, average, and last velocity, as well as velocity loss) was similar for all protocols. A significant “protocol × time” interaction was observed for SBP, although no significant differences between protocols were found. No significant differences were observed for DBP or SpO2. All protocols showed similar lactate concentrations at Post and similarly increased velocity at 60% 1RM load at 24 h-Post and 48 h-Post. Conclusions: individualizing inter-repetition rest periods based on velocity loss allows matching fatigue across different bench press volumes, which produced similar mechanical, metabolic, and cardiovascular responses, indicating that volume alone does not determine acute physiological load. Full article

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12 pages, 586 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing the Associations Between Mediterranean Diet Adherence, Body Mass Index, and Physical Performance in Youth Handball Players: A Clustering Approach

by Silvia Sánchez-Díaz, Daniel Castillo, Miguel Ramirez-Jimenez, José María Izquierdo, Diego Marqués-Jiménez, Pedro Duarte-Mendes and Marta Domínguez-Díez

Sports 2026, 14(2), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020075 - 7 Feb 2026

Viewed by 541

Abstract

Background: Nutrition is a fundamental factor in the healthy growth and development of young athletes, as well as in supporting optimal sports performance. This study aimed to explore associations between Mediterranean diet adherence score, BMI and selected physical performance measures in youth handball [...] Read more.

Background: Nutrition is a fundamental factor in the healthy growth and development of young athletes, as well as in supporting optimal sports performance. This study aimed to explore associations between Mediterranean diet adherence score, BMI and selected physical performance measures in youth handball players, by identifying distinct player profiles through a clustering approach. Methods: Thirty-five male youth handball players participated in the study. Mediterranean diet adherence was evaluated by means of a 16-item KIDMED questionnaire and total score, and physical performance was assessed using the countermovement jump (CMJ) test, the 505-change of direction test, linear straight sprints and isometric handgrip strength. Results: Cluster 1 goes more than one day a week to a fast-food restaurant, skips breakfast on more occasions and consumes sweets and candy more often. In addition, Cluster 2 showed better sprint (p = 0.019–0.053, ES = 0.39–0.47) and CMJ (p = 0.042; ES = 0.40) performance than Cluster 1. Conclusions: These findings present associations between dietary adherence, BMI, and selected physical performance measures in this specific cohort. Given the cross-sectional design and the small sample size, these findings should be interpreted with caution and do not allow causal inferences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviors and Exercise Interventions in Children)

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20 pages, 656 KB

Open AccessReview

Machine Learning and Non-Invasive Monitoring Technologies for Training Load Management in Women’s Volleyball: A Scoping Review

by Héctor Gabriel Sanhueza Tapia, Frano Giakoni-Ramírez, Josivaldo de Souza-Lima and Arturo Diaz Suarez

Sports 2026, 14(2), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020074 - 7 Feb 2026

Viewed by 937

Abstract

Training load monitoring in women’s volleyball is a challenge for optimizing performance and mitigating injury risk. Non-invasive monitoring technologies and machine learning (ML) can support decision-making, but the evidence remains heterogeneous. This scoping review mapped and integrated the evidence on training load management, [...] Read more.

Training load monitoring in women’s volleyball is a challenge for optimizing performance and mitigating injury risk. Non-invasive monitoring technologies and machine learning (ML) can support decision-making, but the evidence remains heterogeneous. This scoping review mapped and integrated the evidence on training load management, fatigue, and performance in women’s volleyball and identified gaps. The PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) framework were followed. A systematic search was conducted in Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed, covering January 2020 to September 2025. We included studies in female players at any competitive level, including mixed-sex studies meeting a minimum threshold of female participation, that evaluated external and/or internal load, neuromuscular or perceptual fatigue, and/or performance, using standardized data extraction and narrative/thematic synthesis. Fifty-three studies were included. Inertial measurement units (IMUs), force platforms, heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), wellness questionnaires, and global/local positioning systems (GPSs/LPSs) were most prevalent. External-load intensity indicators (e.g., high-intensity jumps and accelerations) were reported as more sensitive to fatigue-related changes than accumulated volume. Machine learning models were less frequent and were mainly applied to multi-source integration and fatigue/readiness prediction, with recurring limitations in external validation and interpretability. Women-specific biological moderators, such as the menstrual cycle, were rarely addressed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiological Responses and Performance Analysis)

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19 pages, 662 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Epidemiology of Injuries in Women’s Rugby Sevens: A Systematic Review

by Carlos Braga, Pedro Lopes, Luiz Miguel Santiago and António Cruz-Ferreira

Sports 2026, 14(2), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020073 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1173

Abstract

Background: Women’s rugby sevens is rapidly expanding, yet injury patterns remain poorly understood, limiting prevention strategies. This systematic review aimed to describe injury incidence, severity, burden, and risk factors across competitive levels. Methods: Original studies on senior or U19 women’s rugby [...] Read more.

Background: Women’s rugby sevens is rapidly expanding, yet injury patterns remain poorly understood, limiting prevention strategies. This systematic review aimed to describe injury incidence, severity, burden, and risk factors across competitive levels. Methods: Original studies on senior or U19 women’s rugby sevens reporting ≥ 2 epidemiological variables were included; studies on men, mixed samples without disaggregation, 15-a-side rugby, other sports, or players below U19 were excluded. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Scielo (last searched September 2024), supplemented by gray literature and hand searching. Risk of bias was assessed with ROBINS-I, and study quality was assessed with STROBE. Results were tabulated and synthesized narratively due to heterogeneity. Results: Fifteen studies were included. Injury incidence ranged from 40.5 to 153.6 per 1000 match h at the elite level and 26.5–46.3 at the community level. Severity was higher in elite players (45.6–124 days) than in community players (29.6–58.4 days). Lower-limb joint/ligament injuries predominated, contact (especially tackling) was the main mechanism, and injuries often occurred in the second half. Conclusions: Evidence was limited by small samples, inconsistent reporting, and a moderate risk of bias. Injuries are frequent and severe, especially in elite players, highlighting the need for targeted prevention and improved surveillance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches to Sports Injury Prevention and Recovery)

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13 pages, 370 KB

Open AccessReview

Mental Pain Responses of Ultramarathon Runners: A Scoping Review

by Marie Delalay and Sabina Hotz Boendermaker

Sports 2026, 14(2), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020072 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1220

Abstract

Ultramarathon runners experience pain during the race. Their mental responses to pain influence race performance. This scoping review synthesises the existing literature on the mental pain responses of ultramarathon runners. The framework of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines [...] Read more.

Ultramarathon runners experience pain during the race. Their mental responses to pain influence race performance. This scoping review synthesises the existing literature on the mental pain responses of ultramarathon runners. The framework of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for scoping reviews (PRISMA-Scr) was followed. We screened four online databases, obtaining 121 non-duplicate publications. We filtered these publications to eventually include seventeen research articles. Results were structured according to four overarching categories: thought processes, psychological traits, pain expectations, and cultural discourses. Ultramarathon runners have both associative and dissociative thoughts in response to pain. They are less harm avoidant and less anxious about pain than the general population. They expect and accept pain. Their mental pain responses are modulated by ultra-running discourses. While mental pain responses of ultramarathon runners have been moderately described in the literature, their effects on race performance remain largely unknown. This represents an exciting opportunity for future research. Full article

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14 pages, 264 KB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship Between the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test and Match Running Performance in Canadian Male Professional Soccer Players

by Riccardo Bucciarelli, Farzad Yousefian, Ethan Brown, Lawrence Spriet, Margaret Jones and John Srbely

Sports 2026, 14(2), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020071 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1039

Abstract

Despite the prevalence of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Tests Level 1 (YYIRTL1) and Level 2 (YYIRTL2) in elite soccer, knowledge surrounding their association and prediction of match performance is limited. This study investigated the association between respective tests and match running performance in [...] Read more.

Despite the prevalence of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Tests Level 1 (YYIRTL1) and Level 2 (YYIRTL2) in elite soccer, knowledge surrounding their association and prediction of match performance is limited. This study investigated the association between respective tests and match running performance in male professional soccer players. High-intensity (HIR), high-speed (HSR), and sprinting (SPR) running distances were collected using a global positioning system from eleven professional male players who completed the YYIRTL1 and YYIRTL2. Associations between match performance and the YYIRT were assessed using correlational analyses, and the predictability of the YYIRT with match performance was assessed using univariate linear regression analyses. Strong correlations were found between YYIRTL1 and both HIR (r = 0.79) and HSR (r = 0.73). A moderate correlation was observed between YYIRTL2 and HIR (r = 0.42) and a weak correlation was observed between YYIRTL2 and HSR (r = 0.12). No correlation was observed between YYIRTL1 and SPR (r = 0.07) and a moderate, negative correlation was observed between YYIRTL2 and SPR (r = −0.21). Univariate regression analyses suggested that YYIRTL1 explained 63% of HIR variance, which YYIRTl2 did not, and that neither test suggested significant predictive ability in HSR or SPR. The YYIRTL1 is strongly associated with, and may predict, in-game HIR in Canadian male professional soccer players. Full article

17 pages, 442 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity Prevalence and Sex-Associated Factors Among University Students During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Tatiana Luz, Leonardo G. O. Luz, Bruno Giudicelli, Geraldo Neto, Liliana Baptista and Raul Martins

Sports 2026, 14(2), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020070 - 6 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1117

Abstract

The study investigated the prevalence of students meeting moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) recommendations and factors associated with MVPA during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 4059 university students (2200 females [F]) during the lockdown using an [...] Read more.

The study investigated the prevalence of students meeting moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) recommendations and factors associated with MVPA during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 4059 university students (2200 females [F]) during the lockdown using an electronic form. PA was assessed using the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). Independent variables included sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge to perform PA, pre-pandemic PA, sedentary behavior (SB), and health self-reports related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, 56% of students met MVPA recommendations (males [M]: 57.7%, F: 54.3%; χ² = 4.703, p = 0.030). Knowledge to perform PA (M: OR = 3.012, 95% CI: 2.413–3.759; F: OR = 2.948, 95% CI: 2.444–3.556) and being physically active before the pandemic (M: OR = 2.651, 95% CI: 2.060–3.412; F: OR = 1.459, 95% CI: 1.079–1.974) increased the likelihood that students attained the MVPA recommendations. In contrast, longer daily exposure to SB was negatively associated with MVPA in both sexes. In this context, the present findings reinforce the relevance of universities as strategic settings for the promotion of PA in middle-income countries, where social and economic vulnerabilities may exacerbate the long-term consequences of physical inactivity. Full article

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19 pages, 1047 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cardiovascular Functioning Features in Individuals with Connective Tissue Dysplasia Engaged in Sports for the Disabled

by Kamiliia Vinokurova, Anna Zakharova, Yulia Zinovieva, Arseniy Epifanov, Anna Galdobina, Ekaterina Sharkova and Felix Blyakhman

Sports 2026, 14(2), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020069 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 760

Abstract

Objectives: Connective tissue dysplasia (CTD) is associated with disorders of collagen synthesis and is widely spread among the healthy population and people with disabilities. In the heart, primarily in the left ventricle (LV), CTD manifests itself as the formation of false tendons (LVFTs) [...] Read more.

Objectives: Connective tissue dysplasia (CTD) is associated with disorders of collagen synthesis and is widely spread among the healthy population and people with disabilities. In the heart, primarily in the left ventricle (LV), CTD manifests itself as the formation of false tendons (LVFTs) to maintain close-to-normal LV pump function. This exploratory work is devoted to the search for general patterns of cardiac response to physical activity in athletes with disabilities, CTD, and LVFTs. The extent to which “the type of sports or the type of disability” determines the involvement of the heart’s functional reserve is the main testable question of the proposed research. Methods: The group under this study included 610 individuals with disabilities aged from 6 to 60 years with at least two transverse and/or oblique FTs per LV. Participants represented different sports disciplines (n = 10) and various forms of disabilities (n = 4). Cardiovascular indicators were obtained by means of standard TTE, impedance cardiography for hemodynamic monitoring in active orthotest, resting, and stress 12-lead ECG. Exercise testing of the athletes was performed with the use of appropriate methods of physical loading. In total, 141 parameters of cardiorespiratory function and exercise performance per participant were recorded. Statistical analysis of the dataset obtained across sports types or disability types was performed using one-way ANOVA or the Kruskal-Wallis test, depending on the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance. Results: Most importantly, it was found that only maximum relative oxygen consumption (VO₂max, mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) as a reliable indicator of the heart’s functional reserve and the corrected QT (QTc, ms) interval as an integral measure of the heart’s electrical activity demonstrated statistically significant differences across the sports specialization or the disability type. In particular, significance values (P) for VO₂max across athletic disciplines and nosology categories were equal to 0.00063 and 0.01028 (one-way ANOVA), while for QTc they were 0.00001 and 0.02185 (Kruskal-Wallis), respectively. Furthermore, the type of disability had a lower impact on VO₂max and QTc than the type of athletic activity. Conclusions: In athletes with disabilities and CTD, sport specialization may involve the heart’s functional reserve to a greater extent than the type of disability. To prescribe training loads for people with disabilities and CTD, individual cardiology screening with an emphasis on VO₂max and QTc is necessary. Full article

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21 pages, 639 KB

Open AccessArticle

SOCCER_Index: An Estimate of Recreational Soccer Players’ Physical Ability by Health Status and Lifestyle Habits

by Beatrice De Lazzari, Federico Caramia, Filippo Lupi, Paolo Salvatore, Giuseppe Vannozzi and Valentina Camomilla

Sports 2026, 14(2), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020068 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 688

Abstract

Soccer is practiced by professionals, amateurs, and recreational players. The physical assessment tools used by professionals are rarely available in recreational settings. Given the widespread participation and potential health benefits of soccer activity, it becomes essential to identify simple and accessible indicators that [...] Read more.

Soccer is practiced by professionals, amateurs, and recreational players. The physical assessment tools used by professionals are rarely available in recreational settings. Given the widespread participation and potential health benefits of soccer activity, it becomes essential to identify simple and accessible indicators that can help to characterize physical ability in non-professional players. This cross-sectional observational work explores which health status and lifestyle indices can be useful to estimate physical ability in recreational male soccer players when field testing is not feasible. Sixty-six participants volunteered in the study. Five performance field tests were conducted, and a related overall physical ability index (KPI_tot) was defined, while a questionnaire was developed to investigate nine BIO_Indices (BMI, age, physical activity level, job, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, sports career, occurring injuries, medical history). Data for the selected performance tests are reported for the recruited recreational athletes. KPI_tot was estimated from BIO_Indices, using a stepwise backward regression. The selected model, named SOCCER_Index, incorporates six out of nine BIO_Indices, excluding smoking habits, sports career, and medical history (R² = 0.536). In conclusion, with a simple questionnaire, an estimate of soccer players’ physical ability can be obtained. Further data collection is needed to obtain a more generalizable and robust SOCCER_Index. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Health and Performance in Football)

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18 pages, 1538 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sex-Specific Patterns of Force Plate-Derived Predictors for Vertical Jump Performance and Algorithmic Musculoskeletal Injury Risk in College Athletes

by Adam Eckart and Pragya Sharma Ghimire

Sports 2026, 14(2), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020067 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 686

Abstract

Background: Force plate-derived metrics are increasingly used to assess performance and monitor musculoskeletal injury risk, yet the mechanisms linking jump-mechanics patterns to injury risk remain unclear, particularly when using proprietary, algorithmically derived risk scores. Clarifying these relationships is important for improving screening practices, [...] Read more.

Background: Force plate-derived metrics are increasingly used to assess performance and monitor musculoskeletal injury risk, yet the mechanisms linking jump-mechanics patterns to injury risk remain unclear, particularly when using proprietary, algorithmically derived risk scores. Clarifying these relationships is important for improving screening practices, program design, and load management in athletic populations. Methods: A total of 233 collegiate athletes completed countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ) testing on a commercial force plate, which produced 26 force-time variables and proprietary composite metrics. LASSO regression with bootstrapping identified important predictors of CMVJ height and algorithmically derived musculoskeletal injury (AMSKI risk), and Partial Least Squares (PLS) models characterized multivariate patterns across force-time variables. Sex-stratified analyses and post hoc modeling examined potential mechanisms. Results: Greater AMSKI risk was associated with a coordinated pattern of greater concentric output, including greater power, velocity, and impulse, combined with reduced braking capacity. Braking rate of force development (“Load”) showed an inverse association with AMSKI risk across sexes, and females in the elevated-risk category displayed significantly reduced braking values. Postural control measures contributed differently by sex. PLS models indicated that both CMVJ height and AMSKI risk reflected interactions among multiple variables, while proprietary composite scores showed inconsistent alignment with mechanistic predictors. Conclusions: Multivariate force-time profiling offers practical value for identifying athletes whose high-output movement strategies may elevate injury risk when braking control is insufficient. Because proprietary, algorithmically derived risk metrics show inconsistent associations with underlying mechanics, further independent validation is needed before such scores are used in clinical or training decisions. Full article

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2 pages, 134 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Bukvić et al. The Association of Serum Calprotectin with Fitness Indicators and Biochemical Markers in High-Level Athletes: A Continuous Dynamic Monitoring During One Competitive Season. Sports 2023, 11, 243

by Frane Bukvić, Alan Ivković, Helena Čičak, Lora Dukić, Ana-Maria Šimundić, Domagoj Marijančević and Daria Pašalić

Sports 2026, 14(2), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020066 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 394

Abstract

Text Correction [...] Full article

14 pages, 2007 KB

Open AccessArticle

Greater Lumbopelvic Motion Is Associated with Faster Hip Flexion in Soccer Players

by Toshimitsu Ohmine, Akira Iwata, Atsuki Kanayama, Hideyuki Wanaka, Kazuma Senzaki, Mitsuhiro Seo, Keita Sasada, Yoshihiko Kawamoto, Saki Yamamoto and Kenji Doma

Sports 2026, 14(2), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020065 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 700

Abstract

Faster lower-limb motion is closely related to soccer performance, but the contribution of lumbopelvic motion to achieving it remains unclear. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine whether faster lower-limb motion in soccer players was accompanied by greater lumbopelvic motion. Fifty-one male high school [...] Read more.

Faster lower-limb motion is closely related to soccer performance, but the contribution of lumbopelvic motion to achieving it remains unclear. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine whether faster lower-limb motion in soccer players was accompanied by greater lumbopelvic motion. Fifty-one male high school soccer players performed a thigh-raising (hip flexion) task from a standing position at low (approximately 100°/s) and high (approximately 400°/s) speeds. Lumbopelvic motion was measured at the lumbar spinous process (L3). Rotation (LBrot, transverse plane) and flexion–extension (LBf/e, sagittal plane) were derived from the angular velocity. Motions were compared between speeds using the Wilcoxon tests. In the dominant leg, both LBrot (10.2° vs. 8.1°, r = 0.62) and LBf/e (6.4° vs. 5.0°, r = 0.57) were greater at high speed. In the non-dominant leg, both LBrot (11.2° vs. 8.6°, r = 0.49) and LBf/e (6.9° vs. 5.3°, r = 0.62) were also greater at high speed. High-speed trials exhibited consistent movement patterns, whereas low-speed trials did not. These findings suggest that minimizing lumbopelvic motion may not always be optimal for achieving faster lower-limb motion, which may inform coaching and clinical practice regarding the appropriate degree of lumbopelvic motion during lower-limb tasks across movement speeds. Full article

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11 pages, 360 KB

Open AccessArticle

Load–Velocity Relationship and 1RM Estimation of the Free-Weight Squat in Untrained Early-Adolescent Females

by Irene Sevilla-Arrabal, Diego A. Alonso-Aubin, Amador García-Ramos and Javier Courel-Ibáñez

Sports 2026, 14(2), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020064 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 983

Abstract

Background: Velocity-based training (VBT) is used to estimate maximal strength and prescribe resistance-training loads, but evidence in untrained youth, especially early-adolescent females, is limited. In untrained early-adolescent females performing free-weight back squats, (1) the load–velocity relationship (LVR) is comparable to adult samples, albeit [...] Read more.

Background: Velocity-based training (VBT) is used to estimate maximal strength and prescribe resistance-training loads, but evidence in untrained youth, especially early-adolescent females, is limited. In untrained early-adolescent females performing free-weight back squats, (1) the load–velocity relationship (LVR) is comparable to adult samples, albeit with greater between-subject variability, and (2) one-repetition maximum (1RM) estimates are affected by the minimum velocity threshold (MVT) anchor. Methods: Thirty-four untrained females (10–14 years) completed two progressive loading tests followed by actual 1RM attempts. Mean propulsive velocity (MPV) was recorded to model LVRs. Three MVTs were considered: (a) Actual (from Test 1), (b) General (0.30 m·s⁻¹), and (c) Optimal (individualized to minimize prediction error in Test 1). LVR-based 1RM estimates from Multi-point and Two-point approaches were generated in Test 2 using each MVT and compared with the actual 1RM. Results: MPV decreased near-linearly with load (median R² ≈ 0.996), from 1.00 ± 0.19 m·s⁻¹ at ~40%1RM to 0.30 ± 0.05 m·s⁻¹ at 100%1RM. Across MVTs, Two- and Multi-point models showed similar 1RM accuracy (≤~0.7% difference; p > 0.35). Actual and General MVTs overestimated 1RM (+5.1 kg; p < 0.001), whereas an individualized Optimal MVT (~0.38 m·s⁻¹) removed bias (+0.6 kg; p = 0.52) and reduced error (p ≈ 0.03). Conclusions: In untrained early-adolescent females, the back-squat LVR is highly linear, and 1RM estimation accuracy hinges on the MVT anchor. A streamlined Two-point LVR paired with an individualized Optimal MVT provides an efficient, accurate workflow for youth strength assessment. Full article

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16 pages, 375 KB

Open AccessReview

Table Tennis for Health and Wellbeing: A Rapid Scoping Review

by Louis Moustakas and Kathrin Patzsch

Sports 2026, 14(2), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020063 - 5 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1496

Abstract

Table tennis has increasingly been adopted as a tool to promote physical and mental health, yet evidence on its outcomes and implementation remains scattered. This study conducted a rapid scoping review to summarise available research on the health outcomes of table tennis within [...] Read more.

Table tennis has increasingly been adopted as a tool to promote physical and mental health, yet evidence on its outcomes and implementation remains scattered. This study conducted a rapid scoping review to summarise available research on the health outcomes of table tennis within recreational or non-elite settings and identify how table tennis-for-health activities are structured and delivered. Peer-reviewed articles in English were included when they focused the outcomes of table tennis participation on health in community or social settings. Searches across two multidisciplinary databases, complemented by reference screening, led to 17 studies published between 2010 and 2025 being included. Studies were then charted for their methodological, intervention and outcome characteristics. Most studies employed quantitative methods, with experimental or controlled designs predominating, and targeted children, adolescents, older adults, and individuals with conditions such as ADHD or Parkinson’s disease. Across various settings, table tennis was associated with improvements in physical fitness, balance, agility, and body composition, alongside cognitive benefits such as enhanced executive functioning and visual–perceptual skills. Psychological and social outcomes, including improved self-efficacy, emotional regulation, cooperation and social interaction, were also reported. Though no formal quality assessment was conducted, there are clear methodological limitations, including small sample sizes, geographic and gender imbalances, and limited reporting on intervention characteristics that restrict the strength and generalisability of the findings. Overall, this review provides a starting point for trainers and health professionals in the area, presenting promising but preliminary evidence for table tennis as a health-enhancing activity and highlighting the need for more rigorous and comprehensive evaluation. Full article

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17 pages, 1891 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing High-Intensity Acceleration Efforts Using Local Positioning System—Introducing the Concept of the Relative Acceleration Threshold to Ice Hockey

by Christian Bielmann, Karin Fischer-Sonderegger, Quirin Söhnlein, Wolfgang Taube and Markus Tschopp

Sports 2026, 14(2), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020062 - 4 Feb 2026

Viewed by 987

Abstract

Current methods for assessing acceleration efforts (acc_efforts) in ice hockey do not account for the influence of initial skating speed on maximal voluntary acceleration capacity, which may lead to a biased evaluation of acc_effort intensity. In this study, we introduce [...] Read more.

Current methods for assessing acceleration efforts (acc_efforts) in ice hockey do not account for the influence of initial skating speed on maximal voluntary acceleration capacity, which may lead to a biased evaluation of acc_effort intensity. In this study, we introduce the conceptual approach of the relative acceleration threshold (rel_threshold) to ice hockey and outline its potential benefits for the assessment of acc_efforts. Locomotion data derived from observations of 17 players across 10 official games were used to model the initial-skating-speed-dependent maximal voluntary acceleration capacity (a_max–v_{init capacity}), from which a team-specific rel_threshold was determined (rel_{threshold_75%} = 3.23 − 0.365v_init), and, subsequently, applied to assess acc_efforts alongside a fix threshold set at 2 m·s⁻² (fix_{threshold_2}). Differences in acc_efforts depended on the method used (rel_{threshold_75%} vs. fix_{threshold_2}) as well as the playing position when using the rel_{threshold_75%}. The fix_{threshold_2} reported 89.1 ± 35.8% more acc_efforts than the rel_{threshold_75%}. However, only one-third of these acc_efforts exceeded rel_{threshold_75%}, which is considered indicative of neuromuscularly intense acc_efforts according to the modeled a_max–v_{init capacity}. Moreover, at skating speeds above 4 m·s⁻¹, the fix_{threshold_2} only assessed a negligible number of acc_efforts, whereas the rel_{threshold_75%} assessed 27.2 ± 9.3% of all its acc_efforts. In line with established theoretical rationales, the observational findings of this study suggest that an acceleration threshold adapted to the initial skating speed offers a conceptually more valid approach to assessing acc_efforts in ice hockey. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Research to Optimize Performance and Reduce Injury Risk in Team Sports)

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12 pages, 233 KB

Open AccessArticle

Can Exercise Training Improve the Quality of Life and Physical Function in Multiple Myeloma Patients?: Discussing the Progression of the Training Stimulus

by Polyxeni Spiliopoulou, Evangelos Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou, Magdalini Migkou, Nikolaos Kanellias, Ioannis Ntanasis-Stathopoulos, Panagiotis Malandrakis, Foteini Theodorakakou, Despina Fotiou, Pantelis Rousakis, Chrysanthi Panteli, Evangelos Terpos, Maria Gavriatopoulou, Ourania E. Tsitsilonis, Efstathios Kastritis, Meletios Athanasios Dimopoulos and Gerasimos Terzis

Sports 2026, 14(2), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020061 - 4 Feb 2026

Viewed by 622

Abstract

Background: Previous studies have reported no improvements in quality of life or physical function following exercise training in patients with multiple myeloma, without a clear explanation. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of an exercise-training intervention on these [...] Read more.

Background: Previous studies have reported no improvements in quality of life or physical function following exercise training in patients with multiple myeloma, without a clear explanation. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of an exercise-training intervention on these outcomes and to determine whether the observed results could be explained by the characteristics of the training program. Methods: Sixteen patients with multiple myeloma who had completed first-line induction therapy were assigned to two groups. One group (2 men, 6 women, 52.6 ± 10.3 years) commenced maintenance therapy only, while the other group (2 men, 6 women, 58.8 ± 7.1 years) initiated maintenance therapy combined with a supervised exercise training program conducted twice per week. Each exercise session included 30 min of cycling and seven resistance exercises targeting the major muscle groups. The intervention lasted 4.4 ± 1 months. QoL, the six-minute walking test, handgrip strength, maximal aerobic power, maximum isometric contraction across 14 positions, and bone density were assessed before and after the intervention. Results: The six-minute walking test distance significantly increased in the exercise group (9.36 ± 6.88%, p = 0.001), while no change was observed in the control group (3.34 ± 5.68%, p = 0.162); however, the difference between groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.076). QoL and maximal aerobic power remained unchanged in both groups, while maximal isometric strength increased significantly in both groups. Conclusions: The progression of the training stimulus appears to be inconsistent in this specific population, potentially limiting improvements in quality of life and physical function outcomes. Supervision appears to be necessary for exercise training in patients with multiple myeloma. Future research should investigate alternative exercise modalities in these patients. Full article

13 pages, 1113 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution of Rate of Force Development (RFD) in the Isometric Deadlift Exercise Among Primary and Secondary Education Students

by Julio Martín-Ruiz, Ignacio Tamarit-Grancha, Amparo Aguilar-Prima and Laura Ruiz-Sanchis

Sports 2026, 14(2), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020060 - 4 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1273

Abstract

Strength is a central axis of physical activity and sets the right evolutionary direction for children and adolescents, creating adaptations that determine functional health in adulthood. Therefore, its development and supervision are essential in the future. This study aimed to measure the rate [...] Read more.

Strength is a central axis of physical activity and sets the right evolutionary direction for children and adolescents, creating adaptations that determine functional health in adulthood. Therefore, its development and supervision are essential in the future. This study aimed to measure the rate of force development (RFD) in a sample of primary and secondary school children using the deadlift exercise. In a mixed sample of 227 students aged 9–16 years, two attempts of the isometric deadlift exercise were performed using a hand-held dynamometer. Pain perception was recorded after each attempt was made. RFD evolved in both stages, with a greater difference in boys in Secondary School (p = 0.0017), and no additional differences in the rest of the variables between sexes and stages. Pain during execution was infrequent in this sample and showed no consistent association with RFD or maximal force in adjusted exploratory models. Key outcomes (maximal force and RFD_{0–200}) were summarized by sex and educational stage; RFD was computed as ΔF/Δt over 0–200 ms from contraction onset. The main findings highlight the expected progression of strength, especially in boys, and support the deadlift as an accessible alternative for strength assessment in educational settings and health-oriented recreational activities, given its low incidence of pain during execution in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Factors and Biological Mechanisms Underlying Exercise Performance in Children)

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19 pages, 1329 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Strength and Creative Dance Intervention on Brain Electrical Activity, Heart Rate Variability, and Dual-Task Performance in Women with Fibromyalgia: A Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol

by Maria Melo-Alonso, Carmen Padilla-Moledo, Almudena Martínez-Sánchez, Lucimere Bohn, Pablo Molero, Francisco Javier Dominguez-Muñoz, Santos Villafaina, Pedro R. Olivares, Inmaculada Tornero-Quiñones, Juan Luis Leon-Llamas and Narcis Gusi

Sports 2026, 14(2), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020059 - 4 Feb 2026

Viewed by 857

Abstract

Fibromyalgia is a complex chronic disorder involving persistent widespread pain accompanied by functional limitations, cognitive impairments, and alterations in neural processing. Previous research indicates that exercise-based interventions can play a key role in alleviating symptom burden and enhancing physical performance; however, there is [...] Read more.

Fibromyalgia is a complex chronic disorder involving persistent widespread pain accompanied by functional limitations, cognitive impairments, and alterations in neural processing. Previous research indicates that exercise-based interventions can play a key role in alleviating symptom burden and enhancing physical performance; however, there is limited evidence regarding their impact on neurophysiological mechanisms. Creative dance, in combination with strength training, may stimulate both motor and cognitive systems, promoting brain plasticity and functional improvements. This study will analyze the effects of a six-week strength and creative dance program on physical fitness under single- and dual-task conditions in women with fibromyalgia and will explore the associated changes in brain electrical activity and autonomic modulation. Methods: This randomized controlled trial will be divided into an exercise group (n = 22) and a control group (n = 22). The 6-week supervised intervention consists of two 60-min sessions per week, combining strength exercises and creative dance. Primary outcomes include physical fitness tests (strength, mobility, balance, and agility gait test in single-task and dual-task), fibromyalgia symptoms, and quality of life. Secondary outcomes include changes in electroencephalography, heart rate variability, physical activity level, and fear of falling. Statistical analyses will compare within- and between-group differences using non-parametric tests and effect sizes. It is hypothesized that the intervention will improve physical fitness and dual-task performance, alongside increases in brain activity power. This study may provide insights into the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the benefits of exercise benefits in fibromyalgia. Full article

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17 pages, 516 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Predictive Value of Jump Height in Athletic Performance of Youth and Senior Soccer Players

by João G. Saldanha, Francisco Santos, Andreas Ihle, Rui Mâncio, Honorato Sousa, Hugo Sarmento and Élvio R. Gouveia

Sports 2026, 14(2), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020058 - 4 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 886

Abstract

Jump height (JH) is widely used as an indicator of athletic performance. This study aimed to (1) evaluate the relative importance and predictive value of JH for neuromuscular performance across key physical metrics and (2) describe the neuromuscular profile of soccer players from [...] Read more.

Jump height (JH) is widely used as an indicator of athletic performance. This study aimed to (1) evaluate the relative importance and predictive value of JH for neuromuscular performance across key physical metrics and (2) describe the neuromuscular profile of soccer players from different age groups, positions, and competitive levels. Senior (SG) and youth (YG) players were evaluated after the off season for neuromuscular power, strength, change of direction, speed, repeated sprint ability, and aerobic endurance. SG outperformed YG in most measures, especially JH, abduction strength, and Peak Power (RAST PP). Notably, YG exhibited higher maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and lower fatigue index (RAST FI), highlighting their robust aerobic capacity and greater ability to sustain repeated efforts. These results reinforce established developmental patterns, with aerobic endurance more pronounced in youth and anaerobic power in seniors. In seniors, JH correlated moderately with sprint and anaerobic power, while its associations in youth were weaker and linked to endurance. Positional analysis suggested overall higher JH in SG. JH emerged as a practical predictor for physical performance monitoring in seniors and a useful benchmark for athletic potential identification. Findings support targeted training and monitoring based on age-specific profiles. This study enhances applied sports science, underscoring the need for tailored approaches in player development and evaluation. Full article

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16 pages, 1365 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular and Physiological Adaptations to Seasonal Training in Elite U18 Ice Hockey Players

by Attila Czont, Zsolt Bodor, Tamás Koncsag and Ildikó Miklóssy

Sports 2026, 14(2), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020057 - 4 Feb 2026

Viewed by 997

Abstract

Monitoring adolescent team-sport athletes may benefit from combining performance and molecular markers, but empirical evidence supporting this approach in youth team sports remains limited. Objective: Our study investigated molecular and physiological adaptations to seasonal training in elite U18 ice hockey players, focusing on [...] Read more.

Monitoring adolescent team-sport athletes may benefit from combining performance and molecular markers, but empirical evidence supporting this approach in youth team sports remains limited. Objective: Our study investigated molecular and physiological adaptations to seasonal training in elite U18 ice hockey players, focusing on aerobic capacity, salivary cortisol, serum irisin, and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) dynamics. Methods: National-level U18 players were enrolled in our study (n = 23 for cross-sectional analysis, n = 12 longitudinal) during the pre- and early-competition season. Aerobic performance was assessed via graded treadmill VO₂max testing, and the biochemical markers quantified using ELISA-based assays. Results: From pre- to early-season (paired n = 12), VO₂max increased by 10.6% (g = +1.00, p = 0.003) and irisin by 14.7% (g = +0.83, p = 0.010). cfDNA decreased by 60.8% (g = −0.54, p = 0.070; moderate effect, not statistically clear), while cortisol remained stable (+11.3%; p = 0.667). Inter-individual variability increased for VO₂max and irisin and decreased by 82% for cfDNA. Exploratory cross-sectional positional analysis indicated higher irisin levels in forwards and elevated cfDNA in defensemen, although differences did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: These preliminary findings provide cohort-size limited longitudinal evidence of chronic irisin elevation in ice hockey players and highlight the possibility of combining VO₂max + irisin + cfDNA to assist individualized load/recovery in elite youth ice hockey. Full article

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19 pages, 6412 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sex-Specific Fatigue and Muscle Activation Responses During Single-Leg Side-Hop and Pelvic Stability Assessments Among Active Young Adults

by Emilija Stojanović, Oliver Faude, Alexander Ferrauti, Dragan Radovanović, Aaron T. Scanlan and Ralf Roth

Sports 2026, 14(2), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020056 - 3 Feb 2026

Viewed by 988

Abstract

This study examined fatigue- (within-group) and sex-related (between-group) differences in physical performance and muscle activation during physical assessments. Physically active college students (20 males, 20 females) completed side-hop and pelvic stability tests after a warm-up (T-1) and mobilization exercises (T0) and then following [...] Read more.

This study examined fatigue- (within-group) and sex-related (between-group) differences in physical performance and muscle activation during physical assessments. Physically active college students (20 males, 20 females) completed side-hop and pelvic stability tests after a warm-up (T-1) and mobilization exercises (T0) and then following each with five 8 min runs at 70% of individualized peak velocity as the fatiguing protocol (T1–T5). No significant within-group performance differences were observed across tests (T0–T5). However, males completed more hops (p < 0.001) and had shorter ground contacts (p < 0.05) than females in the side-hop test with no significant sex-based stability differences. Electromyography data revealed reduced activation (p < 0.05) in various muscles (gastrocnemius, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, erector spinae, obliquus abdominis) under fatigue (various timepoints between T1–T5) compared to baseline (T-1) across tests. Males displayed greater relative reductions in activation (p < 0.01) from pre-activation to ground contact in the gastrocnemius and biceps femoris during the side-hop test. Females exhibited reduced vastus medialis (p = 0.02) activation during the side-hop test and reduced biceps femoris (p = 0.04) activation during the pelvic stability test than males. Physical performance remained stable under fatigue, with sex-specific muscle recruitment strategies appearing as possible compensatory mechanisms. Full article

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16 pages, 1031 KB

Open AccessArticle

Beliefs, Barriers, and Stretching Practices Among Recreational Snowboarders and Alpine Skiers: A Cross-Sectional Study with a Generational Perspective

by Julio Camacho, María B. García-Moreno, Francisco Requena, Rocío Camacho, Manuel Pérez-Priego and Estrella I. Agüera

Sports 2026, 14(2), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14020055 - 3 Feb 2026

Viewed by 570

Abstract

Stretching is commonly recommended to improve flexibility and reduce injury risk; however, its practical implementation among recreational snowboarders and alpine skiers remains inconsistent. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted during the 2024–2025 winter season. Of 403 collected responses, 391 valid questionnaires were included [...] Read more.

Stretching is commonly recommended to improve flexibility and reduce injury risk; however, its practical implementation among recreational snowboarders and alpine skiers remains inconsistent. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted during the 2024–2025 winter season. Of 403 collected responses, 391 valid questionnaires were included after data screening. The survey assessed sociodemographic characteristics, stretching perceptions, practices, perceived barriers, information sources, and supervision. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to explore associations between sport modality and generational cohorts. Although 91.3% of participants considered stretching necessary, only 39.7% reported performing stretching exercises in the previous six months. The most frequently reported barriers were lack of time (76.1%) and low motivation (54.2%). Alpine skiers attributed greater importance to stretching than snowboarders. Significant generational differences were observed in sport modality, practice volume, and information-seeking behaviour (p < 0.05), but not in stretching frequency or duration; therefore, Hypothesis 1 was not supported. Only 22.7% of participants reported receiving professional supervision. In recreational winter sports, stretching is widely valued but inconsistently practiced. Behaviour appears to be driven more by motivational and contextual factors than by generational differences in practice frequency, highlighting the need for targeted educational strategies and evidence-informed guidance. Full article

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